CN110028945A - A kind of fracturing fluid thickening agent and preparation method thereof and fracturing fluid - Google Patents
A kind of fracturing fluid thickening agent and preparation method thereof and fracturing fluid Download PDFInfo
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- CN110028945A CN110028945A CN201910339621.5A CN201910339621A CN110028945A CN 110028945 A CN110028945 A CN 110028945A CN 201910339621 A CN201910339621 A CN 201910339621A CN 110028945 A CN110028945 A CN 110028945A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/62—Compositions for forming crevices or fractures
- C09K8/66—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
- C09K8/68—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds
Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of fracturing fluid thickening agent and preparation method thereof and fracturing fluids, by mass percentage, aviation kerosine accounts for the 18.0%-22.0% of gross mass, polyacrylamide accounts for the 32.0%-38.5% of gross mass, emulsifier accounts for the 4.0%-6.0% of gross mass, and cetab accounts for the 0.5%-1.0% of gross mass, and neopelex accounts for gross mass 0.5%-1.0%, ethylene glycol accounts for the 5.0%-8.0% of gross mass, and surplus is water.After this thickening agent stores transport for a long time, still uniformly, separated without obvious oil liquid, and still there is good mobility at -30 DEG C.The fracturing fluid prepared by this thickening agent, after use, without apparent wall built-up phenomenon.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to exploitation of oil-gas field field, in particular to a kind of thickening agent of fracturing fluid.
Background technique
Fracturing fluid refers to the heterogeneous unstable chemical system formed according to a certain ratio by multiple additives, is to oil gas
Layer carries out the working solution used when fracturing reform, its main function is that the high pressure for forming ground installation is transmitted in stratum,
So that formation fracture is formed crack and conveys proppant along crack.
Currently, aqueous fracturing fluid is thickening agent to be added thereto, additive is formulated with water as solvent or decentralized medium
's.Mainly using three kinds of water-soluble polymers as thickening agent, i.e. natural plant gum (guar gum, sesbania, konjaku etc.), cellulose derivative
And synthetic polymer.These types of high molecular polymer is swelled into colloidal sol in water, and the high frozen glue of viscosity is formed after crosslinking.Have
Viscosity is high, hangs the advantages such as sand ability is strong, leak-off is low, frictional resistance is low.
The synthetic polymer hydrofracturing fluid that uses both at home and abroad at present, comprising as polyacrylamide, partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA),
Type methylene polyacrylamide and its copolymer.
But the thickening agent prepared at present using synthetic polymer, it just will appear apparent oil after often storing 1-2 months
Liquid separation, makes have wall built-up phenomenon in casing and oil pipe in use, can not clean out, and causes to occur during lower tool
The problems such as meeting card;In addition, thickening agent is not antifreeze at -10 DEG C, product thickening, mobility is deteriorated, is not available.
Summary of the invention
The present invention provides a kind of fracturing fluid thickening agent and preparation method thereof and fracturing fluid, to prepare the thick of fracturing fluid
Agent, and fracturing fluid is prepared using the thickening agent.To solve not being available under the easy oil liquid separation of above-mentioned thickening agent, low temperature
The problem of, use following scheme:
A kind of thickening agent for fracturing fluid, which is characterized in that by mass percentage,
Aviation kerosine accounts for the 18.0%-22.0% of gross mass,
Polyacrylamide accounts for the 32.0%-38.0% of gross mass,
Emulsifier accounts for the 4.0%-6.0% of gross mass,
Cetab accounts for the 0.5%-1.0% of gross mass,
Neopelex accounts for gross mass 0.5%-1.0%,
Ethylene glycol accounts for the 5.0%-8.0% of gross mass,
Surplus is water.
Preferably, according to the above technical scheme, by mass percentage,
Aviation kerosine accounts for the 20.0% of quality,
Polyacrylamide accounts for the 35.0% of quality,
Emulsifier accounts for the 5.0% of gross mass,
Cetab accounts for the 0.8% of quality,
Neopelex accounts for quality 0.8%,
Ethylene glycol accounts for the 6.0% of quality,
Surplus is water.
Preferably, the emulsifier is span 80.
