CN109789121A - 介导亚硝化和烷基化反应的新型硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物 - Google Patents
介导亚硝化和烷基化反应的新型硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明的各种实施的方式涉及用于治疗疾病的药物组合物和方法。这样的实施方式的组合物包括硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物。各种实施方式的方法包括向有治疗需要的患者给药有效量的任何这些药物组合物。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2016年10月5日提交的美国临时专利申请No.62/404,354的优先权,其通过引用整体并入本文。
发明内容
本发明的实施方式涉及具有吸电子基团、离去基团和设置在吸电子基团与离去基团之间的碳-碳双键的不饱和脂肪酸。在一些实施方式中,不饱和脂肪酸可以是具有吸电子基团的硝基烯烃的氮氧化物,可以是硝基(-NO),离去基团可以是氮氧化物诸如硝酸酯基(-ONO2)或亚硝酸酯基(-ONO)。本发明的各种实施方式涉及包含有效量的硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物的药物组合物。本发明的其他实施方式涉及用于治疗炎症、肥胖症、代谢综合征、急性肾病、慢性肾病和诱导血管舒张的方法,方法包括通过向有需要的受试者给药有效量的硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物来递送氮氧化物的步骤。
政府利益
本发明是在由国立卫生研究院授予的资助号AT006822、HL-058115和HL-64937下的政府支持下完成的。美国政府对本发明具有一定的权利。
附图说明
图1,通过分解硝基烯烃的氮氧化物(NO2-NO3-CLA)产生NO2-CLA的UV-Vis分析。不同pH下的动力学分析。
图2A-图2C,补充CLA+NO2 -后大鼠胃液中硝化的CLA产物的质谱分析。以下的MRM色谱图:A)NO2-CLA;B)NO2-NO3-CLA;C)NO2-NO3-CLA的MS2分析。
图3,通过从含有NO2-NO3-CLA的磷脂酰胆碱释放的一氧化氮,可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶(sGC)活性的时间依赖性刺激。在60分钟内用含有NO2-NO3-CLA的磷脂酰胆碱活化sGC后,HPLC-MS/MS测定cGMP形成。数据表示两次独立实验中一个重复的平均值±SD,减去sGC基础活性。
图4,NO和HNO从NO2-NO3-CLA释放,随后在2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)存在下萘并噻唑(NAT)的时间依赖性形成。在不同极性的溶剂中20μM2,3-DAN和NO2-NO3-CLA反应后NAT的形成。数据表示一次独立实验的三个重复的平均值±SD。
具体实施方式
本发明不限于所描述的特定工艺、组合物或方法,因为它们可以变化。说明书中使用的术语仅用于描述特定形式或实施方式的目的,并不旨在限制本发明的范围。除非另外定义,否则本文使用的所有技术和科学术语具有的含义与本领域普通技术人员通常理解的含义相同。本文提及的所有出版物均通过引用整体并入本文。本文中的任何内容均不应被解释为承认本发明无权凭借在先发明而先于此类公开。
术语“衍生物(derivative)”或“衍生物(derivatives)”是指衍生自类似化合物的化合物,或者如果一个或多个原子被另一个原子或原子团取代,则可以设想由另一种化合物产生的化合物。
术语“生物样品”是指组织、细胞、流体、细胞提取物、匀浆组织提取物、或在合适的生理学上可接受的载体中一种或多种酶的混合物诸如包括但不限于脂质体、白蛋白和脂蛋白的混合物。
本发明的化合物可以以各种异构体形式存在,包括构型、几何和构象异构体,以及以各种互变异构体形式存在,特别是那些在氢原子的附接点和一些结构异构体上不同的形式,其中,有不同数量的重复单元。术语“异构体”旨在包括本发明化合物的所有异构体形式,包括化合物的互变异构体形式。
