CN1100020C - Method and apparatus for preparing crystal of cremated remains - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for preparing crystal of cremated remains Download PDFInfo
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- CN1100020C CN1100020C CN99803546A CN99803546A CN1100020C CN 1100020 C CN1100020 C CN 1100020C CN 99803546 A CN99803546 A CN 99803546A CN 99803546 A CN99803546 A CN 99803546A CN 1100020 C CN1100020 C CN 1100020C
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- crucible
- bone ash
- ash powder
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 106
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 claims abstract 2
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 105
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 83
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 claims description 53
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 30
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 claims description 21
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000002918 Fraxinus excelsior Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002956 ash Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 claims description 9
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- AYJRCSIUFZENHW-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium carbonate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]C([O-])=O AYJRCSIUFZENHW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004922 lacquer Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960001866 silicon dioxide Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007605 air drying Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003466 anti-cipated effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021540 colemanite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010433 feldspar Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000014692 zinc oxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052845 zircon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium(iv) silicate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002210 silicon-based material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000013022 venting Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000009933 burial Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003915 liquefied petroleum gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000112 cooling gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 206010019332 Heat exhaustion Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010019345 Heat stroke Diseases 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010437 gem Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001751 gemstone Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000037233 inflexible joints Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000011218 segmentation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035807 sensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61G—TRANSPORT, PERSONAL CONVEYANCES, OR ACCOMMODATION SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PATIENTS OR DISABLED PERSONS; OPERATING TABLES OR CHAIRS; CHAIRS FOR DENTISTRY; FUNERAL DEVICES
- A61G17/00—Coffins; Funeral wrappings; Funeral urns
- A61G17/007—Coffins; Funeral wrappings; Funeral urns characterised by the construction material used, e.g. biodegradable material; Use of several materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B11/00—Single-crystal growth by normal freezing or freezing under temperature gradient, e.g. Bridgman-Stockbarger method
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61G—TRANSPORT, PERSONAL CONVEYANCES, OR ACCOMMODATION SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PATIENTS OR DISABLED PERSONS; OPERATING TABLES OR CHAIRS; CHAIRS FOR DENTISTRY; FUNERAL DEVICES
- A61G17/00—Coffins; Funeral wrappings; Funeral urns
- A61G17/08—Urns
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
- B09B3/20—Agglomeration, binding or encapsulation of solid waste
- B09B3/25—Agglomeration, binding or encapsulation of solid waste using mineral binders or matrix
- B09B3/29—Agglomeration, binding or encapsulation of solid waste using mineral binders or matrix involving a melting or softening step
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
- B44C—PRODUCING DECORATIVE EFFECTS; MOSAICS; TARSIA WORK; PAPERHANGING
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- C04B33/00—Clay-wares
- C04B33/02—Preparing or treating the raw materials individually or as batches
- C04B33/13—Compounding ingredients
- C04B33/132—Waste materials; Refuse; Residues
- C04B33/135—Combustion residues, e.g. fly ash, incineration waste
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/653—Processes involving a melting step
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- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/02—Elements
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- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
- C30B29/16—Oxides
- C30B29/22—Complex oxides
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B14/00—Crucible or pot furnaces
- F27B14/02—Crucible or pot furnaces with tilting or rocking arrangements
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3205—Alkaline earth oxides or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. beryllium oxide
- C04B2235/3208—Calcium oxide or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. lime
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- C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3205—Alkaline earth oxides or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. beryllium oxide
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- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3205—Alkaline earth oxides or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. beryllium oxide
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- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
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- C04B2235/34—Non-metal oxides, non-metal mixed oxides, or salts thereof that form the non-metal oxides upon heating, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
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Abstract
The present invention relates to apparatuses for preparing a crystal of the cremated remains which use a gas furnace, an electric furnace and a high-frequency furnace. One method for preparing a crystal of the cremated remains comprises the steps of compounding powder of the cremated remains and a mixture of minerals, kneading the compound, heating and melting the kneaded matter, preparing the melted matter into a crystal having a granular shape, and processing a heat treatment of the prepared crystal. Another method for preparing a crystal of the cremated remains comprises the steps of putting powder of the cremated remains into a pot crucible, heating and melting the powder in a pot crucible in the range of 1500 DEG C to 3500 DEG C, dropping the melted matter through a discharge hole of a pot crucible to the inclined passageway, preparing a crystal having a granular shape at atmosphere as rolling the cooled matter through the passageway, and processing a cooling treatment in ceramic powder container.
Description
Invention field
The present invention relates to a kind of method and apparatus that the ashes of cremating is made into a kind of xln.More particularly, the present invention relates to a kind of method and apparatus that is used for the ashes of cremating are made xln, it visually makes us uncomfortable impression by the preparation xln ashes of can avoiding cremating, thereby make this xln be fit to place at home or receive in the bone tower, and help the burial in the ground of the ceremony of advocating cremation with the graveyard that replaces land occupation.