Preferably, the polyacrylamide is powder, and viscosity average molecular weigh is 4,000,000-600 ten thousand.
A kind of above-mentioned thickening agent for fracturing fluid, is prepared by following steps:
1) aviation kerosine at room temperature, is added in water, emulsifier is stirred 10-20 minutes with the speed of 500-700rpm;
2) polyacrylamide then, is added, is stirred 30-60 minutes with the speed of 100-200rpm;
3) cetab then, is added, neopelex is stirred with the speed of 100-200rpm
5-10 minutes;
4) ethylene glycol then, is added, is stirred 5-15 minutes with the speed of 100-200rpm.
Preferably, it is prepared by following steps:
1) aviation kerosine at room temperature, is added in water, emulsifier is stirred 15 minutes with the speed of 600rpm;
2) polyacrylamide then, is added, is stirred 40 minutes with the speed of 150rpm;
3) cetab then, is added, neopelex stirs 8 points with the speed of 150rpm
Clock;
4) ethylene glycol then, is added, is stirred 10 minutes with the speed of 150rpm.
The fracturing fluid prepared with a kind of above-mentioned thickening agent for fracturing fluid, by mass percentage, the application thickening agent
The 0.1%-0.2% of gross mass is accounted for, surplus is water.
Preferably, by mass percentage, the application thickening agent accounts for the 0.15% of gross mass, and surplus is water.
Compared with prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:
First, the long period is placed, is still separated without apparent oil liquid, can be prevented existing in casing and oil pipe wall built-up
As;
Second, at -30 DEG C, still there is good mobility, can be used.
Specific embodiment
In order to make those skilled in the art be better understood when technical solution of the present invention, the present invention is made below further detailed
Thin explanation.
If unspecified, the percentage sign " % " being related in embodiment refers both to mass percent.
If unspecified, the chemical article being related in embodiment can be obtained from conventional technical means.
Embodiment 1
1) aviation kerosine at room temperature, is added in water, span 80 is stirred 15 minutes with the speed of 600rpm;
2) polyacrylamide then, is added, is stirred 40 minutes with the speed of 150rpm;
3) cetab then, is added, neopelex stirs 8 points with the speed of 150rpm
Clock;
4) ethylene glycol then, is added, is stirred 10 minutes with the speed of 150rpm.
In above-mentioned preparation process,
Aviation kerosine accounts for the 20.0% of quality,
Polyacrylamide accounts for the 35.0% of quality, is powder, and viscosity average molecular weigh is 6,000,000,
Span 80 accounts for the 5.0% of gross mass,
Cetab accounts for the 0.8% of quality,
Neopelex accounts for quality 0.8%,
Ethylene glycol accounts for the 6.0% of quality,
Surplus is water.
Take out the above-mentioned thickening agent inspection prepared:
After standing 6 months, there is not apparent oil liquid separation yet in range estimation;
It is placed in -30 degrees Celsius of environment 4 hours, estimates, still have preferable mobility;
Thickening agent and water are prepared into fracturing fluid, and wherein thickening agent accounts for the 0.15% of gross mass, and surplus is water, measures drag reducing efficiency
It is 72%.
Embodiment 2
1) aviation kerosine at room temperature, is added in water, span 80 is stirred 15 minutes with the speed of 600rpm;
2) polyacrylamide then, is added, is stirred 30 minutes with the speed of 200rpm;
3) cetab then, is added, neopelex stirs 8 points with the speed of 150rpm
Clock;
4) ethylene glycol then, is added, is stirred 10 minutes with the speed of 150rpm.
In above-mentioned configuration process,
Aviation kerosine accounts for the 22.0% of gross mass,
Polyacrylamide accounts for the 38.0% of gross mass, powder, and viscosity average molecular weigh is 6,000,000,
Span 80 accounts for the 4.0% of gross mass,
Cetab accounts for the 0.5% of gross mass,
Neopelex accounts for gross mass 0.5%,
Ethylene glycol accounts for the 5.0% of gross mass,
Surplus is water.
