CN109859861B - Coolant-free ultra-small compact space reactor core based on carbon nano tube - Google Patents
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- CN109859861B CN109859861B CN201910139699.2A CN201910139699A CN109859861B CN 109859861 B CN109859861 B CN 109859861B CN 201910139699 A CN201910139699 A CN 201910139699A CN 109859861 B CN109859861 B CN 109859861B
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Abstract
The invention relates to a carbon nanotube-based coolant-free ultra-small compact space reactor core, which is square in shape on an xy plane, and sequentially comprises a neutron source region, a fuel region, a first reflecting region (including a control drum region) and a shielding region from the center to the outside in the radial direction, and a heating end region, a shielding region, a second reflecting region, a fuel region, a gas chamber, a third reflecting region and a shielding region from top to bottom in the axial direction. The fuel area is composed of fuel rod grid cells, the fuel rods are arranged according to a square grid, a carbon nano tube material is filled in a peripheral original coolant area, and energy released by the fuel rods is transferred to the power generation hot end area through the carbon nano tubes in a heat conduction mode. The control drum area comprises 8 cylindrical control drums which can rotate by different angles to realize the functions of starting, stopping and stably running. The reactor core has the advantages of high heat conduction efficiency, no coolant, simple and compact structure, and has the functions of ultra-small volume, small reactor core charge, safety and economy.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of nuclear reactors, and particularly relates to an ultra-small compact space reactor core which adopts carbon nanotubes as heat conduction materials and has no convection heat exchange mode.
Background
With the constant exploration of space by human beings, in more and more space missions, conventional energy sources (chemical energy and solar energy) cannot meet the demand, and an advanced space nuclear reactor power supply becomes a necessary and even a unique choice. Compared with the conventional chemical energy, the nuclear energy has higher power density and excellent performance advantages, so that the nuclear energy can be used as a nuclear reactor power supply scheme to be applied to various civil aerospace tasks such as deep space exploration, star-earth bases and earth orbit applications. As early as the 60's of the 20 th century, nuclear power has been successfully applied to space in both the united states and the suprema. In 1965, in month 4, the first spatial nuclear reactor power supply in the world, SNAP-10A, was successfully launched in the United states. To date, the united states and the soviet union have successfully launched 35 spacecraft equipped with a space nuclear reactor power supply.
The space nuclear reactor power supply technology is a typical dual-purpose technology for military and civilian use, and the research, development and application of the space nuclear reactor power supply technology have great influence on national military strategy and technology, deep space scientific exploration, human living space expansion, universe resource development and the like. After the 21 st century, the research and development plan of the power supply of the space nuclear reactor related to America is steadily promoted, China also clearly shows that the space nuclear power is applied to the deep space exploration task in the future, and the space nuclear power technology represented by the power supply of the space nuclear reactor enters the golden development period.
The space nuclear reactor power supply has the characteristics of high power density, light weight, small volume, long service life, small influence of external environment and the like, and is an indispensable power supply for deep space exploration in the future. Space nuclear reactors can be divided into three main groups according to the way of cooling the core: a heat pipe cooled reactor, a liquid metal cooled reactor, and a gas cooled reactor. The heat pipe cooling reactor adopts a passive heat transfer technology, has the advantages of high inherent safety, good operability, high reliability, low maintenance requirement and the like, and is a hotspot developed by the current advanced space reactor. As a one-dimensional nano material, the carbon nano tube has light weight, good mechanical, electrical and chemical properties and high thermal conductivity, and can be used as a heat conduction material. The invention provides a super-small compact reactor core (subminiature reactor concept is provided by the special working group of the national defense committee of America, and the reactor with output power lower than 10 megawatts) which adopts carbon nanotubes as heat conducting materials and adopts a convection heat exchange mode mainly as a cooling mode.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention solves the problems: the reactor core has the advantages of overcoming the defects of the prior art, providing the coolant-free ultra-small compact space reactor core adopting the carbon nano tubes as heat conduction materials, having high heat conduction efficiency, no coolant, simple and compact structure, and having the functions of ultra-small volume, small reactor core loading, safety and economy.
The invention adopts the following technical scheme: a coolant-free ultra-small compact space reactor core based on carbon nanotube thermal conduction, the reactor core designed based on carbon nanotubes as a thermally conductive material. The energy released by the reactor core is transferred to the power generation hot end area through the carbon nano tube in a heat conduction mode, and then power is generated through thermoelectric conversion.
The reactor core is arranged in a square shape, and comprises a neutron source region 1, a fuel region, a first reflection region 3 and a shielding region 5 from the center to the outside in the radial direction, and a power generation hot end region 6, a shielding region 5, a second reflection region 7, a fuel region 2, an air chamber 8, a third reflection region 9 and a shielding region 5 from top to bottom in the axial direction; the first reflective zone 3 comprises a control drum zone 4.