Background technology
Everyone can experience birth, growth, disease and the life cycle of last back to nature, wherein human a special definition has been descended in death, and people's mortuary cult after death is according to local different and different with custom.
According to the local mortuary cult different and different with custom mortuary cult such as water burial, cremate, burial in the ground etc. is arranged, recently, global mortuary cult has tended to use cremation.
In western countries, the ratio that Britain cremates is 68%, and the ratio that Switzerland cremates is 67%, and the ratio that Holland cremates is up to 98%; In the Orient in the country, after death with cremating, the ratio that Japan cremates is 97% to most Chinese, and the ratio that Thailand cremates is 90%, and the ratio of cremating in Hong Kong is 72% etc., and as mentioned above, the ratio of cremating in most of country is very high.
Traditional mortuary cult is after death to cremate, and the ashes (bone ash) of cremating is put in the containers (cinerary urn) again, receives in the bone tower and cinerary urn is placed on.But bone ash collected put into Na Guta and be not easy, and bone ash brings the people a kind of uncomfortable feeling visually, so when the mortuary cult of cremating carried out, most people can't stay in the scene.In addition, the long-time placement of Powdered bone ash also has the problem generation.
In view of this, the invention provides the method and apparatus that a kind of ashes with cremation are made into xln, it can visually not give the bad sensation of people, can place for a long time yet.
The invention summary
One of purpose of the present invention provides a kind of method of utilizing the bone ash powder to make xln.
Another order of the present invention provides a kind of by using bone ash powder and a kind of mineral intermixture to prepare the method for xln.
A further object of the present invention provides a kind of use gas smelting furnace, electronic smelting furnace and high frequency smelting furnace, the bone ash powder is made into the device of xln.
Another purpose of the present invention provides a kind of encouragement cremation culture, the bone ash powder is made the method and apparatus of xln.
Another purpose of the present invention provides and a kind of the bone ash powder is made into the method and apparatus of xln, to avoid burial in the ground to appropriation of land.
Provided by the invention the bone ash powder is made into the device of xln, it is a kind of gas smelting furnace, electronic smelting furnace and high frequency smelting furnace of utilizing, with the device of heating of bone ash powder and fusing.
A kind of method that the bone ash powder is made into xln comprises the following steps: bone ash powder and a kind of mineral intermixture are mixed, mediate above-mentioned mixture, heating is also melted this mixture through mediating, material after the fusing is made the granulous xln, again this xln of making is carried out heat treated one.
Another kind comprises the following steps: the method that the bone ash powder is made into xln the bone ash powder is put in the crucible, at 1500 ℃～3500 ℃ temperature range internal heating, the bone ash powder in the melting cup, pour the material of fusing the passage of an inclination into by the discharge hole of crucible again, when the refrigerative material rolls across this passage, in air, will form a xln, and then bone ashes container is carried out cooling process one with granular profile.
Brief Description Of Drawings
The present invention will cooperate following accompanying drawing to elaborate, wherein:
Fig. 1 is according to of the present invention a kind of by the bone ash powder is mixed the process flow sheet of the method for preparing xln with a kind of mineral intermixture;
Fig. 2 is according to a kind of arrangement design figure that the bone ash powder is made into the device of xln of the present invention;
Fig. 3 for according to the present invention by using the gas smelting furnace bone ash powder to be made into the internal arrangement schema of an embodiment of the device of xln;
Fig. 4 is the segmentation partial schematic diagram in order to the device that bone ash is made into xln of Fig. 3;
Fig. 5 is for by using the gas smelting furnace bone ash powder to be made into a kind of internal arrangement schema of another embodiment of device of xln;
Fig. 6 is the A-A sectional view of a kind of crucible of using in the present invention;
Fig. 7 is for by using the gas smelting furnace bone ash powder to be made into the internal arrangement schema of another embodiment of the device of xln;
Fig. 8 is the outside arrangement design figure of Fig. 7;
Fig. 9 is by using electronic smelting furnace the bone ash powder to be made into the schematic representation of apparatus of xln according to the present invention;
Figure 10 is according to the sectional view that is used for the bone ash powder is made into the electronic smelting furnace of xln of the present invention;
Figure 11 is used in the synoptic diagram of the arrangement of the well heater in the electronic smelting furnace for showing the present invention;
Figure 12 is the sectional view of crucible, the body of rod and holding rod in the present invention the is used in electronic smelting furnace; And
Figure 13 is the synoptic diagram of the high frequency smelting furnace that uses in the present invention.
Detailed Description Of The Invention
The present invention relates to a kind of gas smelting furnace, electronic smelting furnace and high frequency smelting furnace of utilizing, the bone ash powder is made into the device of xln.