The above-mentioned thickening agent inspection prepared is taken out respectively:
After standing 6 months, there is not apparent oil liquid separation yet in range estimation;
It is placed in -30 degrees Celsius of environment 4 hours, estimates, still have preferable mobility;
Thickening agent and water are prepared into fracturing fluid, and wherein thickening agent accounts for the 0.15% of gross mass, and surplus is water, measures drag reducing efficiency
It is 70%.Comparative example 1
1) aviation kerosine at room temperature, is added in water, span 80 is stirred 15 minutes with the speed of 600rpm;
2) polyacrylamide then, is added, is stirred 40 minutes with the speed of 150rpm;
3) neopelex then, is added, is stirred 8 minutes with the speed of 150rpm;
4) ethylene glycol then, is added, is stirred 10 minutes with the speed of 150rpm.
In above-mentioned preparation process,
Aviation kerosine accounts for the 20.0% of quality,
Polyacrylamide accounts for the 35.0% of quality, powder, and viscosity average molecular weigh is 6,000,000,
Span 80 accounts for the 5.0% of gross mass,
Neopelex accounts for quality 1.6%,
Ethylene glycol accounts for the 6.0% of quality,
Surplus is water.
Take out the above-mentioned thickening agent inspection prepared:
After standing 2 months, there is apparent oil liquid separation in range estimation;
It is placed in -30 degrees Celsius of environment 4 hours, estimates, still have preferable mobility;
Thickening agent and water are prepared into fracturing fluid, and wherein thickening agent accounts for the 0.15% of gross mass, and surplus is water, measures drag reducing efficiency
It is 68%.Comparative example 2
1) aviation kerosine at room temperature, is added in water, span 80 is stirred 15 minutes with the speed of 600rpm;
2) polyacrylamide then, is added, is stirred 40 minutes with the speed of 150rpm;
3) cetab then, is added, is stirred 8 minutes with the speed of 150rpm;
4) ethylene glycol then, is added, is stirred 10 minutes with the speed of 150rpm.
In above-mentioned preparation process,
Aviation kerosine accounts for the 20.0% of quality,
Polyacrylamide accounts for the 35.0% of quality, powder, and viscosity average molecular weigh is 6,000,000,
Span 80 accounts for the 5.0% of gross mass,
Cetab accounts for gross mass 1.6%,
Ethylene glycol accounts for the 6.0% of gross mass,
Surplus is water, and each component quality sum is 100%.
Take out the above-mentioned thickening agent inspection prepared:
After standing 2 months, there is apparent oil liquid separation in range estimation;
It is placed in -30 degrees Celsius of environment 4 hours, estimates, still have preferable mobility;
Thickening agent and water are prepared into fracturing fluid, and wherein thickening agent accounts for the 0.15% of gross mass, and surplus is water, measures drag reducing efficiency
It is 66%.Comparative example 3
1) aviation kerosine at room temperature, is added in water, span 80 is stirred 15 minutes with the speed of 600rpm;
2) polyacrylamide then, is added, is stirred 40 minutes with the speed of 150rpm;
3) cetab then, is added, neopelex stirs 8 points with the speed of 150rpm
Clock.
In above-mentioned preparation process,
Aviation kerosine accounts for the 20.0% of quality,
Polyacrylamide accounts for the 35.0% of quality, is powder, and viscosity average molecular weigh is 6,000,000,
Span 80 accounts for the 5.0% of gross mass,
Cetab accounts for the 0.8% of quality,
Neopelex accounts for quality 0.8%,
Surplus is water.
Take out the above-mentioned thickening agent inspection prepared:
After standing 6 months, there is not apparent oil liquid separation yet in range estimation;
It is placed in -30 degrees Celsius of environment 4 hours, estimates, mobility is very poor;
Thickening agent and water are prepared into fracturing fluid, and wherein thickening agent accounts for the 0.15% of gross mass, and surplus is water, measures drag reducing efficiency
It is 70%.
As embodiment 1, embodiment 2 it is found that thickening agent made from technical scheme is not easy oil liquid separation, at low temperature
(- 30 degrees Celsius) still have good fluidity, can be used.
