CN110004871A - There is the bed load discharge prediction technique in vegetational type river - Google Patents
There is the bed load discharge prediction technique in vegetational type river Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of bed load discharge prediction techniques for having vegetational type river, foundation has vegetation area mean flow rate and the mean flow rate without vegetation area, it can determine total turbulence intensity of unit width river cross section, unit width river bed load discharge can be determined further according to total turbulence intensity of unit width river cross section, so as to realize accurate and effective prediction to the bed load discharge for having vegetational type river, the blank of this field this technology has been filled up.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to Hydraulics and River Dynamics fields, are related to a kind of river bed load discharge Predicting Technique, tool
Body is related to a kind of bed load discharge prediction technique for having vegetational type river.
Background technique
It grown a large amount of vegetation in natural bioremediation, river, these vegetation are dispersed in the different zones in river, each region
Vegetation is flocked together again in cluster dense growth.The vegetation of a small range aggregation growth is referred to as vegetational type.Vegetational type is logical
Normal independent growths can exist simultaneously multiple vegetational types in river, be not associated with and be not connected to from each other, this is because vegetation
Influence of the group to water flow structure local in river is formed.When vegetational type is grown in river, vegetational type two sides because
The channel scour for causing group two sides for water flow deflection forms scour hole, and then limits the lateral magnification of vegetational type.Work as vegetation
When community development high density group, tail end can generate Karman vortex street and vegetational type's tail end flow turbulence is caused to increase sharply, and cause
Riverbed washes away on rear side of vegetational type's tail end, limits the vertical expansion of vegetational type.Therefore, the vegetation in river is once pricked
Root growth is in overcurrent region, finally all can be with the formal distribution of a large amount of independent groups in river due to above two.
Vegetational type in natural river course grows usually in the form of random distribution because vegetation can compete soil nutrient into
And cause to maintain a certain distance between vegetational type.This can promote vegetation with group's formal distribution in river overcurrent area
Domain.Relative to the vegetation of large area distribution, the vegetational type of random distribution will cause water flow structure answering on horizontal and vertical
Miscellaneous variation causes Sediment Transport ability greatest differences occur in vegetational type region and without vegetational type region, final to change
The transportability of sediments of river entirety.For natural river course, under the conditions of known to the depth of water and flow, water conservancy working person is highly desirable can
Have model can river bed load discharge under Accurate Prediction complexity vegetational type distribution occasion, this can be repaired for river channel ecology
Multiple, channel cleanout regulation etc. provides theoretical foundation and technical support.However, there is presently no computation models to predict both at home and abroad
Growth has the bed load discharge in vegetational type river.
Summary of the invention
For the state of the art for the bed load discharge for being difficult to be effectively predicted vegetational type river at present, the present invention is directed to
A kind of prediction technique is provided, can be realized and this kind of river bed load discharge is effectively predicted.
Based on the research of Einstein and Yang etc., presently, there are all kinds of improvement computation models be only capable of prediction without vegetation river
Road and full river have two kinds of vegetation in the case of bed load discharge (Einstein, H.A. (1950) .The bed-load
function for sediment transportation in open channel flows(Technical Bulletin
No 1026) .Washington, DC:US Department of Agriculture. and Yang, J.Q. , &Nepf, H.M.
(2018).A Turbulence-Based Bed-Load Transport Model for Bare and Vegetated
Channels.Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (19), 10-428.).On the basis of former works,
The present invention combines the research to there is vegetation river bed load discharge, and the bed load discharge for proposing vegetational type river is pre-
Survey method.
The bed load discharge prediction technique provided by the invention for having vegetational type river, comprising the following steps:
(S1) the turbulence intensity k without vegetation area is determinedt(b)；
(S2) the turbulence intensity k for having vegetation area is determinedt(p)；
(S3) (1) determines total turbulence intensity k of unit width river cross section according to the following formulat:
In formula, φpFor vegetational type's area ratio/occupancy ratio in unit river area, φp=nAp, ApFor single vegetational type
Downward projection area, n be unit area river in vegetational type's number；φ is the plant of unit area in single vegetational type
Occupation rate,M is the plant spacing of vegetational type's internal unit area, and d is often to take root in by limb diameter.