A kind of method that the bone ash powder is made into xln comprises the following steps: bone ash powder and a kind of mineral intermixture are mixed, mediate above-mentioned mixture, heating is also melted this mixture through mediating, material after the fusing is prepared into the granulous xln, again this xln for preparing is carried out heat treated one.
Another kind comprises the following steps: the method that the bone ash powder is made into xln the bone ash powder is put in the crucible, at 1500 ℃～3500 ℃ temperature range internal heating, the bone ash powder in the melting cup, pour the material of fusing the passage of an inclination into by the discharge hole of crucible again, when the refrigerative material rolls across this passage, in air, will form a xln, and then in bone ashes container, carry out one cooling process with granular profile.
Below with reference to the preferred embodiments of the present invention and accompanying drawing the method and apparatus that is used for the bone ash powder is made into xln of the present invention is elaborated.
Fig. 1 is a kind of process flow sheet for preparing the method for xln by mixing bone ash powder and a kind of mineral intermixture according to the present invention.A kind of method of the present invention comprises bone ash powder and a kind of mineral intermixture is mixed, mediate above-mentioned mixture, heating is also melted this mixture through mediating, and the material after the fusing is prepared into the granulous xln, again this xln for preparing is carried out a heat treated.
In mixing step, the bone ash powder of 90wt% and the mineral intermixture of 10wt% are mixed, wherein comprise the Wingdale of the feldspar of 24～26wt%, the colemanite of 9～10wt% (colmanipe), 10～10.5wt%, the rhombspar of 5～5.5wt%, the kaolin of 14～15wt%, the barium carbonate of 4.5～5wt%, the zinc white of 2.5～3wt% and the silicon-dioxide of 22～25wt% in the mineral intermixture.
Why to use the reason of mineral such as Wingdale, rhombspar, silicon-dioxide and bone ash powder mixes, it is the problem that produces for fear of when making xln, because the composition of bone ash powder can change along with factor such as sex, age, disease, and use mineral intermixture can produce a kind of transparent xln.
Because the bone ash powder should be the principal element in the xln, so the amount of bone ash powder is preferably 90～95wt% in mixture, and mineral intermixture should use the minimum that can form xln to get final product.Therefore, the amount of bone ash powder is preferably greater than 50wt%, more preferably about 90wt%.
In the ore mix of Shi Yonging, this ore mix is made of following component in the present embodiment: the kaolin of the Wingdale of the feldspar of 26.5wt%, the colemanite of 10wt%, 10.7wt%, the rhombspar of 5.4wt%, 15wt%, the barium carbonate of 4.9wt%, the zinc white of 2.9wt% and the silicon-dioxide of 24.6wt%.And then together with ore mix and bone ash powder mixes.
The mixture water that bone ash powder and mineral is mixed formation is mediated, and in order to avoiding in the step of heating and fusing, mixture can be spread to everywhere by turbulent flame.
The material that utilizes aforesaid way to mediate is put into a crucible with opening (weir), utilize heating unit to be heated and melt.The crucible that the crucible that uses is in the present invention for example made as carbon material, ceramic crucible, tungsten metal crucible, molybdenum crucible etc., crucible above-mentioned all has an opening, so that the material of fusing flows out.
Gas in order to the heating crucible for example is liquefaction casinghead gas (LNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), water-gas etc. in the present invention, flame bundle that gas and oxygen has directly be used for burning material through mediating will be mixed, make its heating and fusing, wherein the temperature of flame bundle surpasses 1500 ℃, and the preferable range of this temperature is 2000 ℃～3500 ℃.
In the step of heating and fusing, the material of fusing can be dripped to a surface and be coated with on the ramp way of teflon (Teflon).By rolling across the passage of inclination, can form a xln with granular profile.
In the passage that tilts, dropped onto wherein from the melt substance of crucible, and drop arrives it at the passage that rolls across inclination and can be cooled down when terminal, and obtain a xln at channel end at last with granular profile.
Preferably the granular crystal body that will form in the refrigerative step in 400 ℃ of processing 1-2 hour, makes its curing and makes transparent xln in electronic smelting furnace (not shown), and it has the advantage that can better preserve.
Another is to use lacquer (lacquer) with the method that the bone ash powder is made into xln, this comprises following step with the method that the bone ash powder makes xln: bone ash powder and lacquer is kneaded together, the material of mediating is made into granular or predetermined shape, with the material made with granular profile or other predetermined profiles air drying 12 hours.
In other words, lacquer and bone ash powder is kneaded together fully, the material that utilizes an instrument or device to mediate granulates or predetermined shape, the xln that will have granular profile or other predetermined profiles again is air drying 12 hours, then its placed at home or receives in the bone tower.