It is compared by comparative example 1, comparative example 2 and embodiment 1 it is found that using cetyltrimethylammonium simultaneously in this application
Ammonium, neopelex keep thickening agent emulsion obtained relatively stable, are not easy oil liquid separation.
It is compared by comparative example 3 and embodiment 1 it is found that thickening agent obtained can be made resistance to low in this application using ethylene glycol
Temperature.
In one embodiment,
Using the technical solution of claim 5, the step 1) and 2) between further comprising the steps of A1-A2:
Step A1, by computer determine first specific gravity, the second specific gravity, third specific gravity, the 4th specific gravity, the 5th specific gravity,
The value of 6th specific gravity determines that method is as follows:
Firstly, building sample data, implements are as follows: be utilized respectively aviation kerosine, the polypropylene of the different specific gravity for accounting for gross mass
Amide, emulsifier, cetab, neopelex, ethylene glycol and water prepare thickening agent, and described
It is 18.0%-22.0%, polyacrylamide 32.0%-38.0%, cream that the specific gravity that each ingredient accounts for gross mass, which meets aviation kerosine,
Agent is 4.0%-6.0%, cetab 0.5%-1.0%, neopelex 0.5%-
Then the thickening agent of the different specific weight is carried out corresponding experimental implementation by 1.0%, ethylene glycol 5.0%-8.0%, record institute
State thickening agent how long in there is oil liquid separation, when the time be more than half a year do not occur also oil liquid separation then by half a year
Statistics, and records the antifreeze temperature that the thickening agent can bear, and is not frozen in also if being more than -30 DEG C, and antifreeze temperature presses -
30 DEG C of statistics, then calculate corresponding thickening agent performance indicator using formula (1):
Wherein, y is to calculate resulting thickening agent performance indicator, Y1For the thickening agent occur oil liquid separation time,
Unit is calculated with the moon, Y2For the antifreeze temperature of the thickening agent, the thickening agent performance indicator is greater than to 0.85 thickening agent institute
The specific gravity of corresponding each ingredient is recorded.
Using formula (1) it can be concluded that in experimental group, the specific gravity for each ingredient that obtained performance is preferably tested.
Can then be formed n item record, the n item is recorded to be formed corresponding matrix B (have analogue data for the matrix B,
If desired, data are seen appendix, wherein n=100), there are the column of n row 6 in the matrix B, described every a line represents a record, institute
The accounting that the 1st column represent aviation kerosine is stated, the 2nd column represent the accounting of polyacrylamide, and the 3rd column represent emulsifier
Accounting, the 4th column represent the accounting of cetab, and the 5th column represent accounting for for neopelex
Than the 6th column represent the accounting of ethylene glycol;
Secondly, determining first specific gravity, the second specific gravity, third specific gravity, the 4th specific gravity, the 5th specific gravity, the 6th specific gravity
Value is implemented are as follows: for the matrix B, the dispersion of each column in the matrix B is calculated first with formula (2):
Wherein, HiFor the dispersion of the i-th column, n is total line number of matrix B, bijWhat the jth row i-th of representing matrix B arranged
Value, i=1,2,3,4,5,6;J=1,2,3 ... n;After the dispersion for finding out every kind of substance, each ratio is calculated using formula (3)
Weight:
Using the dispersion of the data of the available corresponding each ingredient of formula (2), so that it is determined that the material data
Weight;
Wherein, wiFor the proportion of the i-th column, i=1,2,3,4,5,6;By formula (3) solve w1, w2, w3, w4,
W5, w6 are then first specific gravity, the second specific gravity, third specific gravity, the 4th specific gravity, the 5th specific gravity, the 6th specific gravity;
Utilize the specific gravity of the available corresponding each material of formula (3).Utilize the ratio of the obtained each material of attachment data
Weight is also in attachment.
Step A2, the described computer first specific gravity, the second specific gravity, third specific gravity, the 4th specific gravity, the 5th specific gravity,
The 6th respective value of specific gravity is sent to user terminal and checks for user, by user according to the value rate-determining steps (2)-of each specific gravity
(4) specific gravity of quality shared by each material added in.