(S4) (2) determine unit width river silt discharge Q according to the following formulas:
In formula, Qs*For riverbed unit width dimensionless silt discharge,
kt*For the total turbulence intensity of unit width river dimensionless,The present invention only accounts for kt*<
2.74 the case where, this is because bigger kt*Corresponding higher vegetation density, (the corresponding k when vegetation density is very hight*≥
2.74), existing instrument can not obtain accurate test data；ρsFor the density of silt, ρ is the density of water, and g is local gravity
Acceleration, dsFor sediment grain size.
The above-mentioned bed load discharge prediction technique for having vegetational type river, from formula (3) as can be seen that unit width river
Road bed load discharge QsBe only with the total turbulence intensity k in unit rivertRelated piecewise function.
Total turbulence intensity k in random distribution vegetational type river is introduced belowtCalculation method.
With entire river (a length of L, width B) for research object, in river there are N number of vegetational type and these groups it is mutual
It is not overlapped, it is assumed that these groups are the similar circle of size, and the unit area vegetational type averag density in river is defined asArea ratio/occupancy ratio (φ of the vegetational type in the riverp) calculated by the way of downward projection area, φp=
nAp, 1 >=φp>=0, ApFor the downward projection area of single vegetational type.No vegetation river is only predicted in the calculating that forefathers propose
(φp=0) or there is vegetation (φ in full riverp=1) bed load discharge in the case of two kinds, and progress place of the invention is
It can predict bed load discharge (1 >=φ under the conditions of different group's area occupation ratiosp≥0).Conventional method research Dan Kuanhe
The bed load discharge in road, for the ease of application, here also using unit width river as research object.On river unit area
Averag density is n, then vegetational type's quantity on arbitrary unit width river cross section isTherefore, in any unit width
On river cross section, vegetational type's current obstruction area isThen it is without vegetational type regionHere it needs
It should be noted that remove current obstruction area shared by all plant in vegetational type region, so, vegetation on unit width river cross section
The area of passage of colony area is
From formula (1) as can be seen that there is total turbulence intensity in vegetational type river strong by the turbulent fluctuation in no vegetational type region
It spends and is made of the turbulence intensity two parts in vegetational type region, as no vegetation and have flow turbulence caused by vegetation area
Intensity mechanism is different, it is therefore desirable to have vegetation and construct turbulence intensity prediction model respectively without vegetation area.
In no vegetation area, flow turbulence only causes (Stapleton, K.R. , &Huntley, D.A. (1995) by riverbed
.Seabed stress determinations using the inertial dissipation method and the
Turbulent kinetic energy method.Earth surface processes and landforms, 20 (9),
807-815.), therefore, the turbulence intensity in the region can be calculated with following formula (3):
In formula, CfFor bed resistance coefficient, UbFor the mean flow rate in no nodum river region.
There are vegetational type region, the additional flow turbulence two that flow turbulence is generated by vegetation region riverbed and vegetation
Part forms, and can be expressed asWith(document Tanino, Y. , &Nepf, H.M. (2008)
.Lateral dispersion in random cylinder arrays at high Reynolds number.Journal
Of Fluid Mechanics, 600,339-371.), in which: UpFor the mean flow rate in vegetational type region, γ is dimensionless meter
Parameter is calculated, value range 0.9-1.2, preferably 1, CD are that vegetation pulls force coefficient.Therefore (4) determination has according to the following formula
The turbulence intensity k in vegetational type regiont(p):
Therefore, in order to calculate kt, need first to predict the mean flow rate U of vegetation areapWith the mean flow rate of no vegetation area
Ub.U is described belowbAnd UpCalculation method.
For single vegetational type, Chen etc. proposes the flow velocity U of vegetational type's tail endeCalculation formula is as follows
(Chen, Z., Ortiz, A., Zong, L. , &Nepf, H. (2012) .The wake structure behind a porous
obstruction and its implications for deposition near a finite patch of
Emergent vegetation.Water Resources Research, 48 (9)):
In formula, U∞For upstream mean flow rate, a is vegetational type's current obstruction area of unit width river cross section, a=md.