Fig. 2 is according to a kind of a kind of arrangement design figure that the bone ash powder is made into the device of xln of the present invention.The device that the bone ash powder is made into xln provided by the invention comprises that a main body 1, one are utilized and connects electric wire and be connected with main body 1 with operation panel 9 and air compressor 7 of pressurized air being delivered to main body 1 by flexible pipe 8 of the operation of controlling main body 1.
Main body 1 is covered by a shell that is made by iron plate, is equiped with a window 5 in order to watch its inside on upper casing 4, hole is then arranged to allow air admission on lower casing 3.In addition, there is the passage 2 of an inclination to be installed on the lower casing 3,6 tops that are positioned at shell of venting hole in order to discharging waste gas are arranged.
Fig. 3 is for according to one embodiment of present invention, and it is a kind of internal arrangement schema that uses the gas smelting furnace bone ash powder to be made into the device of xln.This device comprises a heating installation 11, furnace equipment 19 and in order to electro-motor M1, M2, M3, the M4 of control heating installation and furnace equipment.
Lever 16 links to each other with electro-motor, in order to mobile heating installation 11.
Mix bone ash powder and mineral intermixture, and the flame bundle that the material of being mediated is easy on the gas nozzle 12 in the equipment that is heated 11 melts, wherein the position of heating installation 11 is controlled by lever 16.For the ease of mobile lever 16, on upper casing, a pulley can be installed, and counterweight (balance weight) (not shown) can be suspended it in midair by a cable wire, therefore, lever 16 can move by electro-motor at an easy rate.
Be mounted in the electro-motor chamber in order to the electro-motor of operation heating installation 11 with furnace equipment 19, this electro-motor chamber is separated by one insulating wall, because were it not for the installation insulating wall, electro-motor may damage because of Tai Re.
Vertical shifting axle 17 is connected with an axle 18 that moves horizontally that can along continuous straight runs moves, a metal bar, a round tube etc. can be used as and move horizontally axle 18, and on the surface that moves horizontally axle 18, an otch is arranged, in order to its level attitude of correct control.
For when the fusing of the material mediated, control the position of the gas nozzle of heating installation according to melted state by mobile lever 16, electro-motor M1, M2, M3, M4 then are connected with the shifting axle 18 of vertical shifting axle 17 and level.
A fan 28 is installed, so that waste gas and hot type are put into the outside on the shell top.
The motor of electro-motor and fan all is connected on the operation panel 9, and therefore when the window evaluation equipment inside from shell, it can come operated motor by the button of operation panel 9.
Cooperate Fig. 4 that a kind of process that bone ash is made into xln provided by the invention is described below.
Bone ash mixed with mineral intermixture with mediating later mixture put in the crucible 24, then control the position of the gas nozzle 12 of heating installation 11, begin to carry out heated mixt; After material fusing is mediated, rotate furnace equipment 19, drop onto on the passage 29 with material that will fusing opening via crucible.The drop of the melted material on passage 29 can cool off on rolling limit, limit, then forms a granular crystal body.And the granular crystal that forms is known from experience the end that drops to passage 29.Utilize heating installation to handle the xln of obtaining at passage 29 ends and just finished processing later on.
Figure 5 shows that a kind of another embodiment that uses the gas smelting furnace bone ash powder to be made into xln according to the present invention; Shown in Figure 5 is the internal arrangement schema of revising part among Fig. 2 to Fig. 4.
In the present embodiment, manually-operated part is designed to utilize electro-motor to replace, not have more easily bone ash to be made xln under the situation of shell.
As shown in Figure 6, can the crucible that be placed on the support chip 20 be improved.Improved crucible comprises a crucible 24 in Fig. 6, and it has an opening 35 at least, flows out with the material with fusing by this opening, and it also comprises a lid 33 that covers on the crucible 24.
Have an opening that is consistent with opening 35 on the crucible 24 at the end portion of lid; In addition, a hole 34 is arranged, can be used for inserting flame bundle from gas nozzle 12 at lid 33 tops.After fusing bone ash powder and mineral intermixture blended material, the material of fusing can flow out via opening 35, and flows on the passage 29.Lid 33 can be used for avoiding bone ash and mineral intermixture blended material to scatter everywhere, so do not need to mediate this compounding substances in advance.Lid 33 also can be used for Fig. 2 to embodiment shown in Figure 4.
Device operating process shown in Figure 5 is as described below:
The mixture that bone ash powder and mineral intermixture mix is put into crucible 24, cover with lid 33; Light gas nozzle 12, rotate Manipulators 31, and lever 16 is moved up and down, the flame bundle can enter in the hole of lid 33.When bone ash powder and mineral intermixture blended material are melted, promote an operating stick and have the furnace equipment 19 of crucible 24 with rotation, then the material of the fusing opening 35 via crucible 24 is dropped onto on the passage 29.