Using above-mentioned technology, can use experiment means determine a ingredient shared quality specific gravity, and
The experimental result is oil liquid separation not to occur and being capable of obtained knot under antifreeze both of these case adequately considering
By, and be to have carried out the statistical analysis of result through a large number of experiments, the contingency of experiment is eliminated, each material institute made
The specific gravity for accounting for quality has science, objectivity, and is not caused by accidental result.
The preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described above in detail, still, what present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above
Detail can carry out a variety of simple deformations to technical solution of the present invention within range of the technology design of the invention, this
A little simple deformations all belong to the scope of protection of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. a kind of thickening agent for fracturing fluid, which is characterized in that by mass percentage,
Aviation kerosine accounts for the 18.0%-22.0% of gross mass,
Polyacrylamide accounts for the 32.0%-38.0% of gross mass,
Emulsifier accounts for the 4.0%-6.0% of gross mass,
Cetab accounts for the 0.5%-1.0% of gross mass,
Neopelex accounts for gross mass 0.5%-1.0%,
Ethylene glycol accounts for the 5.0%-8.0% of gross mass,
Surplus is water, and each component quality sum is 100%.
2. a kind of thickening agent for fracturing fluid as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that by mass percentage,
Aviation kerosine accounts for the 20.0% of quality,
Polyacrylamide accounts for the 35.0% of quality,
Emulsifier accounts for the 5.0% of gross mass,
Cetab accounts for the 0.8% of quality,
Neopelex accounts for quality 0.8%,
Ethylene glycol accounts for the 6.0% of quality,
Surplus is water.
3. a kind of thickening agent for fracturing fluid as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the emulsifier is span 80.
4. a kind of thickening agent for fracturing fluid as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the polyacrylamide is powder
Material, viscosity average molecular weigh are 4,000,000-600 ten thousand.
5. a kind of preparation method of the thickening agent for fracturing fluid, which is characterized in that prepared by following steps:
1) aviation kerosine of the first specific gravity of preparation, the polyacrylamide of the second specific gravity, the emulsifier of third specific gravity, the 4th specific gravity
Cetab, the neopelex of the 5th specific gravity, the ethylene glycol of the 6th specific gravity, which is used as, prepares material;
2) aviation kerosine of the first specific gravity at room temperature, is added in water, the emulsifier of third specific gravity is stirred with the speed of 500-700rpm
It mixes 10-20 minutes;
3) polyacrylamide of the second specific gravity then, is added, is stirred 30-60 minutes with the speed of 100-200rpm;
4) cetab of the 4th specific gravity, the neopelex of the 5th specific gravity, with 100- then, is added
The speed of 200rpm stirs 5-10 minutes;
5) ethylene glycol of the 6th specific gravity then, is added, is stirred 5-15 minutes with the speed of 100-200rpm.
6. a kind of preparation method of the thickening agent for fracturing fluid as claimed in claim 5, which is characterized in that pass through following step
Rapid preparation:
1) aviation kerosine at room temperature, is added in water, emulsifier is stirred 15 minutes with the speed of 600rpm;
2) polyacrylamide then, is added, is stirred 40 minutes with the speed of 150rpm;
3) cetab then, is added, neopelex is stirred 8 minutes with the speed of 150rpm;
4) ethylene glycol then, is added, is stirred 10 minutes with the speed of 150rpm.
7. a kind of fracturing fluid, which is characterized in that the mass fraction comprising thickening agent is 0.1%-0.2%, and the thickening agent is selected from
Any one thickening agent of claim 1-4.
8. a kind of fracturing fluid as claimed in claim 7, which is characterized in that the mass fraction comprising thickening agent is 0.15%.