Mean flow rate U inside each vegetational typepFor vegetational type front end flow velocity U0With vegetational type tail end flow velocity Ue's
Average value is expressed as follows:
For high density vegetational type (CDAD > 4), can simplify forTherefore, formula (5) can simplify for
Up=[U0+0.16U∞]/2 can be approximately considered U since vegetation front end flow velocity and upstream mean flow rate differ very little0≈U∞。
In the river for having vegetational type, the depth of water can be ignored along the variation of water (flow) direction.River upstream flow rate can
To indicate are as follows:Wherein Q (> 0m3/ s) it is that flow is carried out in river upstream, H is the depth of water.
There are following relationships for upstream mean flow rate:
In conclusion according to the U being calculatedbAnd Up, can determine total turbulence intensity of unit width river cross section
kt, by ktBringing formula (2) into can be obtained unit width river silt discharge Qs。
Compared with prior art, the bed load discharge prediction technique provided by the invention for having vegetational type river, has
Following very prominent advantage and advantageous effects:
1, present invention only requires determining the mean flow rate for having vegetational type region and without the mean flow rate of vegetation area,
The total turbulence intensity for determining unit width river cross section, can be true further according to total turbulence intensity of unit width river cross section
Order bit width river silt discharge, it is accurate and effective pre- so as to be realized to the bed load discharge for having vegetational type river
It surveys, has filled up the blank of this field this technology.
2, the present invention is based on no vegetation with have flow turbulence intensity mechanism caused by vegetation area different, in no vegetation region
Domain and there is vegetation area to construct flow intensity model respectively, the accurate total turbulence intensity for determining unit width river cross section.
3, present invention only requires measurement upstreams to come flow, the depth of water, vegetational type's density and area, that is, can determine vegetation region
Domain mean flow rate and mean flow rate without vegetation area do not need to carry out flow velocity measurement work or other investigation and prospectings, at this
Field has extensive versatility.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is to have the river of vegetational type generally to change schematic diagram.
Fig. 2 is that the aperture coordinate system of PVC board with holes is illustrated.
Fig. 3 is single wide bed load discharge of test measurement compared with single wide bed load discharge of prediction.
Specific embodiment
The embodiment of the present invention is provided below with reference to attached drawing, and technical solution of the present invention is carried out into one by embodiment
Clear, the complete explanation of step.Obviously, the embodiment is only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than whole implementation
Example.Based on the content of present invention, those of ordinary skill in the art are obtained all without making creative work
Other embodiments belong to the range that the present invention is protected.
Embodiment
The present embodiment elaborates to bed load discharge prediction technique proposed by the present invention by modeling experiment in water tank.
1, test objective
There is the river bed load discharge prediction technique of vegetational type whether accurate and effective with flume test product test.
2, testing equipment
Capital equipment is as shown in table 1.
The instrument and equipment that table 1 has vegetational type's river bed load discharge to test
3, test method
Following parameter setting is constant, constant in all operating conditions, specific as follows: vegetational type's number in unit area
N=6.4/m of amount setting2；Test depth of water H=12cm；River course mean flow rate U∞=30cm/s；Sediment grain size is 0.5mm；Single plant
The diameter d=0.6cm of vegetation.See Table 2 for details for the parameter changed in every group of operating condition, wherein identical vegetational type's diameter D condition
Under, P series operating condition m (/cm2) value be about S series operating condition m (/cm2) 3 times, P series and S series operating condition respectively correspond
High density and low-density vegetational type.In above-mentioned upstream flow rate U∞Under the conditions of=30cm/s, vegetation pulls force coefficient CD≈ 1.04,
In order to calculate simplicity, C is uniformly chosen in all operating conditions hereD=1.
As shown in Figure 1, the test segment length 2.5m of sink, wide 1m, water flow energy-dissipating system is arranged utmostly before test section
Reduce flow turbulence caused by the incoming flow of upstream.16 vegetational types of test section region (2.5m × 1m) interior random distribution, group
Diameter D and internal current obstruction area φ are as shown in table 2.It has been paved with PVC board in test section, has there is equally distributed circle in these PVC boards
Shape aperture, each aperture and the spacing around it between four the smallest apertures of spacing are 1cm, hole diameter and single plant vegetation
Diameter is identical convenient for fixed in vegetation insertion plate.Aperture coordinate system is established using test section initial section rightmost side circular hole as starting point
(x, y), starting hole site are (1,1), are respectively (2,1) along water (flow) direction x, (3,1), (4,1) ..., transversely y is respectively
(1,2), (1,3), (Isosorbide-5-Nitrae) ..., specific schematic diagram such as Fig. 2.The aperture system is used to determine the centre point coordinate of vegetational type.
