CN109965173A - 一种从末水紫菜中提取藻红素、多糖和膳食纤维的制备方法及其应用 - Google Patents
一种从末水紫菜中提取藻红素、多糖和膳食纤维的制备方法及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109965173A CN109965173A CN201910198277.2A CN201910198277A CN109965173A CN 109965173 A CN109965173 A CN 109965173A CN 201910198277 A CN201910198277 A CN 201910198277A CN 109965173 A CN109965173 A CN 109965173A
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Abstract
本发明属于海洋生物应用技术领域,涉及到一种从末水紫菜中获得藻红素、紫菜多糖和紫菜膳食纤维的制备方法及其应用,所述方法中将末水紫菜脱水切碎,浸泡过夹带剂后,通过超临界CO2流体萃取技术,以合适的填料液固比、提取温度、提取压力进行提取后分离纯化得到藻红素和紫菜多糖。剩余藻渣加入脱腥剂去腥,干燥后活化造粒即得紫菜膳食纤维。本发明制备工艺简单稳定、绿色高效,所得三种产品粉体细腻,纯度高,无海藻腥味。可做多种食品原材料。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于海洋生物应用技术领域,具体涉及到一种从末水紫菜中提取藻红素、多糖和膳食纤维的制备方法及其应用。
背景技术
紫菜是中国养殖量仅次于海带的大型海藻,其营养丰富、味道鲜美,晾晒加工后的干品成为中国人广泛使用的食材。紫菜中富含丰富的多糖、蛋白质及维生素、微量元素等,有提高人体抵抗力、降血糖血脂、抗衰老等功效。越来越多的人爱上吃紫菜,使紫菜在食品工业上有着极大的应用潜力。但由于我国饮食习惯的原因,目前市场上紫菜制品品种不多,主要为紫菜饼、即食紫菜片和小包装汤料,或作为食品辅料用来制作饼干、麻花等。产品开发的深度远远不够,品种单一,缺乏竞争力,利用其开发成高附加值的产品很少。末水紫菜是指四水之后的紫菜,占紫菜总产量的约55%,因为口感不好,往往被丢弃,资源浪费非常严重。如果充分提取这些残次紫菜营养物质其应用在试剂、食品等行业,将大大增加这些残次紫菜的附加值,其社会效益和经济效益将不可估量。
目前紫菜中利用价值较高的是藻红素、多糖和膳食纤维。藻红素是一种既可以作为天然色素用于食品、化妆品、染料等工业上,也可制成荧光试剂,用于临床医学诊断和免疫化学及生物工程等研究领域中。藻红素因为原料的缺乏,或因为原料不利于色素生产,而存在产量少及价格昂贵的缺陷,对全球每年数万磅食用红色色素的需求,必须开发一种天然、安全、稳定又具有特殊荧光释出的红色色素。多糖具有将血糖、降血脂、抗衰老、增强免疫力等功效,可用于保健食品原料。紫菜中膳食纤维含量高达25%,促进肠道蠕动,对于防止便秘和预防结肠癌有很好的作用,是非常可观的不溶性膳食纤维的原材料。如何经济、有效地获取这些营养成分,是目前制约紫菜可持续发展的关键。中国专利(201410697186.0)公开了一种从次等紫菜中同时提取藻红素和紫菜硫酸多糖的方法,其藻红素的提取需经两次层析柱,过程复杂繁琐,并且藻红素与多糖分开提取,工业化生产成本高。本发明立足于同时提取藻红素和多糖,分步纯化。提取后的残渣经活化制备膳食纤维,做到成本低、工艺简单,做成三种产品,附加值大大增加。
发明内容
本发明目的是针对现有技术的不足,提供一种从末水紫菜中获得藻红素、紫菜多糖和紫菜膳食纤维的制备方法及应用。
为实现上述目的,所述技术方案如下:
一种从末水紫菜中获得藻红素、紫菜多糖和紫菜膳食纤维的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将新鲜的末水紫菜放入离心脱水机中脱去水分后切碎,加入夹带剂浸泡过夜;