本文描述的某些化合物可以具有不对称中心并且因此以不同的对映体和非对映体形式存在。本发明的化合物可以是旋光异构体或非对映异构体的形式。因此,本发明包括其光学异构体、非对映异构体及其混合物形式的化合物,包括外消旋混合物。本发明化合物的光学异构体可通过已知技术获得,诸如不对称合成、手性色谱、模拟移动床技术或通过使用光学活性拆分剂通过立体异构体的化学分离。
术语“前药”表示可在体外或体内在生物条件下水解、氧化或以其他方式反应以提供活性化合物的化合物的衍生物,特别是本发明的化合物。前药的实例包括但不限于本发明化合物的衍生物和代谢物,其包括可生物水解的基团,诸如硝酸酯基、亚硝酸酯基、亚硝基化合物、可生物水解的酰胺、可生物水解的酯、可生物水解的氨基甲酸酯、可生物水解的硫醇基、可生物水解的硫酯、可生物水解的硒化物和可生物水解的磷酸酯类似物(例如,磷酸单酯、磷酸二酯或磷酸三酯)。例如,具有羧基官能团的化合物的前药是羧酸的低级烷基酯。羧酸酯通过酯化分子上存在的任何羧酸部分而方便地形成。前药通常可以使用熟知的方法制备,诸如BURGER’S MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 6th ed.(Wiley,2001)和DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF PRODRUGS(Harwood Academic Publishers Gmbh,1985)所描述的方法。
如本文和所附权利要求中所用,除非上下文另有明确说明,单数形式“一(a)”、“一(an)”和“该”包括复数指代。因此,例如,提及“细胞”是指一种或多种细胞及其本领域技术人员已知的等同物等。
如本文所用,术语“约”指所使用数的数值加或减10%。因此,约100mg指在90mg-110mg的范围内。
当与治疗手段联合使用时,“给药”指向患者施用治疗剂,由此治疗剂正面地影响其靶向的组织。因此,如本文所用,当与本文所述的化合物联合使用时术语“给药”可以包括但不限于通过例如静脉内注射向受试者全身地提供本文所述的化合物,由此使治疗剂到达目标组织。“给药”组合物可以通过例如注射、口服、局部给药或通过这些方法与其他已知技术组合来实现。给药可以是自我给药,其中,需要这种治疗的受试者给药治疗剂或者可以由医学或其他健康护理专业人员或需要这种治疗的受试者的看护人来进行给药。
如本文所用的术语“动物”、“患者”或“受试者”包括但不限于人和非人脊椎动物,诸如野生动物、家畜和农场动物。
术语“改善”用于表示本发明改变了被提供、施加或给药本发明的组织的特性和/或物理属性。术语“改善”还可以与疾病状态联合使用,使得当疾病状态“改善”时,与疾病状态相关的症状或生理特征变弱、减少或消除。
术语“抑制”包括给药本发明化合物以预防症状的发作,缓解症状或消除疾病、病症、疾患或其一种或多种症状。
“药学上可接受的”是指载体、稀释剂或赋形剂,其必须与制剂的其他成分相容并且对其接受者无害。
如本文所用,术语“治疗剂”是指用于阻止、对抗、改进、改善、预防、抑制、阻断或逆转患者的不希望的病症、疾病或症状的药剂,如可以是特定实施方式所示的。部分地,本发明的实施方式涉及炎性病症、肥胖症、代谢综合征、急性肾病、慢性肾病、动脉粥样硬化形成、脂肪生成、内膜增生、局部缺血/再灌注(I/R)和异生物质性损伤后的肾损伤、局灶性心肌I/R损伤、Ang II诱导的系统性高血压、肺动脉高压、心脏、肾脏、肝脏和肺纤维化、炎性肠疾病、伤害性感受、中风、运动神经元变性、糖尿病、哮喘、COPD、代谢综合征、多发性硬化、高甘油三酯血症、脂肪肝疾病和自身免疫性疾病。
组合物的“治疗有效量”或“有效量”是为达到所希望效果,即为了阻止、对抗、改进、改善、预防、抑制、阻断或逆转患者的不希望的病症、疾病或者症状而计算的预定量,如可以由特定实施方式所示的。例如,“治疗方法”实施方式中所述的“治疗有效量”是为了达到所希望的治疗效果,即阻止、对抗、改进或改善不希望的病症、疾病或症状而计算的预定量。例如,“预防方法”实施方式中所述的“治疗有效量”是为了达到所希望的治疗效果,即在其发生之前预防或抑制或阻断不希望的病症、疾病或症状,而计算的预定量。部分地,本发明的实施方式涉及炎性病症、癌症、心血管疾病、高血压、中风、肥胖症和糖尿病。本发明方法考虑的活性包括视情况而定医学治疗和/或预防治疗。当然,根据本发明给药以获得治疗和/或预防效果的化合物的具体剂量将由围绕病例的特定情况确定,包括例如给药的化合物、给药途径和正在治疗的病症。然而,将要理解的是,给药的有效量将由医师根据相关情况确定,包括待治疗的病症、待给药的化合物的选择和所选择的给药途径,并且因此,本文包括的剂量范围不旨在以任何方式限制本发明的范围。本发明化合物的治疗有效量通常是这样的量,使得当其以生理学上可耐受的赋形剂组合物给药时,足以在组织中实现有效的全身浓度或局部浓度。