Centre point coordinate is generated by the random number generator of MATLAB.Here it is provided with 1 central coordinate of circle and generates limitation.That is, generating
Central coordinate of circle position allow for accommodating the vegetational type that diameter is D completely, in other words, the centre point generated at random is sat
Mark cannot abut riverbed side wall, and the coordinate and the spacing of riverbed side wall are greater than equal to D/2.Concrete restriction rule are as follows: work as generation
Centre point very close to sink side wall cause side wall to the center of circle distance be less than vegetational type radius D/2 when, the centre point is not
It saving, program generates a new centre point again, examine whether the position can accommodate the vegetation group that diameter is D, as can, then
The lower centre point is saved, while removing centre point and corresponding to vegetational type's areaLater, continue to generate a next suitable circle
Heart point, and remove corresponding vegetation group area.It repeats the above process, until generating 16 centre points, program stopped, provides 16 at this time
The specific coordinate of a centre point.
According to above-mentioned center of circle generation method, 16 centre point coordinates are generated in each group of operating condition.By 16 central coordinate of circle
It is labeled in PVC board and sketches out the area of vegetational type, according to the plant spacing m of vegetational type's internal unit area of setting
16 model vegetational types are built in vegetation radom insertion vegetational type region by (being shown in Table 2).The height of vegetational type is total
It is greater than the depth of water, therefore, the present invention only considers the river for having non-submersion vegetational type.
After model vegetational type deploys, start to sand into riverbed, the sand-feeding system being equipped with by sink is uniform
It is sanded to test section, guarantees inside vegetational type and the initial bed elevation without vegetational type region is all 5cm.Slowly to sink
Water filling starts water sand circulating pump and the water sand of entire sink is allowed to circulate until expected depth of water H (=12cm), the upstream after stablizing
Flow velocity U∞=30cm/s.The water sand circulatory system is a closed system, i.e., the total volume of silt in riverbed and movement in entire sink
It is constant.With the operation of the dampening sand circulatory system, initial bed load discharge can be very big, then slowly reduces at any time.
Reach constant when time long enough.Reach water sand cyclic balance state through examining, in experimental tank and at least needs 8 hours, because
This, every group of test runs 12 hours at least to reach water sand cyclic balance state, that is, bed load discharge at this time is one normal
Number, it is unrelated with runing time length.The sampling time of each bed load discharge is 1 minute, acquires 4 times and is attached separately to 4 iron
In disk, weighing after husky drying is obtained into single wide bed load discharge of 4 acquisitions, 4 results are averagely obtained into a test group
Single wide bed load discharge.It repeats the above steps, each operating condition is at least repeated 3 times, by each single width for repeating operating condition and obtaining
Bed load discharge averagely obtains the average bed load discharge and uncertainty of the operating condition, all sediment-transport rate QsSurvey
Amount result is summarised in table 2.
φ and φ in table 2PPass through respectivelyWithIt obtains.
U in table 2pAnd UbIt is obtained by formula (5) and (7):
In formula, U0≈U∞=30cm/s, a=md, CD=1.
Table 2 tests group design parametera
aQsIt is at least 3 groups and repeatedly tests obtained average sediment-transport rate, uncertainty is obtained by repeating experiment calculation；
Experimental group number indicates the replicated experimental units under identical parameters setting, repeatedly tests obtained sediment-transport rate at least 3 groups and puts down
Average sediment-transport rate is obtained, while calculating the standard deviation of average sediment-transport rate at least 3 groups of results for repeating test
To indicate the fluctuation range of sediment-transport rate.
4, theoretical prediction result
The bed load discharge prediction process provided in this embodiment for having vegetational type river, comprising the following steps:
(S1) the turbulence intensity k without vegetation area is determinedt(b), (6) determine the turbulent fluctuation without vegetation area according to the following formula
Intensity kt(b):
In formula, CfFor bed resistance coefficient.In the present embodiment, Cf=0.004.