(2)将浸泡过夜的紫菜及夹带剂装入超临界CO2流体萃取罐中,以合适的填料液固比、提取温度、提取压力进行提取后进入分离罐,设定压力和温度,结束萃取收集萃取物和藻渣;
(3)将步骤(2)所得萃取物减压浓缩后,采取硫酸铵分级法进行沉淀,取沉淀,上清液备用,将所述沉淀溶于水透析干燥,得藻红素;
(4)将步骤(3)得到的上清液浓缩,然后加入4倍体积的乙醇,静置过夜,离心,取沉淀溶于水后透析并冷冻干燥,得紫菜多糖;
(5)向步骤(1)所得藻渣中加入脱腥剂去腥,干燥后活化造粒即得紫菜膳食纤维。
在一个具体实施方式中,步骤(1)和步骤(2)中所述夹带剂为70-90%的乙醇溶液。
在一个具体实施方式中,步骤(2)中所述填料液固比为1:40,提取温度31-35℃,提取压力60-80MPa。由于藻红素40℃以上高温容易变性,因此将温度设定在不低于CO2临界温度的条件下增加提取压力,即可满足条件。采取动态萃取方式,在固定温度下,提取压力为50-60MPa,萃取时间1-2h,流速8-10mL/min,两种物质萃取效率最高。
在一个具体实施方式中,步骤(3)中采取硫酸铵分级沉淀法获得藻红素。加入20%硫酸铵饱和度时,藻红素较少沉淀下来,离心后的上清液加入硫酸铵溶液至60%以上饱和度时,藻红素沉淀趋于完全,此时藻红素经过复溶透析干燥得到纯品。经检测,纯度(A560/A280)达到2.0以上。
在一个具体实施方式中,步骤(5)中所述的藻渣脱腥剂为嗜热链球菌与酵母混合液(1:1v/v),添加量为1.5%-2%。
在一个具体实施方式中,步骤(5)中所述活化工艺为高温高压膨化法。具体条件是温度140-160℃,压力0.1-8Mpa。
本发明制备工艺简单稳定高效,适合大规模生产。本发明获得的藻红素纯度高,可应用于食品添加剂或化妆品中。多糖可以复配制作固体饮品,也可以进一步加工降解用于饮料、食品等中,保健效果明显。膳食纤维可以单独食用,也与燕麦等可溶性膳食纤维复配增强疗效,营养更全面。
附图说明
图1、夹带剂浓度对藻红素和紫菜多糖提取得率的影响
图2、液固比对藻红素和紫菜多糖提取得率的影响
图3、提取时间对藻红素和紫菜多糖提取得率的影响
图4、萃取压力对藻红素和紫菜多糖提取得率的影响
图5、紫菜藻红素在400-700nm的紫外扫描图谱。
图6、紫菜多糖在400-4000cm-1红外光谱图。
具体实施方式
实施例1:藻红素和紫菜多糖的超临床萃取工艺
(1)超临界萃取工艺筛选
将新鲜的末水紫菜放入离心脱水机中脱去水分后切碎,加入夹带剂浸泡过夜。分为两种方式萃取:
方式I:将浸泡过夜的末水紫菜及夹带剂装入超临界CO2流体萃取罐中,填料液固比为1:40,提取温度32℃,提取压力60MPa,以夹带剂为10mL/min的流速进行动态萃取2h。
方式II:将浸泡过夜的末水紫菜及夹带剂装入超临界CO2流体萃取罐中,填料液固比为1:40,提取温度32℃,提取压力60MPa,进行静态萃取1h然后以10mL/min的流速加入夹带剂进行动态萃取1h。进入分离罐,下调压力至20Mpa,回收CO2。收集萃取物备用。
比较两种萃取方式,发现以浸泡+动态萃取得率为高,参见下表1。
表1:不同萃取方式结果
萃取方式 | 藻红素得率 | 多糖得率 |
未浸泡 | 0.93% | 15.28% |
方式I:浸泡+动态萃取 | 2.45% | 28.17% |
方式II:浸泡+静态萃取 | 1.51% | 19.20% |
对预处理后的紫菜,考察了超临界夹带剂浓度、CO2萃取液固比、超临界CO2萃取时间、超临界CO2萃取压力4个因素对藻红素和多糖得率的影响。并在单因素试验的基础上,按L9(34)正交试验表设计分别设计试验。
(2)夹带剂浓度对藻红素和紫菜多糖提取得率的影响
