CN1099903A - Direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure - Google Patents
Direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure Download PDFInfo
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- CN1099903A CN1099903A CN94101512A CN94101512A CN1099903A CN 1099903 A CN1099903 A CN 1099903A CN 94101512 A CN94101512 A CN 94101512A CN 94101512 A CN94101512 A CN 94101512A CN 1099903 A CN1099903 A CN 1099903A
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- porous body
- heating
- type dispenser
- cathode structure
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J1/00—Details of electrodes, of magnetic control means, of screens, or of the mounting or spacing thereof, common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
- H01J1/02—Main electrodes
- H01J1/13—Solid thermionic cathodes
- H01J1/15—Cathodes heated directly by an electric current
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J1/00—Details of electrodes, of magnetic control means, of screens, or of the mounting or spacing thereof, common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
- H01J1/02—Main electrodes
- H01J1/13—Solid thermionic cathodes
- H01J1/20—Cathodes heated indirectly by an electric current; Cathodes heated by electron or ion bombardment
- H01J1/28—Dispenser-type cathodes, e.g. L-cathode
Abstract
A direct heating type-cathode structure is provided with filaments (200) which are secured to at least three points on the side surfaces of a porous pellet (100) formed of tungsten or molybdenum, and the cathode material thereof includes an alkaline earth metal oxide of barium. The thus-structured direct-heating-type cathode structure requires a temperature of only 950 DEG C to 980 DEG C to obtain the current density of 10A/cm<2> and is suitable for use in a color cathode ray tube and specifically in wide-screen televisions and industrial cathode ray tubes.
Description
The present invention relates to a kind of direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure, more particularly, relate to a kind of direct type dispenser cathode structure that can launch thermionic electron gun fast of colorful cathode ray tube.
Negative electrode is because heat energy effect and heat of emission ion mainly is divided into two types.A kind of is indirectly heated, and wherein heated filament separates with thermionic emission source, takes the indirect method, and another kind then is a direct-heating-type, and wherein heated filament is connected with thermionic emission source, takes snead process.
Usually, indirectly heated negative electrode need to be applied to a large amount of thermionic electron guns.Such example comprises oxide coated cathode and dispenser cathode.Adorn the sleeve of heated filament in indirectly heated negative electrode comprises, and be fixed on parent metal or cathode material holder on the sleeve.Parent metal is mainly used in oxide coated cathode, and holder then is mainly used in the dispenser cathode structure.
Simultaneously, the direct-heating-type negative electrode is applied to the electron gun in the small-sized cathode ray tube, such as the view finder of gamma camera, generally also comprise being used for the parent metal or the amboceptor of attaching cathode material, and it is fixed directly on the heated filament.Usually, cathode material is deposited on base metal surface, cathode material attaching amboceptor then can be used for the large-scale or industrial cathode ray tube of the big electric current of requirement.The porous body of stand-by storage formula cathode material dipping is an example of this attaching amboceptor.
Based on korean patent application NO.91-9461(also is the present patent application people's application) U.S. patent application (applying date is 1993.9.14) disclosed a kind of porous body and be directly fixed on structure on the heated filament.As shown in Figure 1.Referring to Fig. 1, heated filament directly is fixed on the both sides of the porous body 1 that contains cathode material.Heated filament 2 directly is fixed on the side of porous body 1 shown in Figure 2.
The porous body of conventional direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure is directly heated by heated filament, and heated filament directly is fixed on the porous body body, and the electric current by heated filament directly generates heat.So, add electric current after, can begin thermionic emission in short-term, specifically, can obtain highdensity thermionic emission.
Yet,, reached a kind of Stability Analysis of Structures and the thermionic emission characteristic has improved cathode construction according to the present inventor's repetition test.
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of its inside to be provided with the direct-heating-type cathode construction of more stable supporting construction, make it to carry out heat sooner from emission.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of can significantly shorten the direct-heating-type cathode construction that the color cathode ray tube image is fade-in the time.
To achieve these goals, a kind of direct-heating-type cathode construction that is provided comprises that the porous body that contains cathode material, at least three are fixed in lip-deep at least three the outer contact heated filaments of porous body.
To achieve these goals, direct-heating-type cathode construction of the present invention comprises that one contains the porous body of cathode material, the support of at least three heated filaments of 3 that are fixed in the porous body outer surface, the above-mentioned heated filament of a supporting and be used for collets of supporting bracket.