Figure 7 shows that by using the gas smelting furnace bone ash powder to be made into the internal arrangement schema of another embodiment of the device of xln.
Use the equipment of gas smelting furnace comprise a powder container 41, crucible 42, back shaft that supports crucible 42 43, one be connected to Rotation Controllers 44 on the back shaft 43, heating installation 45, passage 51,51a, and shell 46 that covers powder container, crucible, back shaft and heating installation.
Utilize one to topple over the equipment (not shown) automatically, the bone ash powder that is contained in the powder container 41 is poured in the crucible 42.
In a kind of crucible, its top end part have an acceptance come from powder container the bone ash powder topple over reinforced hole, and also have a filling orifice that can insert the flame bundle of gas nozzle at the side of crucible, another side at crucible also has a discharging hole, uses so that the material of fusing flows on the passage.
Heating installation 45 comprises that a gas supply pipeline 47, one are connected to the lever 50 of the gas nozzle 48 of gas supply pipeline end, an automatic firing mechanism 49 and a support heating installation.This heating installation can all around, move up and down, so as to adjusting the position, utilizes and heats the bone ash powder in the direct-fired mode of filling orifice.Gas in order to heating installation for example is liquefaction casinghead gas (LNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), water-gas etc.; Gas supply pipeline 47 and the gas nozzle 48 that is connected to gas supply pipeline end may be come from crucible 42 radiating heat collapses, therefore use a water cooling system so as to cooling gas supply pipeline and gas nozzle.It is as described below with a water cooling system of gas supply pipeline 47 to be used for gas nozzle 48: water arrives gas nozzle 48 by a tank (not shown) by a pipeline, this pipeline is positioned at beyond the shell, gas nozzle 48 can be by water cooling, the water that then is used for cooling off gas nozzle 48 can be sent to gas supply pipeline 47 places by a pipe 47a, with the lower part of cooling gas supply pipeline 47, water is transported to the top of gas supply pipeline 47 more gradually then, to cool off gas supply pipeline 47 fully; The water that then is sent to gas supply pipeline 47 tops can be discharged to the outside through pipe 47b, and wherein pipe 47b is the top that is installed in the gas supply pipeline.
A kind of method that the bone ash powder is made into xln comprises: the bone ash powder that will be contained in the powder container is poured in the crucible, utilize heating installation to be 1500 ℃～3500 ℃ scope internal heating and to melt the bone ash powder in temperature, the material of fusing is dripped to the passage 51a that tilts via outlet orifice, the melted material that drips that at room temperature rolls on passage 51 makes its cooling, just can form a granulous xln during to passage 51 ends, in being set up in ground bone ashes container 52, do a final cooling process then.
The gas smelting furnace that utilizes that Figure 8 shows that Fig. 7 is made the outward appearance arrangement design figure of the device of crystalloid bone ash powder.
The passage 51a of a coated mistake is installed, the cooling vessel 52 that contains the bone ash powder is placed on the end of ramp way 51, and the granular crystal of the bone ash of being made can cools down in cooling vessel 52 at last.On passage 51a, water cooling system is installed, so as to the drop of cooling from crucible, and to protect the passage 51a of coated mistake.
Utilize provided by the inventionly the bone ash powder is made into xln that the method for xln makes can be used for being used as jewel on ring or the necklace, also can xln be fashioned into the shape of expection with model.Utilize model that the method that xln is made into anticipated shape is comprised mould with anticipated shape of preparation, the bone ash powder is poured in the mould, the heating mould is with fusing bone ash powder, and the material of cooling heat fused will take out in the self cooled mould of xln again.The shape of mould can be done various variations according to everyone hobby.
Figure 9 shows that electronic smelting furnace used according to the invention is made into the bone ash powder schematic representation of apparatus of xln.The preparation of xln can be by using electronic smelting furnace replacement gas smelting furnace as shown in Figure 7, in order to the bone ash powder in the melting cup.With electronic smelting furnace the bone ash powder is made into the method for xln, the method steps of mentioning during with the gas smelting furnace of describing Fig. 7 is identical.
The device that the bone ash powder is made into xln then comprises an electronic smelting furnace, a crucible, a body of rod, a holding rod and a shell.
Figure 10 shows that the electronic smelting furnace of use according to the present invention is made into the bone ash powder sectional view of the device of xln.This electronic smelting furnace comprises a well heater 53 and an insulated wall; This well heater is by a senior Kan Saersi resistance wire body of rod (super-cantatal rod), a formation such as the silicon materials body of rod, and insulated wall is made of an aluminum coating, one first high temperature insulating material, one second high temperature insulating material and a refractory brick.The thermal baffle of cremating etc. is used as high temperature insulating material, and zircon brick etc. are used as refractory brick, and zircon brick also is used as the base section that supports crucible.In the central authorities of electronic smelting furnace, there is a hole can allow the melted material in the crucible flow out; In the bottom of electronic smelting furnace, the crucible support of trivet shape is used to support crucible.Therefore because use the bracing frame of trivet shape, just make be heated the same of bottom of crucible with the side.