由于藻红素和多糖极性大,易溶于水,单纯的CO2流体不能萃取这两种物质。在加入不同浓度乙醇后,既可以增强物质溶解度,又可以增强超临界溶剂的选择性,使得藻红素和多糖的溶解度大大增加,同时紫菜中的极性较低的亲脂性物质就很难萃取出来。夹带剂浓度不能过低,适当提高浓度,可以增大多糖的溶出率。本发明选择了不同浓度的乙醇溶液作为实验对比,设定5%、10%、30%、50%、70%、90%的浓度。图1和表2的结果显示在30%乙醇浓度下,萃取液中多糖含量在1%以下,几乎没有多糖溶出。在50%浓度的时候,多糖浓度升到8%,随着乙醇浓度上升,藻红素和多糖溶出率逐渐上升。在90%时的溶出率与70%时相比增加不大,说明乙醇浓度太大,造成CO2占比减少,萃取效率反而有所下降。因此选择合适的夹带剂浓度对本发明至关重要。
表2:夹带剂浓度对藻红素和多糖提取得率的影响
夹带剂浓度 | 5% | 10% | 30% | 50% | 70% | 90% |
藻红素含量 | 检测不到 | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.7% |
多糖含量 | 检测不到 | 0.2% | 0.7% | 8.1% | 13.2% | 13.5% |
(3)液固比、提取时间和提取压力对藻红素和紫菜多糖提取得率的影响
在相同的工艺条件下,选定萃取压力为60MPa,提取温度32℃,萃取时间为2.0h,分别在液固比为1:10,1:20,1:30,1:40,1:50(g/mL)的条件下进行试验,得到液固比与得率的关系曲线如图2所示。可以发现,液固比为1:40时的得率最高。说明投料量比较大时,提取容器中的空隙率就相应的减小了,传质阻力进一步增大,提取效率降低,得率也降低。
在提取压力60MPa,提取温度32℃,夹带剂(80%乙醇)流速10mL/min的条件下,考察提取时间对两者提取率的影响,结果见图3。由图可知,两者提取率随着提取时间的增大而增大。然而,萃取到一定时间,两者在超临界流体中的溶解达到平衡,因此提取时间超过2h后,提取率增加缓慢。
在相同的工艺条件下,分别在萃取压力40MPa,50MPa,60MPa,70MPa,80MPa下进行试验,得到提取压力与得率的关系曲线如图4所示。可以发现,在60MPa以下时,得率随着压力的增大而缓慢的提高,随着压力的增大,得率基本上趋于稳定,并呈现下降趋势。
表3、藻红素和多糖提取工艺正交实验表
由表3可以发现,超临界CO2萃取液固比和萃取压力对藻红素的得率影响较大,其次是夹带剂浓度和萃取时间,即因素的影响顺序为液固比>萃取压力>萃取时间>夹带剂浓度。对于多糖得率来说,萃取压力和夹带剂浓度影响较大,其次是萃取时间,因素的影响顺序为萃取压力>夹带剂浓度>萃取时间>液固比。得到的最佳组合为A3B3C2D1,即夹带剂浓度为80%,液固比为1:40,萃取时间为2.0h,萃取压力70MPa,得到的藻红素和紫菜多糖得率最高。
实施例2:藻红素的制备纯化工艺
萃取物减压浓缩后加入20%硫酸铵溶液,10000r/min离心20min,取上清液继续加硫酸铵溶液至60%,静置12h后10000r/min离心20min,上清液备用。取沉淀沉淀复溶后以截留分子量1000Da的透析袋透析至无盐离子存在时,冷冻干燥得纯化的藻红素,计算得率为2.4%。测定在280nm和562nm的吸光度,计算藻红素纯度达到2.1。图5所示的是藻红素在400nm-700nm的紫外可见吸收光谱。从图可知,藻红素有两个完全吸收峰和一个吸收肩峰,吸收峰分别位于500nm和562nm,其中562nm处的吸光值最大,吸收肩峰位于545nm。
实施例3:藻红素的吸湿保湿活性
将干燥器与称量瓶洁净并干燥,在干燥器中放入变色硅胶。精密称量干燥藻红素0.25g放入干燥的称量瓶,并各加入1mL蒸馏水,精密称量总重。将称量瓶盖打开放入干燥器,密封干燥器,将其放入25℃恒温箱中。在2h、4h、6h、12h、24h、48h、72h后精密称重,分别称量样品放置后水份量Hn和添加水分量H0。根据下式计算保湿率:保湿率/%=100Hn/H0。。取2个干燥器与10个称量瓶洁净并干燥,分为两组,一组为乙酸钾饱和溶液组,一组为硫酸铵饱和溶液组。取适量饱和溶液分别放入称量瓶,开盖放入相应干燥器,密封并放入25℃恒温箱中,放一夜。