如本文所用的术语“治疗(treat)”、“治疗(treated)”、“治疗(treating)”、“减轻”、“改善”或“促进”指治疗性治疗和预防性或预防的措施,其中,目的是预防或减缓(减轻)不希望的生理病症、疾患或疾病,或者为了获得有益的或期望的临床结果。出于本发明的目的,有益的或期望的临床结果包括但不限于缓解病症、疾患或疾病的症状;减弱病症、疾患或疾病的程度;稳定(即不恶化)病症、疾患或疾病的状态;保持病症、疾患或疾病;延迟病症、疾患或疾病发病或减缓病症、疾患或疾病的进展;以及缓和(无论是部分的还是全部的),无论是可检测的还是不可检测的,或者是病症、疾患或疾病的改进或改善。改进或促进包括引起临床上显著的反应而没有过多的副作用。
一般而言,术语“组织”指在呈现特定功能中结合起来的类似特化细胞的任何聚集。
硝基脂肪酸是通常相应于氧化和硝化应激下或在饮食而升高的化合物。这些化合物已被认为是各种病症诸如炎性病症、肥胖、代谢综合征、急性肾病、慢性肾病、动脉粥样硬化形成、脂肪生成、内膜增生、肾脏I/R和异生物质性损伤、局灶性心肌I/R损伤、Ang II诱导的系统性高血压、肺动脉高压、心脏、肾脏和肺纤维化、炎性肠病、伤害感受、中风、运动神经元变性、糖尿病、哮喘和COPD的潜在抗氧化和抗炎治疗剂。特别地,硝基油酸(NO2-OA)是许多研究的主题。硝基油酸影响许多调节通路,包括Nrf2、NF-κB、热休克因子(HSF)、PPAR-γ,其引起了抗氧化和抗炎作用。此外,硝基油酸引起了黄嘌呤氧化酶、可溶性环氧化物水解酶、GAPDH和5-脂氧合酶的直接酶抑制。由硝基脂肪酸修饰的其他通路包括:细胞外信号调节激酶、Jun氨基末端激酶、p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶、信号转导子和转录活化因子1、TRP通路、TNF受体相关因子6和toll样受体4。NO2-CLA具有NO2-OA的包括抑制Nf-kB、激活Nrf2和热休克途径的许多作用,并具有有效的抗炎作用。
最近的研究已经报告称,心血管疾病(CVD)、癌症、中风和糖尿病的部分原因是营养不良,在美国每年医疗成本估计>330亿美元,每年损失的生产力为90亿美元。此外,2010年,所有原因中共计678,000死亡人数是因为饮食习惯欠佳,这使其成为美国死亡的主要原因。在这方面,可靠的数据支持了地中海式饮食限制炎症和CVD、乳腺癌和结肠癌、肥胖症和其他问题的发展。虽然地中海式饮食的好处得到了很好的支持,但是不清楚特定的饮食成分或饮食是否都能够介导下游反应。地中海饮食的特点是食用水果、蔬菜和乳制品,提供抗氧化剂、不饱和脂肪以及无机阴离子亚硝酸根(NO2 -)和硝酸根(NO3 -)。从我们和其他人的观察,NO3 -很容易通过肠道-唾液厌氧细菌代谢,并且然后在胃的酸性条件下被还原成NO2 -,NO2 -的质子化诱导产生大范围的氮氧化物。这为不饱和脂肪酸的有效硝化和硝基脂肪酸(NO2-FA)以及新鉴定的硝基烯烃[NO2-NO3-FA]的可逆氮氧化物的内源性形成提供了环境。
本发明的实施方式通常涉及具有吸电子基团、离去基团和设置在吸电子基团和离去基团之间的碳-碳双键的不饱和脂肪酸。在一些实施方式中,不饱和脂肪酸可以是活化脂肪酸的氮氧化物,其中吸电子基团是硝基(-NO),并且在特定实施方式中,不饱和脂肪酸可以是硝基烯烃的氮氧化物,其中吸电子基团是硝基(-NO)且离去基团可以是氮氧化物,诸如硝酸酯基(-ONO2)或亚硝酸酯基(-ONO)。如本文所用,“活化脂肪酸”指具有与脂肪酸的饱和或不饱和脂肪族链共价结合的至少一个吸电子基团的脂肪酸。这种活化脂肪酸可以包括在任何数量的位置处被任何数量的吸电子基团取代的脂肪族链,并且这种吸电子基团可以与碳-碳双键连接或不连接。类似地,硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物可以包括具有任何数量双键的脂肪族链,双键可以与吸电子基团连接或不连接。在某些实施方式中,离去基团可位于不饱和脂肪族链的贝塔(β)碳、伽马(γ)碳或德尔塔(δ)碳上,其中吸电子基团连接至阿尔法(α)碳。