For further realizing above-mentioned purpose, in more detail, the direct-heating-type cathode construction that is used for electron tube comprises a porous body, it contains cathode material, and be any made from be selected from the group of forming by tungsten and molybdenum powder, and the heated filament at least three at least three contacts that are fixed on the porous body outer surface, cathode material wherein comprises a kind of alkaline-earth metal ba oxide.
Cathode construction of the present invention can form porous body like this, makes it have circular cross-section or polygonal cross section.
Above-mentioned each heated filament directly is mounted on the porous body body, and each heated filament separates by predetermined angular each other.Like this, these heated filaments and porous body form the supporting structure with three or more contacts.
Heated filament can also be made of the material that passes the porous body body.But, also can make the many heated filaments that expose outside the porous body body by homogenous material.
Except that said structure, because of making a plurality of (specifically, three) porous body, so also can be applied to color cathode ray tube with single collets.
In the cathode construction of the present invention, also need in porous materials, comprise binding material, for example Al
2O
3, be used for the bond powder.
This cathode material comprises a kind of metal oxide powder that is selected from least in the group of being made up of europium oxide (Eu), scandium oxide (SC), indium oxide (In) and yttrium oxide (Ir), comprises that also total amount is the SrCO of 2-29wt%
3, to being useful on the characteristic.
The porous body that obtains through pressing mold and this cathode material of sintering and other mixtures of material, therefore favourable aspect manufacture process.More need to use at least a kind of element that is selected from the group of forming by iridium (Ir), indium (In), osmium (Os), ruthenium (Ru) and rhenium (Re), on the porous body surface, form coating, so that suppress the reduction of barytic evaporation and consequent service behaviour.
When heated filament passed this porous body, each heated filament was all assigned into porous dignity, and crosses one another, and Here it is requires to assign each heated filament, will contact with each other in porous body, and what need most was to want whole each heated filament that forms.
Fig. 1 is that the fragmentary perspective view of conventional direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure is separated;
Fig. 2 and 3 is dissimilar profiles of conventional cathode construction shown in Figure 1;
Fig. 4 is the concise and to the point perspective key diagram of the direct type dispenser cathode of the present invention structure;
Fig. 5 is the plane graph of expression dispenser cathode structure of the present invention shown in Figure 4;
Fig. 6 is the sectional side view of dispenser cathode structure of the present invention shown in Figure 4;
Fig. 7 to 9 is the various dissimilar plane cut-away views of cathode construction of the present invention shown in Figure 4;
Figure 10 to 13 is cathode construction schematic plan views of each embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 14 is according to the present invention, is used for the cathode construction end view that assembles of monochromatic cathode ray tube;
Figure 15 is the plane graph of cathode construction shown in Figure 14; And
Figure 16 is the schematic perspective view that is used for the cathode construction of the present invention that color cathode ray tube assembled.
Referring to Figure 4 and 5, porous body 100, promptly electron emission source is by pressing mold and sintering refractory metal, for example a kind of porous material that powder obtained of molybdenum or tungsten.The hole portion of porous body 100 fills with cathode material.By pressing mold and sintered tungsten and/or molybdenum powder alkaline earth oxide, comprise barium, Al
2O
3The resulting porous body 100 of mixture of powder and a kind of metal oxide powder of selecting from europium oxide, scandium oxide, indium oxide and iridium oxide at least is hexagonal.If adopt molybdenum to mix with tungsten, then molybdenum powder should be lower than 50wt%, and each side of porous body 100 is fixed in the end that respectively has of four heated filaments 200, and all the other each ends extend downwards, thereby forms the structure that porous body 100 has been raised in supporting.When regarding four heated filaments as a heated filament, porous body 100 can be thought four pin shape elements so.Yet these four heated filaments 200 are to install like this, make it pass porous body body 100, cross one another.Therefore, be actually, and obtain four heated filaments that expose the porous body outside by two heated filaments that pass porous body 100.When these two heated filaments 200 cross porous body 100 both sides, it is contacted with each other, but these two heated filaments are only intersected, and do not contact each other.
One coating 100a is formed on the upper surface of porous body 100, with the reduction that prevents service behaviour and prevent that cathode material is evaporated, as shown in Figure 6.This coating 100a is formed by at least a element that is selected from the group that is made of Ir, In, Os, Ru and Re.
Fig. 7 and 8 has shown two embodiments of heated filament 200 with porous body 100 syndetons.As shown in Figure 7, each heated filament 200 welds mutually with the side of porous body 100 respectively.As shown in Figure 8, the 200 facial couplings mutually of two heated filaments form whole, insert two heated filaments thereby cross one another, so that pass the body of porous body 100.Consequently, obtain four heated filaments 200 that are exposed to outside the porous body 100 by two heated filaments that pass porous body 100.Thereby, because two heated filaments 200 pass porous body 100, so two heated filaments contact with each other or leave intersection and pass in porous body 100 inside.