The fuel area 2 is composed of fuel rod grid cells, the fuel rods are arranged according to a square grid, the original coolant area at the periphery of the fuel rods is filled with carbon nanotube materials, and the energy released by the fuel rods is transferred to the power generation hot end area 6 through the carbon nanotubes in a heat conduction mode.
The energy released by the fuel rod is transferred to the power generation hot end region 6 through the carbon nano tube in a heat conduction mode, a general coolant heat transfer mode is not adopted, the carbon nano tube with extremely high heat conductivity coefficient (3000W/mK) is used for transferring the energy released in the reactor core to the outside of the reactor, and power is generated through a Stirling technology or a thermoelectric couple mode; the reactor core has the advantages of high heat conduction efficiency, no coolant, simple and compact structure, and has the functions of ultra-small volume, small reactor core charge, safety and economy.
The control drum area 4 comprises 8 cylindrical control drums 10, the interior of each cylindrical control drum is divided into half parts, one half part is made of a reflecting material BeO22, and the other half part is made of a neutron absorbing material B 4 And C23, controlling the drum to rotate by different angles to realize the functions of starting, stopping and steady-state operation.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
(1) the reactor core release energy is transferred to the power generation hot end region through the carbon nano tube in a heat conduction mode, and the carbon nano tube has high heat conductivity coefficient and strong heat conduction capability and is beneficial to thermoelectric conversion.
(2) The reactor core adopts a heat conduction mode to transfer heat, a general coolant heat transfer mode is not adopted, the reactor mass can be reduced, the reactor core structure can be simpler and more compact, no quench accident exists, and the reactor core is beneficial to safety.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a transverse layout of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a longitudinal layout of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a fuel rod cell;
FIG. 4 is a longitudinal arrangement of fuel rod cells;
FIG. 5 is a diagram of a lateral arrangement of neutron source cells;
FIG. 6 is a longitudinal arrangement of neutron source cells.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further explained below with reference to examples.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, the core of the coolant-free ultra-small compact space reactor based on the carbon nanotube of the present invention has a square shape on the xy plane, and comprises a neutron source region 1, a fuel region 2, a first reflection region 3 (including a control drum region 4) and a shielding region 5 from the center to the outside, and a power generation hot end region 6, a shielding region 5, a second reflection region 7, a fuel region 2, a gas chamber 8, a third reflection region 9 and a shielding region 5 from the top to the bottom in the axial direction. The total height of the reactor core is 61cm (including 10cm high power generation hot end region 6), the side length is 41cm, the side length of the active region is 24cm, and the axial height is 30 cm. As shown in fig. 2 and 3, the neutron source 1 penetrates through the whole reactor core, and is distributed with a second reflection region 7, a shielding region 5 and a power generation hot end region 6 from the fuel region 2 to the upper end, and is distributed with a gas chamber 8, a third reflection region 9 and a shielding region 5 to the lower end.
As shown in fig. 2, 5 and 6, the neutron source region 1 is located at the center of a reactor core and provides a reactor ignition function, and comprises a neutron source body 11, a cushion block 12 and a cladding 14, wherein a gap 13 exists between the body, the cushion block and the cladding. The neutron source body 11 is made of Am-Be, has half-life of 458 years, is cylindrical, has a radius of 0.39cm and a height of 1.7cm, and is positioned in the center of a reactor core; the neutron source body 11 is provided with cushion block regions 12 at the upper and lower parts of the axial direction, and the material is Al 2 O 3 Cylindrical in shape, 0.39cm in radius and 48.3cm in total height; neutron source body and Al 2 O 3 The periphery is a gap 13 with vacuum, the inner diameter is 0.78cm, the outer diameter is 0.8657cm, and the height is 50 cm; cladding 14 is located around the gap and is made of SS316L steel, with an inner diameter of 0.8657cm, an outer diameter of 2cm and a height of 50 cm. The upper top end and the lower top end of the neutron source are both provided with shielding regions 5, the materials are SS316L steel, the radius is 2cm, and the height is 0.5 cm.