Figure 11 shows that the Heater Design figure in electronic smelting furnace used according to the invention.The top of electronic smelting furnace has a hole, can put into crucible from here.
Figure 12 shows that the sectional view of crucible, the body of rod and holding rod in electronic smelting furnace used according to the invention.In the bottom of crucible, there is a hole to be consistent with the size of the body of rod, the material of fusing can be through hole outflow thus.After bone ash powder in being positioned over crucible was heated and melts, the body of rod can be raised so that the bone ash powder that melts can flow out by the hole that is positioned at the crucible bottom.
Figure 13 shows that the synoptic diagram of the high frequency smelting furnace that uses in the present invention.The preparation of xln also can utilize the high frequency smelting furnace to replace as the gas smelting furnace mentioned among Fig. 7 to be melted in the bone ash powder in the crucible.
Use the high frequency smelting furnace that the bone ash powder is made into the method for xln, the method steps of mentioning during with the gas smelting furnace of describing Fig. 7 is identical.
The high frequency smelting furnace is a kind of high frequency generator generation high frequency that utilizes, and reaches the device that heats further makes the bone ash powder smelting in the crucible by the high-frequency vibration molecule.This high frequency smelting furnace comprises a high frequency generator (not shown), core body lever 58, core body 59, crucible 60, back up pad 61, an insulated wall 62 and a swivel lever 63 that is connected on the core body 59.
Utilize gas smelting furnace, electronic smelting furnace and high frequency smelting furnace, the material that melts in crucible can be dropped onto on the passage that has applied one deck Teflon (Teflon) via the outlet orifice of crucible.When the material of fusing when dropping onto on the passage, its shape is flat, but can at room temperature be rolled into the below of passage and be cooled gradually and solidify.
When the material of fusing arrived the middle portion of passage, the shape of material can become granular, when arriving the bottom of passage, then finished the preparation of granular crystal body.Last refrigerative granular crystal is known from experience cooling fully in a bone ashes container that is positioned over channel end.Wherein the temperature range of crucible interior is 1500 ℃～3500 ℃.
According to a kind of method and apparatus that the bone ash powder is made into xln of the present invention, can utilize the bone ash powder is made into xln, break away from bone ash and visually make us uncomfortable feeling, this xln be fit to be placed at home or is received in the bone tower, so the present invention can make cremation more be admitted.
Claims (18)
1. one kind is made into the method for xln with the bone ash powder, and it comprises the following steps:
The bone ash powder of 50～90wt% and the mineral intermixture of 10～50wt% are mixed;
The mixture that kneading is mixed by bone ash powder and mineral intermixture;
In temperature range is under 1500 ℃～3500 ℃, heating and the mixture of fusing through mediating;
The material of fusing is dropped onto on the passage, to produce the granular crystal body; And
In temperature is 400 ℃ electronic smelting furnace, the granular crystal body of making carried out 1～2 hour thermal treatment;
Wherein, described mineral intermixture comprises the feldspar of 24～26wt%, the colemanite of 9～10wt%, the Wingdale of 10～10.5wt%, the rhombspar of 5～5.5wt%, the kaolin of 14～15wt%, the barium carbonate of 4.5～5wt%, the zinc white of 2.5～3wt% and the silicon-dioxide of 22～25wt%.
2. one kind is made into the device of xln with the bone ash powder, and it comprises:
Heating installation (11) that comprises a gas supply pipeline (13), one are connected to the terminal gas nozzle (12) of gas supply pipeline (13), one and link to each other with gas nozzle (12) and be covered in the outer tube (14) on the gas supply pipeline (13), a pressurized air supply line (25) that is connected with joint (15), this pipeline is installed in and lever (16) of being fixed on outer tube (14) on adjacent with gas nozzle (12) in the outer tube (14), in order to support heating installation;
One furnace equipment (19), it comprises that a crucible (24), one are used to support the support chip (20) of crucible (24), an axle (22) and the swinging strut in order to the rotation of back shaft (23) that is used for operation and fixed support sheet (20);
Electro-motor (M1, M2, M3, M4), it is installed in the electro-motor chamber that is separated by insulated wall (26), and be connected with a vertical shifting axle (17) that has an otch on its surface, wherein vertical shifting axle (17) is connected with the end of a lever (16), and be connected to one and move horizontally on the axle, its with so that lever (16) move up and down;
A main body (1), it is covered by the shell of being made by iron plate, this main body covers heating installation (11), furnace equipment (19) and electro-motor (M1, M2, M3, M4), wherein the part at upper casing (4) is equiped with a window (5), in order to watching its inside, then there is hole can allow air admission in the part of lower casing (3); In addition, have the passage (2) of an inclination to be installed on the lower casing (3), a venting hole in order to discharging waste gas (5) then is positioned at the top of upper casing (4);
An operation panel (9) is arranged at the electro-motor in the main body (1) and the motor of fan in order to control; And
An air compressor (7) in order to by a pipeline (8), is delivered to main body (1) with pressurized air.