9. a kind of preparation method of the thickening agent for fracturing fluid as claimed in claim 5, it is characterised in that: the step 1)
And 2) between further comprising the steps of A1-A2:
Step A1, first specific gravity, the second specific gravity, third specific gravity, the 4th specific gravity, the 5th specific gravity, the 6th are determined by computer
The value of specific gravity determines that method is as follows:
Firstly, building sample data, implements are as follows: be utilized respectively the aviation kerosines of the different specific gravity for accounting for gross mass, polyacrylamide,
Emulsifier, cetab, neopelex, ethylene glycol and water prepare thickening agent, and it is described respectively at
Dividing the specific gravity for accounting for gross mass to meet aviation kerosine is 18.0%-22.0%, polyacrylamide 32.0%-38.0%, emulsifier
For 4.0%-6.0%, cetab 0.5%-1.0%, neopelex 0.5%-1.0%,
Ethylene glycol is 5.0%-8.0%, and the thickening agent of the different specific weight is then carried out corresponding experimental implementation, records the thickening
Agent how long in there is oil liquid separation, when the time be more than half a year do not occur also oil liquid separation then counted by half a year,
And the antifreeze temperature that the thickening agent can bear is recorded, is not frozen in also if being more than -30 DEG C, antifreeze temperature presses -30 DEG C
Then statistics calculates corresponding thickening agent performance indicator using formula (1):
Wherein, y is to calculate resulting thickening agent performance indicator, Y1For the thickening agent occur oil liquid separation time, unit with
The moon calculates, Y2It, will be corresponding to thickening agent of the thickening agent performance indicator greater than 0.85 for the antifreeze temperature of the thickening agent
The specific gravity of each ingredient is recorded, then can form n item record, the n item be recorded to form corresponding matrix B, in the matrix B
There are the column of n row 6, described every a line represents a record, and the 1st column represent the accounting of aviation kerosine, and the 2nd column represent poly- third
The accounting of acrylamide, the 3rd column represent the accounting of emulsifier, and the 4th column represent the accounting of cetab,
5th column represent the accounting of neopelex, and the 6th column represent the accounting of ethylene glycol;
Secondly, determine the value of first specific gravity, the second specific gravity, third specific gravity, the 4th specific gravity, the 5th specific gravity, the 6th specific gravity,
Implement are as follows: for the matrix B, the dispersion of each column in the matrix B is calculated first with formula (2):
Wherein, HiFor the dispersion of the i-th column, n is total line number of matrix B, bijThe value that the jth row i-th of representing matrix B arranges, i=
1,2,3,4,5,6;J=1,2,3 ... n;After the dispersion for finding out every kind of substance, each specific gravity is calculated using formula (3):
Wherein, wiFor the proportion of the i-th column, i=1,2,3,4,5,6;W1, w2, w3, w4, w5, the w6 solved by formula (3)
It is then first specific gravity, the second specific gravity, third specific gravity, the 4th specific gravity, the 5th specific gravity, the 6th specific gravity;
Step A2, the described computer is first specific gravity, the second specific gravity, third specific gravity, the 4th specific gravity, the 5th specific gravity, the 6th
The respective value of specific gravity is sent to user terminal and checks for user, by user according to value rate-determining steps (2)-(4) of each specific gravity
The specific gravity of quality shared by each material of middle addition.
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CN103881685A (en) * | 2014-03-25 | 2014-06-25 | 中国石油大学(华东) | Application of nano material self-priming in improving slick water fracturing liquid in shale oil and gas production increment through nano material self-priming |
CN106459740A (en) * | 2014-05-16 | 2017-02-22 | 莫门蒂夫性能材料股份有限公司 | Stabilization of polyacrylamide emulsion formulations |
CN104119853A (en) * | 2014-07-02 | 2014-10-29 | 成都理工大学 | A preparing method of a high-strength high-temperature-resistance air foam fracturing fluid |
CN104312573A (en) * | 2014-09-26 | 2015-01-28 | 孙安顺 | Crosslinking-free emulsion thickener for fracturing and preparation method thereof |
CN104449649A (en) * | 2014-11-28 | 2015-03-25 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司胜利油田分公司采油工艺研究院 | High-concentration water-in-oil emulsion-state associating polymer fracturing fluid and preparation method thereof |
CN106047332A (en) * | 2016-06-28 | 2016-10-26 | 江西富诚环保新材料科技有限公司 | Emulsion drag reducing agent for increasing yield of shale oil-gas field and preparation method thereof |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN115584255A (en) * | 2022-09-30 | 2023-01-10 | 河南京华新材料技术有限公司 | Polyacrylamide thickening agent for fracturing |
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