精密称量干燥的藻红素0.5g放入干燥的称量瓶,精密称量总重。将称量瓶盖打开分组放入相应干燥器,密封干燥器,将其放入25℃恒温箱中。在4h、8h、12h、24h、48h、60h、72h后精密称重并记录,分别称量样品放置前质量(Wo)和放置后质量(Wn)。根据下式计算吸湿率:吸湿率/%=100(Wn-W0)/W0。实验结果表明,随着时间的延长,藻红素的吸湿率逐渐增加,最初24h内吸湿率增加幅度相对较快,从5%迅速上升至24%。48h后吸湿率基本饱和,稳定在33%左右。同时湿度愈大,样品的吸湿率愈大。在48h以前,藻红素的保湿率持续下降,随后下降的趋势逐渐缓和,最后稳定在80%左右。虽活性不及甘油,但仍表现出一定吸湿保湿活性。结果表明,藻红素具有优异的吸湿保湿活性,可应用在化妆品中。
实施例4:紫菜多糖的制备纯化工艺
取萃取液60%硫酸铵盐析后的上清液浓缩,加入4倍无水乙醇,充分搅拌后静置12h,离心取沉淀。沉淀复溶于水放入截留分子量1000Da的透析袋透析至无盐离子存在时,冷冻干燥得纯化的多糖,计算得率38%,远高于传统水提工艺。所制备的多糖外观呈白色粉末,测定化学成分组成,其中总糖含量76.2%,硫酸基含量19.3%,3,6-内醚半乳糖含量7.6%。经高效凝聚色谱测定其重均分子量24.8×104Da。
图6显示的是多糖的红外光谱图,结果显示具有多糖的特征吸收峰,如3427,1647,1417,1252,1154,1073,934和817cm-1。其中1252cm-1位置的峰被认为是硫酸基的非对称伸缩振动峰,817cm-1的峰为连接在伯羟基上的硫酸基的特征吸收峰,提示硫酸基连接在半乳糖的C6位,934cm-1的弱吸收峰是3,6-内醚半乳糖的特征峰。
实施例5:紫菜多糖固体饮品的制备工艺
取80份紫菜多糖、10份茯苓、5份罗汉果、1份柠檬酸、0.5份羟甲基纤维素钠、0.5份稳定剂加入水中溶解,搅拌混匀。加热至60℃,在40Mpa压力下均质后浓缩,喷雾干燥,造粒包装即得紫菜多糖固体饮品。
实施例6:紫菜膳食纤维的制备
(1)藻渣脱腥剂筛选
提取藻红素和多糖后的藻渣由于仍有部分低分子烃类等,海腥味较大。选择适宜的微生物菌株可将这些小分子腥味物质变成或修饰转化成无腥味物质,是一种非常绿色的脱腥方法。经试验,选择嗜热链球菌与酵母混合发酵液发酵藻渣后,腥味去除几乎完全,而且有浓郁的发酵香。
目前的腥味物质脱除技术,主要包括传统的酸碱盐法脱腥、蒸汽脱腥、掩盖法脱腥,以及新型的吸附法、微胶囊法、萃取法、微生物发酵法脱腥等。微生物脱腥法是一种绿色环保的脱腥方法,效果好。常用微生物如乳酸菌和酵母等。本发明选用常见乳酸菌(保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌)及酿酒酵母为菌种,对藻渣进行发酵处理,采用感官评定法评价不同菌种脱腥效果。
脱腥效果评价标准:无腥味(90分);基本无腥味(80分);腥味较弱(70分);有腥味(60分);腥味偏重(50分)。
首先分别评价了保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌的脱腥效果,发现在1%接种量下,嗜热链球菌48h发酵液完全无腥味,比保加利亚乳杆菌效果明显。然后评价了酿酒酵母的脱腥效果,发现2%接种量的酵母发酵液48h后完全无腥味。增加接种量则开始在48h出现一定酒香味,因此不宜增加接种量。将嗜热链球菌和酿酒酵母混合菌液进行脱腥,设定比例0.5:1、1:1、1:0.5,发现两者1:1比例菌液在36h后即可达到较佳效果。结果表明,复合菌剂比单一菌剂的脱腥效果要好。
(2)活化工艺筛选