3. one kind is made into the device of xln with the bone ash powder, and it comprises:
Heating installation (11) that comprises a gas supply pipeline (13), one are connected to the terminal gas nozzle (12) of gas supply pipeline (13), one and link to each other with gas nozzle (12) and be covered in the outer tube (14) on the gas supply pipeline (13), a pressurized air supply line (25) that is connected with joint (15), this pipeline is installed in and lever (16) of being fixed on outer tube (14) on adjacent with gas nozzle (12) in the outer tube (14), in order to support heating installation;
One furnace equipment (19), it comprises a crucible (24), support chip (20), a counterweight (21) in order to support crucible (24), and this counterweight is installed in support metal sheet (20) than lower part, axle (22) and the swinging strut in order to the rotation of back shaft (23) in order to operation and fixed support sheet (20); And
A connecting rod (32), it utilizes a rigid joint to be connected on the axle (22) of the lever of heating installation (11) (16) and furnace equipment (19), and the end in spool (22) of furnace equipment (19) is equiped with an operating stick (30).
4. according to the device of claim 3, wherein this device further comprises a Manipulators (31), and it is installed on the connecting rod (32), so that lever (16) moves up and down.
5. according to the device of claim 2 or 3, wherein crucible (24) comprises that at least one is formed at the opening of crucible end portion (35), a lid (33) that has a hole (34) at its top, and is formed with an opening that is consistent with opening (35) on the crucible (24) at the end portion of lid.
6. the xln with the bone ash powder is made into granular or the method for anticipated shape, and it comprises the following steps:
Bone ash powder and lacquer is kneaded together;
The material of mediating is made into granular or predetermined shape; And
With the material of the granular or predetermined shape made air drying 12 hours.
7. one kind is made into the method for xln with the bone ash powder, comprises the following steps:
The bone ash powder is put in the crucible;
In temperature is 1500 ℃～3500 ℃ scope, the bone ash powder in heating and the melting cup;
The material of fusing by the outlet orifice of crucible, is poured on the passage (51a) of an inclination;
When rolling across, the refrigerative material forms a xln when ramp way (51) arrives passage (51) terminal with granular profile in air.
8. according to the method for claim 7, wherein further comprise the step of together refrigerative granular crystal body being carried out last cooling process, this step is to carry out in being placed in the terminal bone ashes container (52) of passage (51).
9. one kind by using the gas smelting furnace that the bone ash powder is made into the device of xln, and it comprises:
A powder container (41) and an automatic tipper;
A crucible (42), it has an acceptance and comes from the reinforced hole of the bone ash powder of powder container, the filling orifice of a flame bundle that can insert gas nozzle, and the discharging hole that the material of fusing is poured out;
A back shaft (43) that supports crucible (42);
A Rotation Controllers (44) that is connected to back shaft (43);
A heating installation (45), it comprises a gas supply pipeline (47), a lever (50) that is connected to terminal gas nozzle (48), an automatic firing mechanism (49) and a support heating installation (45) of gas supply pipeline (47);
Passage (51,51a) comes from the melted material of crucible with cooling; And
A shell (46) that covers powder container, crucible, back shaft and heating installation.
10. according to the device of claim 9, wherein gas nozzle (48) and gas supply pipeline (47) are cooled off by a water cooling system.
11. according to the device of claim 9, wherein this device further comprises a water cooling system device, it is installed in the passage (51a), in order to the melted material of cooling from the crucible drippage.
12. one kind is utilized electronic smelting furnace that the bone ash powder is made into the device of xln, it comprises:
An electronic smelting furnace (54), this smelting furnace comprise a well heater and an insulated wall;
A crucible (55) is in order to heating and fusing bone ash powder;
A body of rod (56) is in order to seal the hole that is positioned at the crucible bottom;
A holding rod (57), it is set at the outside, in order to support rod body (56); And
Passage (51,51a) is in order to the melted material in the cooling crucible.
13. device according to claim 12, wherein this well heater is made of a senior Kan Saersi resistance wire body of rod, a silicon materials body of rod, and insulated wall then is made of layer of aluminum coating, one first high temperature insulating material, one second high temperature insulating material and a zircon brick.
14. according to the device of claim 12, wherein this device further comprises a water cooling system device, it is installed in the passage (51a), in order to the melted material of cooling from the crucible drippage.
