CN109900631B - Method for identifying sesame cracking resistance capsules - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for identifying the anti-cracking capsule property of sesame, which comprises the following steps: (1) sampling: after the sesame enters the maturation period for 2 weeks, and the water content of the capsule in the middle of the main stem is reduced to be not higher than 30%, and sampling is carried out when the sesame naturally cracks; selecting 5-10 middle fruits of 5 nodes in the middle of the main stem of each sesame as a to-be-detected capsule sample of the sesame; (2) drying: drying a capsule sample to be detected to constant weight at 40-70 ℃; (3) measurement: respectively measuring the fracture width of the dried capsule, namely the distance between two capsule tips after the capsule is cracked; (4) and (3) calculating: calculating the average value of the fracture widths of the capsules to be tested of each sesame, wherein the average value represents the data of the sesame; taking the average value of at least 3 sesame seeds per part of sesame material to represent the data of the part of sesame material; (5) grading: the cracking resistance grade of the sesame material is determined by the size of the breach width. The method is simple and easy to implement, low in cost and reliable in result, and can accurately reflect the anti-cracking capsule property of the sesame.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of crop genetic breeding, in particular to a method for identifying the anti-cracking capsulism of sesame.
Background
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is widely planted in more than 70 countries, the planting area of the world is about 1.6 hundred million mu, China is one of the leading countries, and the production history is more than 2000 years. As a traditional characteristic oil material, sesame is rich in unsaturated fatty acid, protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin E and the like, and special antioxidant substances, such as sesamin, sesamolin and the like. Sesame products have more than 600 types, ground sesame seed oil and sesame paste are popular with people, and the sesame seed oil and sesame paste are indispensable special health-care food for high-quality life of people. In recent years, with the improvement of living standard of people in China, the consumption is increased year by year, the consumption is the first consumption country and import country all over the world at present, the annual consumption reaches 150 ten thousand tons, which accounts for one fourth of the total global production, the annual import reaches 70-90 ten thousand tons, but the domestic self-supply is less than 50%. At present, the mechanization of sesame production in China is not realized, sesame planting is still mainly labor-intensive, the production cost is high, the comparative benefit is low, the area is shrunk, and the total output is reduced, so that the anti-cracking capsule is urgently needed to be suitable for a new mechanization sesame variety and promote the high-quality development of the sesame industry in China.
For most sesame varieties, capsules naturally split and fall when they are fully mature, resulting in sesame yield loss, and severe capsule splitting results in yield loss of more than 50% (Langham and Wiemers, 2002). At present, 99% of sesame planted in the world is harvested manually, and due to the trouble of capsule cracking and particle falling, the sesame is usually cut, bundled, aired and then manually threshed before being completely matured and dried, and the sesame cannot be directly harvested mechanically after being naturally matured and dried in the field like wheat, so that a large amount of manpower and material resources are consumed, and the mechanical process of sesame production is seriously hindered (Kangbo, 2007). Furthermore, when the sesame is harvested incompletely, the development of the seeds is incomplete, which results in a decrease in the total yield and a decrease in the quality of the seeds. Even so, a great amount of seeds are scattered in the soil during the harvesting process, and the regenerated plants are competitive weeds for the next crop, which can affect the yield of the next crop.
The research on the cracking resistance of the sesame capsule firstly needs to select a proper method to scientifically measure the characteristic, and scholars have conducted some researches on a detection method of the cracking resistance of the capsule. Langham (2004) summarizes several methods for identifying the anti-cracking capacity of sesame. One method is to measure the seed retention by a natural method, and identify the cracking resistance of the sesame variety by calculating the ratio of the seed retention during normal harvest and the seed retention after the sesame variety is exposed to severe weather for three months, wherein the seed retention of the sesame variety with good cracking resistance can reach 65-97% after the sesame variety is exposed to severe weather for three months, but the method has great limitation, the sesame variety needs to be retained in the field for three months after the sesame variety is mature, and the sesame variety is greatly influenced by environmental factors and has poor repeatability. The other method is that the seed retention is measured by a mechanical method, the sesame capsule is put into a conical flask with 250ml, the conical flask is put on a reciprocating vibrator to vibrate for 10 minutes, the seed retention is calculated, the variety retention with good capsule cracking resistance can reach more than 65 percent, the method has obvious advantages compared with the natural method, the method does not need to consume too long time and is not influenced by environmental factors, but the vibration frequency and the amplitude are calibrated in each measurement, and the method is only suitable for distinguishing cracked sesame varieties from non-cracked sesame varieties and can not accurately reflect the cracking degree of the sesame varieties.