Fig. 9 shows another embodiment, and wherein each heated filament 200 all passes porous body 100.Four are stretched out the outer heated filament 200 of porous body 100 sides and constitute one, result, heated filament 200 formation one cross-shaped element.
Above-mentioned cathode construction has four heated filaments, but it is revised a little, and single porous structure also can have three heated filaments.But, take one thing with another and had better make four heated filaments for single porous body.These heated filaments play the support effect, with supporting cellular body and heater.Even hot edge intensity is kept balance by the current decay to the heated filament heating because of having at least three heated filament to support this porous body, so it is stable that the porous physical efficiency keeps.Therefore, porous body 100 can be because of external bump be subjected to very big the influence, thereby reduces fluoroscopic instability, and alleviates colored the change taken place among the CRT.
All be soldered directly in the structure of porous body side at every heated filament, because of electric current directly by porous body and heated filament, promptly be heated so this porous body is instantaneous.This heated filament structure, than the heated filament situation of passing porous body, have the effect of very fast heating, the thermion of just fasting ejection very much.
Simultaneously, porous body 100 also can be altered to different shape.For example, can make porous body 100 be formed with circular cross-section, as shown in figure 10, or polygonal cross section is shown in Figure 11 and 12.As shown in figure 11, porous body 100 situations of eight sides are arranged, heated filament 200 is fixed on a side surface, so be four heated filaments.If necessary, also heated filament can be pacified to each side, the result is total up to eight heated filaments.Figure 12 shows the porous body 100 that six sides are arranged.And here, this porous body has three heated filaments 200, but here, also heated filament can be received on each surface, thereby makes the single porous body 100 of six roots of sensation heated filament, as shown in figure 13.
Figure 14 and 15 shows an embodiment of the direct type cathode construction of the present invention who can be used for monochromatic cathode ray tube.
Referring to Figure 14, heated filament 200 is contained on each face of four sides of six porous bodies 100.Heated filament 200 is fixed by welding on two supports 400 of direct insertion holder 300.As shown in figure 15, establish two face of welds 401 and 402, respectively single heated filament 200 is fixed on each face of weld 401 and 402 for each support.This structure as shown, two heated filaments are joined together, so electric current is flowed into by two heated filaments, flow out with all the other two heated filaments.This type of energized structural can be applicable to above-mentioned hot wire structure of the present invention.In this structure, because heat feeds to porous body simultaneously by four heated filaments, so the porous physical efficiency reaches well can launch thermionic temperature.
When heated filament is when being welded in the situation of porous body, because of this porous member is positioned on the current path, porous physical efficiency heating self.At this moment, many heated filaments are divided into two groups, apply voltage by these two groups of heated filaments to porous body, because two heated filaments connect together.In other words, electric current flows into whole porous body through heated filament group 1, and electric current flows out from whole porous body through the heated filament group.Therefore, the combined resistance of heated filament reduces, and the result increases the voltage that is assigned to porous body.Like this, increase, thereby the heated filament heating reduces and makes porous body more promptly reach the thermionic emission point owing to distribute voltage to raise with the porous body temperature, so, add electric current after, immediately just can heat of emission ion.
In described cathode construction of the present invention so far, many heated filaments are divided into two groups, give the cathode construction making alive by these two groups of heated filaments.Here it is, and electric current flows into whole porous body through heated filament group 1, and electric current flows out through all the other heated filament groups.
As a result, a porous body has two electric currents to add end, and because of every end all is made of many heated filaments, has just reduced the line resistance of every end.In the present invention, lower line resistance more helps heating rapidly porous body, and with the direct-heating-type cathode opposite of routine.The ohmically this increase that reduces to cause to porous body aspect voltage ratio.So, decrease in porous body radiations heat energy in addition.And the inner heat of increase porous body.
According to the experiment of inventor to cathode construction of the present invention, temperature 950-980 ℃ is enough to reach 10A/cm
2Current density.This temperature characterisitic is equivalent to the temperature characterisitic of existing hot dipped cathode.
In the cathode construction type shown in Figure 14, can be single electron gun and be equipped with three cathode constructions, thereby form an electron gun of colorful cathode ray tube.Figure is that above-mentioned cathode construction has an independent rest pad, when above-mentioned cathode construction being applied to the electron gun that color cathode ray tube uses, and just need be to this electron gun in order to the device of the rest pad of fixing each cathode construction.