15. the method that the bone ash powder of fusing is discharged, it comprises the following steps:
Heating and fusing are positioned over the bone ash powder in the crucible, and wherein the crucible bottom has a hole, and this hole is sealed by a body of rod;
Promote the described body of rod by the control stick that is arranged on the body of rod lever; And
The bone ash powder of fusing is dropped onto on the passage via hole.
16. one kind is utilized the high frequency smelting furnace that the bone ash powder is made into the device of xln, it comprises:
A high frequency generator, it is installed in the exterior portion of shell;
A core body (59), its shape can be put into crucible wherein;
A core body lever (58) is in order to support core body (59);
A crucible (60) is in order to heating and fusing bone ash powder;
A back up pad (61) is in order to support crucible (60);
An insulated wall (62) arrives the outside in order to stop thermal radiation;
One revolves control stick (63), and it is connected on the core body (59); And
Passage (51,51a) comes from the melted material of crucible in order to cooling.
17. according to the device of claim 16, wherein this device further comprises a water cooling system device, it is installed in the passage (51a), in order to the melted material of cooling from the crucible drippage.
18. one kind is made into the method for xln with the bone ash powder, it comprises the following steps:
The bone ash powder is poured in the mould;
Utilize a heating installation with heating of the bone ash powder in the mould and fusing;
The mould of cooling heating; And
To take out in the self cooled mould of xln.
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR19980022252 | 1998-06-10 | ||
| KR1998/22252 | 1998-06-10 | ||
| KR1019980049410A KR100269981B1 (en) | 1998-06-10 | 1998-11-18 | Crystallization method of the bones of the deceased and crystallization apparatus for the same |
| KR1998/49410 | 1998-11-18 | ||
| KR1019990017268A KR19990078565A (en) | 1999-05-14 | 1999-05-14 | Crystallization method of the bones powder of the deceased and crystallization apparatus for the same |
| KR1999/17268 | 1999-05-14 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1291965A CN1291965A (en) | 2001-04-18 |
| CN1100020C true CN1100020C (en) | 2003-01-29 |
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ID=27349758
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN99803546A Expired - Fee Related CN1100020C (en) | 1998-06-10 | 1999-06-08 | Method and apparatus for preparing crystal of cremated remains |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3641207B2 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR100366611B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1100020C (en) |
| AU (1) | AU4170799A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1999064369A1 (en) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6615463B1 (en) * | 2000-12-05 | 2003-09-09 | Hamid Hojaji | Methods to solidify cremation ash |
| WO2004066898A1 (en) * | 2003-01-29 | 2004-08-12 | David Dicks | Method and apparatus for processing deceased remains |
| JP2006519173A (en) * | 2003-03-26 | 2006-08-24 | ゼ ヨル ベ | Solid ashes, solid ashes, and methods for producing them |
| GB0414592D0 (en) * | 2004-06-30 | 2004-08-04 | Lenzhofer Josefine | A memorial |
| JP2006258347A (en) * | 2005-03-16 | 2006-09-28 | Taiyo Nippon Sanso Corp | Magnesium dissolution device and method for supplying cover gas thereto |
| FR2883729A1 (en) * | 2005-04-01 | 2006-10-06 | Morviller Pascal | METHOD FOR PRESERVING FUNERAL ASHES |
| JP4874705B2 (en) * | 2005-08-19 | 2012-02-15 | 在烈 ▲ばい▼ | Ashes crystal production machine |
| WO2007083964A1 (en) * | 2006-01-23 | 2007-07-26 | Yo Sub Sim | Making equipment of bones |
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Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS57200259A (en) * | 1981-05-30 | 1982-12-08 | Daido Steel Co Ltd | Manufacture of hard aggregate from wastes |
| CA2171874A1 (en) * | 1996-03-15 | 1997-09-16 | Anthony O'hagan | Ashcraft |
-
1999
- 1999-06-08 KR KR10-2000-7013531A patent/KR100366611B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-06-08 AU AU41707/99A patent/AU4170799A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-06-08 CN CN99803546A patent/CN1100020C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-06-08 WO PCT/KR1999/000281 patent/WO1999064369A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1999-06-08 JP JP2000553381A patent/JP3641207B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS57200259A (en) * | 1981-05-30 | 1982-12-08 | Daido Steel Co Ltd | Manufacture of hard aggregate from wastes |
| CA2171874A1 (en) * | 1996-03-15 | 1997-09-16 | Anthony O'hagan | Ashcraft |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP3641207B2 (en) | 2005-04-20 |
| WO1999064369A1 (en) | 1999-12-16 |
| AU4170799A (en) | 1999-12-30 |
| JP2002517373A (en) | 2002-06-18 |
| CN1291965A (en) | 2001-04-18 |
| KR20010052468A (en) | 2001-06-25 |
| KR100366611B1 (en) | 2003-01-09 |
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