In other crops that are susceptible to dehiscence and shattering, much research has been conducted into methods for identifying dehiscence of siliques. On soybeans, Funatsuki et al (2008) put the mature soybean pods in an oven at 60 ℃ for three hours and identify their crack resistance by the number of cracks in the soybean pods. Quick et al (1974) measured the crazing resistance of soybean pods by squeezing them with a tester. Weeks et al (1975) applied aluminum foil to soybean pods and measured the traction force at which the pods cracked, and the crack resistance of the soybean pods was measured by the magnitude of the traction force. In oilseed rape, as early as the seventies of the last century, european scholars have begun to test the anti-dehiscence trait. Tomaszewski and Koczowska (1971) use the field survey method to identify the anti-dehiscence property of the variety by counting the number of dehisced siliques of rape in the field, and Sunpui et al (2005) also breed the anti-dehiscence variety by the method. Loof and Jonsson (1970) used dissection to identify pod shatter resistance in canola by investigating the size and thickness of the sclerenchyma between the pericarp and the integument. Morgan (1998), Tan Xiaoli, etc. (2006) adopt a similar method to soybean to judge pod shatter resistance of rape pods by measuring the pulling force required to crack the pod. Morgan et al (1998) have used the random collision method to identify the craze resistance of oilseed rape pods by comparing the length of time required for 50% of the pods to crack. Wen Yancheng et al (2008) performed the determination of the crack resistance angle index on 229 parts of rape varieties by using a random collision method, and the 229 parts of varieties were classified into five grades of extremely easy crack angle, intermediate type, comparatively crack angle and crack angle according to the crack resistance angle index. Penpengpeng (2009) uses a random collision method to divide 50 rape varieties into five grades of relative crack resistance angles, relative easy crack resistance angles, easy crack resistance angles and intermediate types. The methods for identifying dehiscence of siliques in oilseed rape and soybean share many similarities, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. The field survey method is greatly influenced by environmental factors and is only suitable in proper weather. The method for applying mechanical measurement has complicated steps, has certain requirements on the performance of instruments and equipment, and needs to purchase specific instruments and equipment.
The invention aims to establish a simple, convenient, accurate, reliable and good-repeatability sesame anti-cracking capsule identification method, and provides technical support for identifying and evaluating the sesame anti-cracking capsule breeding progeny and germplasm resource anti-cracking capsule.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a method for identifying the sesame anti-cracking capsule property, which is simple and easy to implement, requires less equipment investment, has low cost and reliable result, and can accurately reflect the sesame anti-cracking capsule property.
One of the purposes of the invention is to provide a method for identifying the sesame anti-cracking capsule property, which comprises the following steps:
step 2, drying: drying the capsule sample to be tested to constant weight at the temperature of 40-70 ℃ to obtain the dried capsule to be tested;
step 3, measurement: respectively measuring the breach width of the dried capsule to be measured, namely the distance between two capsule tips after the capsule is cracked;
and step 4, calculating: calculating the average value of the fracture widths of the capsules to be tested of each sesame, wherein the average value represents the data of the sesame; taking the average value of the fracture width of at least 3 capsules to be tested of the sesame seeds of each part of sesame material to represent the data of the part of sesame material;
a. high resistance: the width of the crack is less than or equal to 0.7 cm;
b. resisting: the width of the gap is more than 0.7cm and less than or equal to 0.9 cm;
c. intermediate type: the width of the gap is more than 0.9cm and less than or equal to 1.1 cm;
d. cracking: the width of the gap is more than 1.1cm and less than or equal to 1.5 cm;
e. easy cracking: the width of the crack is more than 1.5 cm.
Preferably, the median fruit refers to the capsule in the median position if 3 capsules are simultaneously born by the axil of the section. It should be noted that, there are 2 leaves facing each other in some nodes, and each leaf axilla has 1 median fruit, then 2 median fruits of the node can be selected at the same time, or only one of them can be selected; if the fruit in the existing node is missing, the node is not selected; in summary, 2 conditions are selected to be satisfied simultaneously: (1) 5 nodes positioned in the middle of the main stem; (2) the middle fruit located in the above 5 nodes. As the selection of data generally requires a plurality of repeated selection average values to be more representative, a great deal of research by the applicant finds that the anti-cracking capsule property of the sesame can be accurately reflected by selecting 5-10 medium fruits of 5 nodes in the middle of the main stem of each sesame as a capsule sample to be tested of the sesame.