由于藻渣为不溶性纤维,持水力和膨胀力不高,目前营养学专家认为可溶性纤维应占总膳食纤维含量10%以上才是适宜的膳食纤维构成。本发明以可溶性纤维SDF为指标,评价了三种化学方法(酸解、碱解和酶解)和两种物理机械方法(双螺杆挤压膨化和高温高压)功能活化效果。结果表明,碱解效果最差,SDF含量仅有4.36%。酸解和酶解效果其次,可达6.5-7.5%之间。挤压膨化后的SDF已达到10%以上,基本符合要求。经高温高压活化后,SDF可达到15.2%,同时也保持了较高的持水力和膨胀力。采用高温高压活化后,使得有效活性物质最大限度释放,吸附性和持水性增强,使得产品功能增强,可溶性膳食纤维含量明显提高。
将提取后的藻渣烘干,微粉砕,过筛100目后进行高温高压膨化。设定膨化条件温度150℃、压力6MPa、时间2min,然后进行释放,温度110℃、压力1MPa、时间5min。将产品放入烤箱烘烤后微波杀菌包装,即得坛紫菜膳食纤维。测定相关化学组成指标,每100克膳食纤维含蛋白质5.7克、碳水化合物18.2克、脂肪1.1克、钠180毫克。具有能量1342千焦。持水力达到3520%,膨胀力52mL/g。
实施例7:紫菜燕麦麸复合膳食纤维
取紫菜膳食纤维60份、燕麦麸20份、沙棘15份,搅拌均匀,经过高温高压活化处理,再在90℃下烘烤加热2-3h,杀菌,得到紫菜燕麦麸复合膳食纤维。
以上描述了本发明优选实施方式,然其并非用以限定本发明。本领域技术人员对在此公开的实施方案可进行并不偏离本发明范畴和精神的改进和变化。
Claims (9)
1.一种从末水紫菜中获得藻红素、紫菜多糖和紫菜膳食纤维的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)将新鲜的末水紫菜放入离心脱水机中脱去水分后切碎,加入夹带剂浸泡过夜;
(2)将浸泡过夜的紫菜及夹带剂装入超临界CO2流体萃取罐中,以合适的填料液固比、提取温度、提取压力进行提取后进入分离罐,设定压力和温度,结束萃取,收集萃取物和藻渣;
(3)将步骤(2)所得萃取物减压浓缩后,采取硫酸铵分级法进行沉淀,取沉淀,上清液备用,将所述沉淀溶于水透析干燥,得藻红素;
(4)将步骤(3)得到的上清液浓缩,然后加入4倍体积的乙醇,静置过夜,离心,取沉淀溶于水后透析并冷冻干燥,得紫菜多糖;
(5)向步骤(1)所得藻渣中加入脱腥剂去腥,干燥后活化造粒即得紫菜膳食纤维。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)和步骤(2)中所述夹带剂为70-90%的乙醇溶液。
3.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中所述填料液固比为1:40,提取温度31-35℃,提取压力60-80MPa。
4.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)硫酸铵分级法的操作步骤为:先加入20%硫酸铵溶液,离心,取上清液继续加硫酸铵溶液至60%,静置过夜,离心,取沉淀,上清液备用。
5.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(5)中所述藻渣脱腥剂为嗜热链球菌与酵母1:1(v/v)混合液,添加量为1.5%-2%。
6.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(5)中所述活化工艺为高温高压膨化法,具体条件是温度140-160℃,压力0.1-8Mpa。
7.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法得到的藻红素制备吸湿保湿剂的应用。
8.一种紫菜多糖复合固体饮品,其特征在于,所述固体饮品的组分按重量份计为65-80份权利要求1所述的制备方法得到的紫菜多糖、5-15份茯苓、4-8份罗汉果、0.2-1份柠檬酸、0.3-0.5份羟甲基纤维素钠、0.5份稳定剂。
9.一种紫菜燕麦麸复合膳食纤维产品,其特征在于,所述膳食纤维产品的组分按重量份计为权利要求1所述的制备方法得到的紫菜膳食纤维50-60份、燕麦麸15-25份、沙棘10-20份。
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