(S2) the turbulence intensity k for having vegetation area is determinedt(p), (4) determine the turbulent fluctuation for having vegetation area according to the following formula
Intensity kt(p):
In formula, γ is dimensionless calculating parameter, value 1.
(S3) (1) determines total turbulence intensity k of unit width river cross section according to the following formulat:
(S4) (2) determine unit width river silt discharge Q according to the following formulas:
In formula, Qs*For riverbed unit width dimensionless silt discharge,
kt*For the total turbulence intensity of unit width river dimensionless,ρsFor silt density (=
2.5kg/m3), ρ is the density (=1kg/m of water3), g is local gravitational acceleration (=9.8m/s2), dsFor sediment grain size (=
0.5mm)。
The sediment-transport rate that test obtains and the sediment-transport rate that prediction obtains are summarized in Fig. 3.As can be seen that test obtains
Sediment-transport rate and the sediment-transport rate predicted of the present invention coincide preferably, illustrate proposed by the present invention there is vegetational type river
Bed load discharge prediction technique can Accurate Prediction have single wide bed load discharge in vegetational type river.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of bed load discharge prediction technique for having vegetational type river, it is characterised in that the following steps are included:
(S1) the turbulence intensity k without vegetation area is determinedt(b)；
(S2) the turbulence intensity k for having vegetation area is determinedt(p)；
(S3) (1) determines total turbulence intensity k of unit width river cross section according to the following formulat:
In formula, φpFor vegetational type's area ratio/occupancy ratio in unit river area, φp=nAp, ApFor bowing for single vegetational type
Depending on projected area, n is vegetational type's number in unit area river；φ is that the plant of unit area in single vegetational type occupies
Rate,M is the plant spacing of vegetational type's internal unit area, and d is often to take root in by limb diameter.
(S4) (2) determine unit width river silt discharge Q according to the following formulas:
In formula, Qs*For riverbed unit width dimensionless silt discharge,
kt*For the total turbulence intensity of unit width river dimensionless,ρsFor the density of silt, ρ is the close of water
Degree, g is local gravitational acceleration, dsFor sediment grain size.
2. the bed load discharge prediction technique according to claim 1 for having vegetational type river, it is characterised in that according to
Following formula (4) determines the turbulence intensity k for having vegetational type regiont(p):
In formula, CfFor bed resistance coefficient, UpTo there is vegetation area mean flow rate；γ is dimensionless calculating parameter, and value range is
0.9-1.2, CDForce coefficient is pulled for vegetation.
3. the bed load discharge prediction technique according to claim 2 for having vegetational type river, it is characterised in that according to
The mean flow rate U in vegetational type region is calculated in following formula (5)p:
In formula, U0For vegetational type's front end flow velocity, U∞It is the vegetational type of unit width river cross section for upstream mean flow rate a
Current obstruction area, a=md.
4. the bed load discharge prediction technique according to claim 3 for having vegetational type river, it is characterised in that for
CD4 high density vegetational type of aD >, meets the following conditions:
UeFor vegetational type's tail end flow velocity,
Then UpIt is calculated by the following formula to obtain:
Up=[U0+0.16U∞]/2。
5. there is the bed load discharge prediction technique in vegetational type river according to claim 2 to 4 any claim,
It is characterized in that (6) determine the turbulence intensity k without vegetation area according to the following formulat(b):
In formula, CfFor bed resistance coefficient, UbFor the mean flow rate of no vegetation area.
6. the bed load discharge prediction technique according to claim 5 for having vegetational type river, it is characterised in that according to
The mean flow rate U of no vegetation area is calculated in following formula (7)b:
In formula, U∞For upstream mean flow rate,Wherein Q is that flow is carried out in river upstream, and H is the depth of water.
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| CN113505339A (en) * | 2021-08-04 | 2021-10-15 | 四川大学 | Index model-based non-submerged vegetation river channel two-dimensional flow field prediction method |
| CN113505339B (en) * | 2021-08-04 | 2023-07-04 | 四川大学 | Index model-based two-dimensional flow field prediction method for riverway with non-submerged vegetation |
| CN115901159A (en) * | 2023-03-09 | 2023-04-04 | 水利部交通运输部国家能源局南京水利科学研究院 | Pneumatic sand-washing dredging effect prediction method |
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