Preferably, in the step 1, all the capsule samples to be tested are quadrangular. The sesame capsule is generally quadrangular type, wherein the quadrangular type sesame accounts for about 90%, and a few sesame capsules are hexagonal type and octagonal type. The method is mainly aimed at the quadrangular type sesame capsule, and the quadrangular type sesame capsule sample is easier to measure accurately.
It should be noted that the mature period is the most abscission of plant leaves, and the middle and lower capsules and seeds are in physiological mature color (refer to "sesame germplasm description and data standard", zhangxiong, etc., beijing: chinese agriculture press, 2007). The mature period of the rice is 2 weeks and more than 2 weeks.
Preferably, in the step 1, the water content of the capsule in the middle of the main stem is reduced to below 30% and naturally cracks, and the accuracy of the identification result can be ensured only when the above conditions are met. The real cracking state of the capsule can be reflected as long as the water content of the capsule in the middle of the stem is less than or equal to 30 percent; the lower the water content, the better the maturity of the capsule, but the longer it takes to wait until the water content of the capsule is naturally reduced to a very low level (for example, 10%).
Preferably, after the capsule sample is placed into a kraft paper bag in the step 2, the bag is placed into an electric heating constant temperature air drying oven to be dried at 40-70 ℃ until the weight is constant. Wherein the kraft paper bag has protective effect on capsule samples. The capsule sample is dried and then measured, so that the cracking characteristics of the capsule can be reflected more truly, and the accuracy of the identification result is improved better.
Most preferably, the drying temperature in the step 2 is 70 ℃. The applicant finds out through a large number of experiments that when the drying temperature is 70 ℃, the drying speed is high and the accuracy of the identification result is not influenced.
Specifically, the constant weight in the step 2 means that the weight of the capsule weighed by a thousandth balance is not changed any more; and (5) drying, and storing the capsule in a sealed bag before measurement.
Specifically, in step 3, a vernier caliper is used for measurement. The data unit for measuring the width of the crack in the step 3 is cm, and the accuracy is 0.001 cm.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention provides a method for identifying the anti-cracking capsule property of sesame, which is simple and easy to implement, strong in controllability, low in required equipment investment, low in cost and good in repeatability. The anti-cracking capsulizing performance of the sesame can be accurately reflected, the sesame cracking resistance is not influenced by the environment, and the result is reliable; provides technical support for identifying and evaluating the cracking resistance of sesame seed cracking-resistant capsule breeding progeny and germplasm resources.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the cracking mouth width and cracking angle of a sesame capsule;
FIG. 2 is a scatter diagram showing the variation of the fracture width of capsules with different water contents;
FIG. 3 is the comparison between the capsule split opening width and the split angle C1 before and after drying; wherein, the two bars in parallel represent the breach width or the breach angle C1 of 2 capsules of the same capsule pair in each individual plant;
FIG. 4 is a line graph of the individual strain 1 of germplasm LS90 for measuring various joint capsule indexes;
FIG. 5 shows the distribution of variation width of capsule breach of sesame core germplasm 308 parts;
FIG. 6 is a histogram of statistics of split mouth width of capsule of 308 sesame core germplasm.
Detailed Description
The experimental procedures in the following examples are conventional unless otherwise specified. The sesame materials are all from the medium-term library of national sesame germplasm.
In the examples, capsules were measured according to the method of "Specifications and data standards for sesame germplasm resources" (Zhang Xioring et al, Beijing: Chinese agriculture Press, 2007).
EXAMPLE 1 selection of an appropriate sampling period
(1) Material planting and sample preparation
Randomly selecting 2 parts of crassula capsules sesame seeds (LS83 and LS85, both capsules are quadrangular) for inspecting crassula capsules with different water contents so as to determine a proper sampling period. The method is characterized by planting in Wuchang oil plant base in Hubei, 50 rows of each germplasm, 2 meters in row length, starting sampling when sesame enters the maturation stage (9 middle ten days), taking 5 healthy individuals of each germplasm every day, taking 2 median capsules of the same section and phase relative to each other in the middle of a main stem of each individual plant until the plants enter the maturation stage for 2 weeks (after 9 months, the capsules naturally crack in the middle of the main stem), respectively marking each capsule, weighing the fresh weight by using one thousandth of the balance, filling the capsules into kraft paper bags, and drying the capsules in an electric heating constant temperature blast drying oven at 70 ℃ to constant weight.