Figure 16 has shown another embodiment of the cathode construction of the present invention that can be used for color cathode ray tube.Respectively there are three cathode constructions of porous body 100 and heated filament 200 all to coexist on the collets 300.For the fixed negative pole structural member, installing is used for fixing three pairs of supports 400 of each each heated filament of porous body on collets 300.
The structure that is used for being supported with the porous body of three or above heated filament according to the present invention is fit to be used for supporting quite heavy porous body.That is to say,, make this porous physical efficiency antidetonation, thereby weaken its current potential distortion because of porous body is being supported by at least three heated filaments.In addition, because this antihunt action, the position change with respect to the 1st grid in electron gun is very little.The change of this cathode construction and the 1st gate location that reduced prevents jointly because the unstable and undesired colored generation of the screen image that minor impact is brought, thereby keeps stable screen quality.Particularly, contained effectively because abnormal permanent deformation of continuous operation.So, cathode construction of the present invention just is more suitable for being used for color cathode ray tube, especially wide-screen TV or industrial CRT, rather than general miniaturization black-and-white cathode ray tube.
Claims (30)
1, a kind of direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure, it comprises:
One contains the porous body (100) of cathode material; And
At least three heated filaments (200) that are fixed at least three contact points on the described porous body outer surface.
According to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 1, it is characterized in that 2, described heated filament (200) passes described porous body (100).
According to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 1, it is characterized in that 3, described porous body (100) is a hexagon, four heated filaments (200) are fixed in four sides of described porous body (100).
According to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 1, it is characterized in that 4, described porous body (100) comprises Al
2O
3
5, according to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 1, it is characterized in that, on the upper surface of described porous body (100), form the coating that is selected from a kind of element in the group that constitutes by Ir, In, Os, Ru or Re at least.
According to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 1, it is characterized in that 6, described cathode material comprises at least a metal oxide that is selected from the element in the group that is made of europium, scandium, indium and iridium.
According to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 6, it is characterized in that 7, described cathode material also comprises the SrCO of 2-29wt%
3
According to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 2, it is characterized in that 8, described cathode material comprises at least a metal element oxide that is selected from the group that is made of europium, scandium, indium and iridium.
According to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 3, it is characterized in that 9, described cathode material comprises at least a metal oxide that is selected from the element in the group that is made of europium, scandium, indium and iridium.
10, according to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 9, it is characterized in that, on described porous body (100) upper surface, form the coating that is selected from least a element in the group that constitutes by Ir, Os, Ru and Re.
11, a kind of direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure, it comprises:
One contains the porous body (100) of cathode material;
At least three heated filaments (200) that are fixed at least three contacts of described porous body outer surface;
The support (400) of described each heated filament of one supporting; And
At least one is used for supporting the collets (300) of described support.
According to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 11, it is characterized in that 12, described heated filament (200) passes described porous body (100).
According to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 11, it is characterized in that 13, described porous body (100) is a kind of hexagon, and four heated filaments (200) are fixed in four sides of described porous body (100).
According to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 11, it is characterized in that 14, described porous body (100) comprises Al
2O
3
15, according to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 11, it is characterized in that, on the upper surface of described porous body (100), form the coating that is selected from least a element in the group that constitutes by Ir, In, Os, Ru and Re.
According to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 1, it is characterized in that 16, described cathode material comprises at least a metal oxide that is selected from the element in the group that is made of europium, scandium, indium and iridium.
According to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 16, it is characterized in that 17, described cathode material also comprises the SrCO of 2-29wt%
3
According to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 12, it is characterized in that 18, described cathode material comprises at least a metal oxide that is selected from the group that is made of europium, scandium, indium and iridium.
According to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 13, it is characterized in that 19, described cathode material comprises at least a metal oxide that is selected from the element in the group that is made of europium, scandium, indium and iridium.
20, according to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 19, it is characterized in that, on the upper surface of described porous body (100), form the coating that is selected from least a element in the group that constitutes by Ir, In, Os, Ru and Re.
21, a kind of direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure, it comprises:
One to contain the porous body (100) of cathode material and porous body (100) be to use any manufacturing of selecting in the group that is made of tungsten and molybdenum; And
Have three heated filaments (200) at least three contacts that are fixed in described porous body (200) outer surface at least,
It is characterized in that described cathode material contains a kind of alkaline earth oxide that comprises barium.
According to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 21, it is characterized in that 22, described heated filament (200) passes described porous body (100).
According to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 21, it is characterized in that 23, described porous body (100) is a hexagon, and four heated filaments (200) are fixed in four sides of described porous body (100).