As shown in fig. 3 and 4, the fuel region 2 is composed of fuel rod cells 15, and has a side length of 24cm and a height of 51 cm. The fuel rod grid cells 15 are arranged in a 24 x 24 square shape in the radial direction, and after a neutron source region in the center of the reactor core is removed, the total number of the fuel rod grid cells is 572, the side length is 1cm, and the fuel rod grid cells comprise fuel rods 16 and carbon nano tube heat conduction materials 18. The fuel rods 16 are located at the center of the cells and are radially distributed as follows: the fuel pellets 17 have a radius of 0.425cm and the gap 19 has a radial thickness of 0.017cm, and the cladding 20 material is SS316L steel with a radial thickness of 0.057 cm. The axial total height 51cm of the fuel rod 16 is as follows according to the axial sequence from top to bottom: cladding 21 is made of SS316L steel and has a height of 0.5 cm; the second reflecting area 7 is made of SS316L steel and is 5cm high; the active zone is the fuel pellet assembly 17,the material adopts UN, the enrichment degree of U235 is 65%, and the mass density is 13.59g/cm 3 The height is 30 cm; an air chamber 8 is in vacuum and 10cm in height; the third reflecting area 9 is made of BeO and is 5cm high; cladding 21 was made of SS316L steel and had a height of 0.5 cm. The carbon nanotubes 18 are located at the periphery of the fuel rod 16, with an inner diameter of 0.998cm, an outer length of 1cm and a height of 51 cm. In the fuel area 2, the fuel absorbs neutrons and then undergoes fission reaction to release energy, the energy is transmitted to the carbon nano tubes through the cladding, and then is transmitted to the power generation hot end area 6 through the carbon nano tubes in a heat conduction mode, and power is generated through thermoelectric conversion. The energy transfer mode adopts a heat conduction mode instead of a general coolant heat transfer mode, and uses the carbon nano tube with extremely high heat conduction coefficient to transfer the energy released in the reactor core to the outside of the reactor.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, the first reflection region 3 is located at the periphery of the fuel region 2, the xy plane is in a shape of a square, the inner square has a side length of 12cm, the outer square has a side length of 20cm and a height of 50cm, the material adopts BeO, the BeO has excellent neutron multiplication performance besides good reflection performance, and neutrons radially leaked from the fuel region 2 are reflected back through the first reflection region 3.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, the control drum area 4 comprises 8 cylindrical control drums 10, which are uniformly distributed in the first reflection area 3 at an angle of 45 degrees and at the same x/y coordinate in the xy plane; controlling the radius of the drum to be 3.5cm and the height to be 50cm, and halving the inside of the drum, wherein one half is a reflecting material BeO22, and the other half is a neutron absorbing material B 4 And C23, the rotary pile can rotate by different angles to realize the pile starting, pile stopping and steady-state operation functions.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, the shielding region 5 is located at the periphery of the first reflection region 3, the xy plane is in a shape of a square with an inner side length of 20cm, an outer side length of 20.5cm and a height of 51cm, and the material is SS316L steel, so that neutrons leaking from the first reflection region 3 are mainly shielded, and the neutron irradiation damage of the neutrons to the core peripheral components is reduced.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, the power generation hot end region 6 is located at the upper part of the reactor core shielding region 5, the xy plane is square, the side length is 41cm, the height is 10cm, the carbon nano tube heat conduction material which is the same as that in the reactor core is adopted, the carbon nano tube heat conduction material is connected with the carbon nano tube extending out from the inside of the reactor core, the heat energy in the reactor core is received, and the power generation can be realized through the stirling technology or the thermoelectric couple mode.
Claims (5)
1. A coolant-free ultra-small compact space reactor core based on carbon nanotubes, characterized in that: the reactor core is designed based on carbon nano tubes as heat conducting materials, and energy released by the reactor core is transferred to a power generation hot end region through the carbon nano tubes in a heat conduction mode and then is subjected to thermoelectric conversion power generation;
the reactor core comprises a fuel area, the fuel area is composed of fuel rod grid cells, the fuel rod grid cells comprise fuel rods and carbon nano tube heat conduction materials, the fuel rods are located at the center of the grid cells, and the radial distribution of the fuel rods is as follows: fuel pellets, gaps and cladding, the carbon nanotubes being located at the periphery of the fuel rod;
the power generation hot end region is made of the same carbon nano tube heat conduction material as the reactor core and is connected with the carbon nano tube extending out of the reactor core.
2. The carbon nanotube-based coolerless ultra small compact space reactor core of claim 1, wherein: the reactor core is in a square arrangement, and comprises a neutron source region, a fuel region, a first reflection region and a shielding region which are sequentially arranged from the center to the outside in the radial direction, and a heating end region, a shielding region, a second reflection region, a fuel region, a gas chamber, a third reflection region and a shielding region which are sequentially arranged from top to bottom in the axial direction; the first reflective region includes a control drum region.
3. The carbon nanotube-based coolerless ultra small compact space reactor core of claim 1, wherein: the fuel area is composed of fuel rod grid cells, the fuel rods are arranged according to a square grid, the original coolant area on the periphery of the fuel rods is filled with carbon nanotube materials, and the energy released by the fuel rods is transferred to the power generation hot end area through the carbon nanotubes in a heat conduction mode.
4. The carbon nanotube-based coolerless ultra small compact space reactor core of claim 1, wherein: the fuel rod cells are arranged in a radial 24 x 24 square.
5. The carbon nanotube-based coolerless ultra small compact space reactor core of claim 2, wherein: the control drum area comprises 8 cylindrical control drums, the interior of each cylindrical control drum is divided into half parts, one half part is made of a reflecting material BeO, and the other half part is made of a neutron absorbing material B 4 And C, controlling the drum to rotate at different angles to realize the functions of starting, stopping and stably operating.
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| US10748667B1 (en) | 2020-01-08 | 2020-08-18 | John S. Alden | Nuclear fission passive safety and cooling system |
| GB202107508D0 (en) * | 2021-05-26 | 2021-07-07 | Soletanche Freyssinet Sas | Thermal power reactor |
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