(2) Capsule measurement
Measuring the fracture width of each capsule (figure 1) by vernier caliper (Harmetrin type 605-01-II), measuring the distance between two capsule tips after the capsule is fractured, wherein the unit is cm, and the accuracy is 0.001cm), and weighing the dry weight of the capsule by a thousandth balance.
(3) Comparison of sampling periods
Research results show that the water content of the capsule is sharply reduced after sesame enters the maturation period, the water content of the capsule sample is in the range of 63.84-20.06%, the width of the crack of the capsule with light maturation degree and high water content is small after drying, the water content of the capsule is reduced along with the increase of the maturation degree, the width of the crack after drying is gradually increased from 0.322cm to 1.111cm (figure 2), but it is noted that when the water content of the capsule is reduced to about 30%, particularly below 30%, the width of the crack is not remarkably increased or is not increased any more, which indicates that the cracking degree is basically maximized, namely the crack of the capsule is truly reflected, therefore, the sampling period for identifying the proper cracking resistance of the sesame should be selected when the water content of the capsule in the middle part of the main stem is reduced to not higher than 30% after the sesame enters the maturation period of 2 weeks, and the capsule is naturally cracked.
EXAMPLE 2 selection of sample treatment methods
(1) Material planting and sample preparation
Randomly selecting 2 parts of sesame seeds of the easy-to-split capsule (LS89 and LS90, and the capsule is quadrangular) to perform comparative tests of different processing modes of capsule samples. The sesame seeds are planted in Wuchang oil bases in Hubei, each 20 rows is grown, the sesame seeds are sampled after entering the maturation period for 2 weeks (the water content of capsules in the middle of main stems is reduced to below 30 percent and when the capsules naturally crack), 5 healthy plants with consistent maturity in the middle of a cell are selected as 1 group for each germplasm, 7 groups are selected in total, 2 middle capsules in the same relative position in the middle of the main stems are selected for each individual plant, each capsule is respectively marked and measured (the measurement indexes are as follows), then the capsules are placed into kraft paper bags, an electrothermal constant-temperature blast drying box is arranged, and 7 groups are dried to constant weight at 40 ℃, 45 ℃, 50 ℃, 55 ℃, 60 ℃, 65 ℃ and 70 ℃ respectively and are measured again.
(2) Capsule measurement and calculation
The capsule length (length from capsule base to capsule tip in cm, accurate to 0.001cm) and the breach width (distance between two capsule tips after the capsule has been ruptured in cm, accurate to 0.001cm) of each capsule taken were measured separately with vernier calipers (type 605-01-II of Harquant measurement), and the capsule rupture angle C1 (FIG. 1, angle between connecting lines of two capsule tips to capsule base, C1 ═ 2arcsin (1/2DW/CL)) was calculated with EXCEL2010 software.
(3) Comparison of Capsule dried versus Undried
According to the growth characteristics of sesame, 2 median capsules (called as 1 capsule pair) with the same section and the same phase in the middle of the main stem of the plant usually blossom fruits on the same day, the growth process and the growth state are basically synchronous, so the cracking characteristics of the capsules are highly consistent, and therefore, the capsule pairs are used as research objects for comparison in the embodiment. The results are shown in fig. 3, when the capsule samples are directly measured without drying, the difference of the fracture width or the fracture angle C1 between 2 capsules of the same capsule pair of a part of single plants is large, and the difference is even more than 1.5 times, and the performances of the single plants are also uneven; and the capsule sample is measured after drying treatment (the drying treatment temperature is 70 ℃ shown in figure 3), compared with the capsule sample without drying, the difference between 2 capsules of the same capsule pair is smaller no matter the fracture is wide or the cracking angle of the capsule is C1, and the difference between 5 strains of the same germplasm is more consistent. Taking the single LS90-1 capsule pair as an example, the fracture width measured without drying is 0.600cm and 1.000cm respectively, while the fracture width after drying becomes 1.500cm and 1.600cm respectively, and the capsule pair is closer to each other in value and closer to the average level of 5 capsules. Therefore, the sample processing method for identifying the appropriate sesame anti-cracking capsule property is better than drying processing, can effectively reduce test errors, can reflect the cracking characteristics of the capsule more truly, and improves the accuracy of the identification result, and the electrothermal constant-temperature air blast drying oven is a more efficient processing method, has consistent conditions and cannot influence or damage the capsule.