According to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 21, it is characterized in that 24, described porous body (100) contains Al
2O
3
25, according to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 21, it is characterized in that, on the upper surface of described porous body (100), form the coating that is selected from a kind of element in the group that constitutes by Ir, In, Os, Ru and Re.
According to the described directly-heated or the dispenser cathode structure of claim 21, it is characterized in that 26, described cathode material comprises at least a metal oxide that is selected from the element in the group that is made of europium, scandium, indium and iridium.
According to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 26, it is characterized in that 27, described cathode material also comprises the SrCO of 2-29wt%
3
According to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 22, it is characterized in that 28, described cathode material comprises and at least aly is selected from by europium, scandium, plugs with molten metal the metal oxide of the element in the group that constitutes with iridium.
According to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 23, it is characterized in that 29, described cathode material comprises at least a metal oxide that is selected from the group that is made of europium, scandium, indium and iridium.
30, according to the described direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure of claim 29, it is characterized in that, on the upper surface of described porous body (100), form the coating that is selected from a kind of element in the group that constitutes by Ir, In, Os, Ru and Re.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR930017567 | 1993-08-31 | ||
| KR930017566 | 1993-08-31 | ||
| KR17566/93 | 1993-08-31 | ||
| KR17567/93 | 1993-08-31 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1099903A true CN1099903A (en) | 1995-03-08 |
Family
ID=26629864
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN94101512A Pending CN1099903A (en) | 1993-08-31 | 1994-02-05 | Direct-heating-type dispenser cathode structure |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0641007A3 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH0785775A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1099903A (en) |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7208179B1 (en) | 1990-11-27 | 2007-04-24 | The American National Red Cross | Methods for treating disease and forming a supplemented fibrin matrix |
| DE19527723A1 (en) * | 1995-07-31 | 1997-02-06 | Philips Patentverwaltung | Electric discharge tube or discharge lamp and Scandat supply cathode |
| UA28130C2 (en) * | 1998-11-09 | 2000-10-16 | Товариство З Обмеженою Відповідальністю "Нікос-Еко" | Straight filament cathode pack for electron-beam tubes |
| EP2338442B1 (en) | 2003-12-11 | 2013-01-30 | Isto Technologies Inc. | Particulate cartilage system |
| EP1705684A1 (en) * | 2005-03-22 | 2006-09-27 | ICT Integrated Circuit Testing Gesellschaft für Halbleiterprüftechnik mbH | Stabilized emitter and method for stabilizing same |
| WO2007025290A2 (en) | 2005-08-26 | 2007-03-01 | Isto Technologies, Inc. | Implants and methods for repair, replacement and treatment of joint disease |
| EP2061064A4 (en) * | 2006-09-05 | 2011-09-14 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kk | Electron source |
| US8163549B2 (en) | 2006-12-20 | 2012-04-24 | Zimmer Orthobiologics, Inc. | Method of obtaining viable small tissue particles and use for tissue repair |
| WO2008128075A1 (en) | 2007-04-12 | 2008-10-23 | Isto Technologies, Inc. | Compositions and methods for tissue repair |
| US20140178343A1 (en) | 2012-12-21 | 2014-06-26 | Jian Q. Yao | Supports and methods for promoting integration of cartilage tissue explants |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1142664B (en) * | 1962-02-17 | 1963-01-24 | Heraeus Gmbh W C | Glow cathode |
| DE1255207B (en) * | 1963-09-19 | 1967-11-30 | Western Electric Co | Matrix or layer cathode for glow cathode tubes |
| NL7003279A (en) * | 1970-03-07 | 1971-09-09 | ||
| DE2037874B2 (en) * | 1970-07-30 | 1972-12-14 | Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-Gmbh, 6000 Frankfurt | METHOD OF MAKING A SUPPLY CATHOD |
| US3783330A (en) * | 1971-04-02 | 1974-01-01 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Direct heated cathode |
| NL165880C (en) * | 1975-02-21 | 1981-05-15 | Philips Nv | DELIVERY CATHOD. |
| US5266414A (en) * | 1988-03-18 | 1993-11-30 | Varian Associates, Inc. | Solid solution matrix cathode |
-
1994
- 1994-01-28 EP EP94300660A patent/EP0641007A3/en not_active Ceased
- 1994-02-05 CN CN94101512A patent/CN1099903A/en active Pending
- 1994-02-15 JP JP4184294A patent/JPH0785775A/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH0785775A (en) | 1995-03-31 |
| EP0641007A3 (en) | 1995-06-21 |
| EP0641007A2 (en) | 1995-03-01 |
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