(4) Exploration of drying temperature
A series of different drying temperatures (40 ℃, 45 ℃, 50 ℃, 55 ℃, 60 ℃, 65 ℃ and 70 ℃) are set, capsules taken from 7 groups of single plants of germplasms LS89 and LS90 are taken as research objects, and the breach width of each group of capsule samples at different drying temperatures is detected. As can be seen from Table 1, when the drying temperature in the step 2 is 40-70 ℃, the difference of the breach width between the drying treatments at different temperatures of the same capsule is not significant, which indicates that the different drying temperatures have no influence on the size of the breach width of the sample of the tested capsule. Most preferably, the drying speed is higher when the drying temperature is 70 ℃, and the accuracy of the identification result is not influenced.
TABLE 1 aspect ratio of breach of capsule after different drying temperatures
EXAMPLE 3 determination of optimal sampling site
(1) Material planting and sample preparation
Selecting 5 parts of representative seeds (LS78, LS83, L/85, L/89 and L/90, all capsules are quadrangular) with different anti-cracking encapsulation performances, planting in a Wuchang oil base in Hubei, wherein each part is 10 rows and 2 meters long, sampling after sesame enters a maturation period for 2 weeks (the water content of the capsules in the middle part of a main stem and above is reduced to below 30 percent and natural cracking), selecting 4 healthy plants with consistent maturity in the middle part of a small area from each part of the seeds, respectively sampling and marking each section of the capsules on the main stem, putting the plants into a kraft paper bag, and drying in an electrothermal constant temperature blast drying box at 70 ℃ to constant weight.
(2) Capsule measurement and calculation
The capsule length, capsule width, capsule thickness, split width and split depth of each capsule of the taken plant are respectively measured by vernier calipers (Harmetrin 605-01-II type), the peel weight is weighed by a thousandth balance, and the ratio of the split depth to the capsule length, the ratio of the peel weight to the capsule length and the split angles C1 and C2 (figure 1) are calculated by EXCEL2010 software.
Capsule Length (CL): the length from the base of the capsule to the tip of the capsule is in cm and is accurate to 0.001 cm;
capsule Width (CW): the width of the middle part of the capsule is in cm and is accurate to 0.001 cm;
capsule Thickness (CT): the thickness of the middle part of the capsule is in cm and is accurate to 0.001 cm;
split width (DW): the distance between two capsule tips after the capsule is cracked is accurate to 0.001cm, wherein the unit is cm;
deep split (DD): the capsule cracking depth is in cm and is accurate to 0.001 cm;
peel Weight (PW): drying capsules, and taking out the weight of pericarp of seeds, wherein the unit is g, and the weight is accurate to 0.001 g;
deep breach/capsule length (DD/CL): the ratio of capsule cracking depth to capsule length;
peel weight/Capsule Length (PW/CL): the ratio of peel weight to capsule length;
cracking angle C1: the included angle between the connecting lines from the two capsule tips to the base of the capsule, C1 ═ 2arcsin (1/2 DW/CL);
cracking angle C2: the angle between the connecting lines from the two capsule tips to the deepest point of the breach is C2 ═ 2arctan (1/2 DW/DD).
(3) Determination of optimal sampling site
For 5 representative sesame germplasms to be tested, capsules at each node on 4 individual plant stems are measured in each germplasm study, and it is found that even if the same individual plant has obvious differences among capsules at different nodes, taking the individual plant 1 of germplasm LS90 as an example (FIG. 4), most of measured indexes have large variation range from 1 st node to 30 th node, especially the indexes such as capsule length, split width, split depth and C1, C2 and the like, but it can be seen that capsules at the middle nodes such as 12 th node to 19 th node of the main stem have relatively stable expression. This rule was confirmed by further statistical analysis. Taking two indexes of the crack width and the crack angle C1 as examples (Table 2 and Table 3), if the average values of the measurement and calculation results of 5 capsules at the middle part of the main stem of the plant are compared, the Duncan test is carried out by using SPSS staticiscs 25 software, the differences among 4 individuals sampled from the same germplasm are not significant, and the germplasm with different resistances can be well distinguished (Table 4), but the significant differences exist among 4 individuals sampled from the same germplasm by comparing the average values of all capsules at the middle part of each plant or the average values of other capsules at the middle part of 5 knots and 5 knots at the top part of each plant. Therefore, the sampling site is best at the middle 5 nodes of the main stem of the plant.
TABLE 2-identical germplasm Individual intersubject gap Wide Duncan test (0.05 level)
TABLE 3-cleavage angle of Capsule between Individual strains of the same germplasm C1 Duncan test (0.05 level)
TABLE 4 germplasm duncan test with 5 nodes in the middle of the main stem as sampling sites (0.05 level)
Example 4 obtaining of best evaluation index
(1) Material planting and sample preparation
308 parts of sesame core germplasm (capable of normally growing and reproducing in Wuhan, and all capsules are quadrangular), 5 rows of sesame core germplasm are randomly selected and planted in Wuchang oil bases in Hubei, each row is 2 meters long, after sesame enters the maturation period for 2 weeks (the water content of the capsules in the middle of a main stem is reduced to below 30 percent and when the sesame naturally cracks), sampling is carried out, 3 healthy plants with consistent maturation in the middle of a cell are selected for each germplasm, 10 capsules (middle capsules) with 5 nodes in the middle of the main stem are taken for each strain, the capsules are placed into a kraft paper bag, and the sesame core germplasm is dried to constant weight at 70 ℃ in an electric heating constant-temperature blast drying box.
(2) Capsule measurement and calculation: the procedure is as in example 3.
(3) Obtaining of best evaluation index
For 308 sesame core germplasms to be tested, sampling, measuring and calculating are carried out, under the condition that variance analysis difference is not significant, the average value of 10 capsules of each strain represents the data of the strain, the average value of 3 strains of each germplasm represents the data of the germplasm, a whole set of data of 10 indexes of 308 core germplasms is obtained, correlation analysis is carried out through SAS 9.1 software, and a certain correlation exists among the single indexes from a correlation coefficient matrix (table 5), so that sesame cracking resistance is a relatively complex character.
TABLE 5 correlation coefficient matrix for each index
The 10 individual indices were subjected to principal component analysis using SAS 9.1 software (table 6). The contribution rates of the first 4 comprehensive indexes are 0.4165, 0.2232, 0.1891 and 0.0743 respectively, and the accumulated contribution rate reaches 90.31%, so that the original 10 indexes are converted into 4 new independent comprehensive indexes, and the 4 new independent comprehensive indexes represent 90.31% of the original 10 indexes. According to the magnitude of each comprehensive index coefficient, the 1 st main component mainly comprises the width of a capsule, the thickness of the capsule and the weight of peel; the 2 nd main component mainly comprises a relative crack width and C1; the 3 rd main component mainly comprises the crack depth, the crack depth/capsule length and C2; the 4 th main component mainly comprises capsule length and peel weight/capsule length.
TABLE 6 coefficient and contribution ratio of each comprehensive index
And calculating the membership function value of each germplasm by using EXCEL2010 software, and obtaining the comprehensive evaluation value of the anti-capsulorhexis. The formula used is as follows:
the membership function value (mu value) of each comprehensive index of each germplasm is obtained by formula (1), wherein X isjRepresents the jth comprehensive index; xminRepresents the minimum value of the jth comprehensive index; xmaxRepresents the maximum value of the jth composite index, wherein WjRepresenting the importance degree of the jth comprehensive index in all the comprehensive indexes; pjAnd (4) calculating the scores of the comprehensive indexes of each germplasm according to the index coefficients of the comprehensive indexes and the single index values of the jth comprehensive indexes of each germplasm. And (3) calculating membership function values of all comprehensive indexes of each germplasm according to a formula (1), calculating the weight (W value) of each comprehensive index according to a formula (2) according to the contribution rate of each comprehensive index, wherein the weights of 4 comprehensive indexes are 0.4612, 0.2472, 0.2094 and 0.0822 respectively through calculation. The overall evaluation value (D value) of the capsulorhexis resistance of each germplasm was calculated by the formula (3). The craze resistance of all the germplasms can be sorted according to the D value of each germplasm, and the craze resistance of the germplasms with smaller D values is stronger.
In order to determine the optimal index for evaluating the capsule resistance, the comprehensive evaluation value (D value) of the capsule resistance is used as a dependent variable, and each single index is used as an independent variable to establish an optimal regression equation, namely D is-0.12 +0.33X2+3.21X10In the formula X2、X10The coefficient R is determined by the equation20.9048, F1448.75, the equation is extremely significant. Wherein R is indicated by the width of the split2R in peel weight/capsule length scale 0.694420.2104. Therefore, the equation shows that two indexes of the 10 single indexes, namely the breach width and the peel weight/capsule length, have obvious influence on the anti-cracking capsule performance, and the breach width plays the most important role in determining the anti-cracking capsule performance. It is worth noting that the capsule cracking angle C1 is an index (fig. 1) which visually reflects the cracking state of the capsule, and the correlation coefficient of the cracking width and the capsule cracking angle C1 is 0.8049 (table 5) according to the correlation analysis result, which reaches a very significant positive correlation level, thereby further indicating that the cracking width can be used as the best index for evaluating the cracking resistance of sesame. Under testIn 308 sesame core germplasm, 3 parts with the smallest comprehensive evaluation value (D value) for cracking resistance is selected, and compared with the two indexes (table 7) of the cracking opening width and C1, the selected parts are the smallest 3 parts in the tested germplasm. Therefore, in the identification of the anti-cracking capsule property of a large number of sesame seeds, the evaluation can be performed by using a reliable, simple and easily-measured index of the breach width.
TABLE 7-3 parts sesame seed varieties with minimum overall evaluation value (D value) for resistance to cracking capsules
(4) Classification of Antirupture encapsulation rating
According to the determined optimal indexes of evaluation of the sesame anti-cracking encapsulation performance and the distribution conditions of different anti-cracking encapsulation performance germplasms (fig. 5 and 6), the sesame anti-cracking encapsulation performance is divided into 5 grades, namely high resistance, intermediate type, cracking and easy cracking, and the following grading standards (table 8) are determined: high resistance (the width of a crack is less than or equal to 0.7cm), resistance (the width of the crack is more than 0.7cm and less than or equal to 0.9cm), intermediate type (the width of the crack is more than 0.9cm and less than or equal to 1.1cm), crack (the width of the crack is more than 1.1cm and less than or equal to 1.5cm) and easy cracking (the width of the crack is more than 1.5 cm). According to the grading standard, in 308 parts of sesame core germplasm, 11 parts of high-cracking-resistant capsule material (accounting for 3.57%), 58 parts of cracking-resistant capsule material (accounting for 18.83%), 122 parts of intermediate material (accounting for 39.61%), 104 parts of cracking-resistant capsule material (accounting for 33.77%) and 13 parts of easy-cracking capsule material (accounting for 4.22%) are included.
TABLE 8 grading Standard of anti-cracking capsules of sesame and the parts and proportions of resources at each grade
(5) Verification of anti-cracking encapsulation grade
The identification and classification of 2 other different populations was carried out according to the classification method described above, and the proportions of the classes were similar (see examples 5 and 6 in particular). The correctness and rationality of the grading are verified.
Example 5 application of the above-described method for identifying and evaluating the capsulorhexis in 341 sesame germplasm resources
1. 341 sesame seed resources (capsules are all quadrangular) capable of normally growing and propagating in Wuhan are randomly selected, and the method in the embodiment 4 is utilized, and the cracking opening width is taken as an evaluation index for identification, and the method comprises the following specific steps:
(1) sampling: sampling after sesame enters a maturation period for 2 weeks (when the water content of capsules in the middle of a main stem is reduced to below 30% and natural cracking is performed), selecting 3 healthy plants with consistent maturation in the middle of a cell from each sesame material, and taking 5-10 capsules (middle capsules) with 5 nodes in the middle of the main stem from each plant;
(2) drying: putting the capsule sample into a kraft paper bag, and drying in an electric heating constant temperature blast drying oven at 70 ℃ to constant weight;
(3) measurement: respectively measuring the breach width of each dried capsule by using a vernier caliper, namely the distance between two capsule tips after the capsule is cracked, wherein the unit is cm, and the accuracy is 0.001 cm;
(4) and (3) calculating: the mean value of the obtained capsule width of each strain is calculated to represent the data of the strain, and the mean value of 3 strains of each sesame material is calculated to represent the data of the material.
2. The results show that 341 sesame seed quality resource capsules are cracked to different degrees, the amplitude of the crack width is 0.613-2.242, the average value is 1.299, and the coefficient of variation is 4.500. According to the classification standard of the anti-cracking capacity of the sesame in the example 1, in 341 sesame germplasm resources, the grades are distributed as follows: 7 parts of high-cracking-resistant capsule (accounting for 2.05%), 53 parts of cracking-resistant capsule (accounting for 15.54%), 123 parts of intermediate type (accounting for 36.07%), 113 parts of cracking capsule (accounting for 33.14%) and 45 parts of easy-cracking capsule (accounting for 13.20%). Therefore, the method for identifying the anti-cracking capsule property can accurately and efficiently identify and distinguish the anti-cracking capsule property of sesame germplasm resources and evaluate and discover the anti-cracking capsule property of sesame.
Example 6 application of the above-described method for identifying and evaluating the capsulorhexis in 220 parts of sesame germplasm resources
1. Randomly selecting 220 parts of sesame germplasm resources (capsules are all quadrangular) capable of normally growing and propagating in Wuhan, and identifying by using the method in the embodiment 4 and the split mouth width as an evaluation index, wherein the method comprises the following specific steps:
(1) sampling: sampling after sesame enters a maturation period for 2 weeks (when the water content of capsules in the middle of a main stem is reduced to below 30% and natural cracking is performed), selecting 3 healthy plants with consistent maturation in the middle of a cell from each sesame material, and taking 5-10 capsules (middle capsules) with 5 nodes in the middle of the main stem from each plant;
(2) drying: putting the capsule sample into a kraft paper bag, and drying in an electric heating constant temperature blast drying oven at 70 ℃ to constant weight;
(3) measurement: respectively measuring the breach width of each dried capsule by using a vernier caliper, namely the distance between two capsule tips after the capsule is cracked, wherein the unit is cm, and the accuracy is 0.001 cm;
(4) and (3) calculating: the mean value of the obtained capsule width of each strain is calculated to represent the data of the strain, and the mean value of 3 strains of each sesame material is calculated to represent the data of the material.
2. The results show that 220 parts of sesame seed quality capsule all show different degrees of cracking, the amplitude of the crack width is between 0.573 and 2.096, the average value is 1.052, and the variation coefficient is 4.310. According to the classification standard of the anti-cracking capacity of the sesame in the example 1, in 220 parts of sesame germplasm resources, the grades are distributed as follows: 7 parts of high-cracking-resistant capsule (accounting for 3.18%), 46 parts of cracking-resistant capsule (accounting for 20.91%), 84 parts of midype (accounting for 38.18%), 75 parts of cracking-resistant capsule (accounting for 34.09%) and 8 parts of easy-cracking capsule (accounting for 3.64%). Therefore, the method for identifying the anti-cracking capsule property can accurately and efficiently identify and distinguish the anti-cracking capsule property of sesame germplasm resources and evaluate and discover the anti-cracking capsule property of sesame.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that fall within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.
Claims (7)
1. The method for identifying the cracking resistance of sesame seeds is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step 1, sampling: after the sesame enters the maturation period for 2 weeks, and the water content of the capsule in the middle of the main stem is reduced to be not higher than 30%, and sampling is carried out when the sesame naturally cracks; then selecting 5-10 middle fruits of 5 nodes in the middle of the main stem of each sesame as a to-be-detected capsule sample of the sesame;
step 2, drying: drying the capsule sample to be detected to constant weight at the temperature of 40-70 ℃ to obtain the capsule to be detected;
step 3, measurement: respectively measuring the breach width of the dried capsule to be tested, namely the distance between two capsule tips after the capsule is cracked;
and step 4, calculating: calculating the average value of the fracture widths of a plurality of capsules to be tested of each sesame, wherein the average value represents the data of the sesame; taking the average value of the fracture width of at least 3 capsules to be tested of the sesame seeds of each part of sesame material to represent the data of the part of sesame material;
step 5, grading: determining the anti-cracking capsulability grade of the sesame material according to the size of the crack width, and dividing the anti-cracking capsulability grade into:
high resistance: the width of the crack is less than or equal to 0.7 cm;
resisting: the width of the gap is more than 0.7cm and less than or equal to 0.9 cm;
intermediate type: the width of the gap is more than 0.9cm and less than or equal to 1.1 cm;
cracking: the width of the gap is more than 1.1cm and less than or equal to 1.5 cm;
easy cracking: the width of the crack is more than 1.5 cm.
2. The method for identifying the anti-capsule cracking performance of sesame according to claim 1, wherein the capsule samples to be tested in the step 1 are all quadrangular type, and the median fruit is the capsule at the middle position if 3 capsules are simultaneously grown in the axil of the section.
3. The method for identifying the anti-cracking capsule property of sesame according to claim 1, wherein the capsule sample is placed in a kraft paper bag in the step 2, and then is dried in an electric heating constant temperature air drying oven at 40-70 ℃ to a constant weight.
4. The method for identifying the anti-cracking capsule property of sesame as claimed in claim 1, wherein the drying temperature in the step 2 is 70 ℃.
5. The method for identifying the anti-cracking capsule property of sesame according to claim 1, wherein the constant weight in the step 2 means that the capsule weight is weighed by a thousandth balance and is not changed; and (5) drying, and storing the capsule in a sealed bag before measurement.
6. The method for identifying the cracking resistance of sesame according to claim 1, wherein the step 3 is measured by using a vernier caliper.
7. The method for identifying the anti-cracking capsule property of sesame seeds according to claim 1, wherein the data unit for measuring the cracking mouth width in the step 3 is cm, and is accurate to 0.001 cm.
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