例如,一些实施方式的化合物可以具有式I:
其中,R1是-H或任何吸电子基团,包括但不限于-COH、-COR、-COOH、-COOR、-Cl、-F、-Br、-I、-CF3、-CN、-SO3、-SO2R、-SO3H、-NH3 +、-NH2R+、-NHR2 +、-NR3 +和-NO2;R2是离去基团,包括但不限于-OC(O)(C1-4)、-ONO2、-OPO(OH)2、-OSO3和其它无机酯;X1和X2为-H-COH、-COR、-COOH、-COOR、-COCF3和-CF2R;并且m和n独立地为从1至10的整数,以及包含相同的组合。
在其他实施方式中,化合物可以具有式II:
其中,R1是-H或任何吸电子基团,包括但不限于-COH、-COR、-COOH、-COOR、-Cl、-F、-Br、-I、-CF3、-CN、-SO3-、-SO2R、-SO3H、-NH3 +、-NH2R+、-NHR2 +、-NR3 +和-NO2;R2是离去基团,包括但不限于-OC(O)(C1-4)、-ONO2、-OPO(OH)2、-OSO3和其它无机酯,X1和X2为-H-COH、-COR、-COOH、-COOR、-COCF3和-CF2R;并且m和n独立地为从1至10的整数,以及包含其的组合。
在某些实施方式中,硝基烯烃的氮氧化物可以具有式III:
其中,m和n独立地为从1至10的整数,以及包含其的组合。
在一些实施方式中,硝基烯烃的氮氧化物可以具有式IV:
式III的硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物是(E)-9-硝基-12-(硝基氧基)十八碳-10-烯酸、共轭亚油酸的可逆氮氧化物,或NO2-NO3-CLA。
在这种实施方式中,吸电子基团可以在原始双键中以E或Z构型定位或在sp3手性/立体异构中心以R或S绝对立体化学定位。例如,在一种实施方式中,硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物可具有一个吸电子基团,并且在另一种实施方式中,硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物可在沿烃链的多个位置处被多个吸电子基团取代。虽然本发明的硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物可以具有位于沿羧基末端碳至末端甲基(ω-位置)之间的脂肪族烃链的任何碳上的吸电子基团,一些实施方式中,吸电子基团可以是位于羧基末端碳和/或甲基末端碳的约3个碳内,并且在其他实施方式中,吸电子基团可位于羧基末端碳和/或甲基末端碳的5个碳内。在其他实施方式中,吸电子基团可以位于羧基末端碳和/或甲基末端碳中的7个碳内,并且在另外的实施方式中,吸电子基团可以位于羧基末端碳和/或甲基末端碳的9个碳内。
在某些实施方式中,吸电子基团可以位于源自活化脂肪酸的双键的碳上,形成“吸电子乙烯基”基团。这种乙烯基的吸电子基团可以在双键的任一侧。本发明实施方式所包括的脂肪酸可以具有位于脂肪族烃链上的任何碳上一个或多个吸电子乙烯基,并且有几种方式使得不饱和脂肪酸可以具有一个吸电子基团。在一种实施方式中,源自在9h(C-9)和10th(C-10)碳之间具有一个双键的18碳ω-9脂肪酸(表示为“18:1”)的油酸(十八碳-9-烯酸)的可逆氮氧化物可以在C-9或C-10处具有吸电子基团,并且在间隔位置具有离去基团。在另一种示例性实施方式中,源自具有ω-6(C-13)和-7(C-12)碳以及ω-9(C-10)和10(C-9)碳之间的两个双键的18碳ω-6脂肪酸(表示为“18:2”)的亚油酸(十八碳-9,12,-二烯酸)的可逆氮氧化物可具有以在C-9或C-10或C-12或C-13处吸电子基团,和在相应的间隔邻位处的离去基团,以及位于吸电子基团和离去基团之间的至少一个碳-碳双键。在另一种实施方式中,亚油酸的可逆氮氧化物可以具有在C-9或C-10,或C-12或C-13处的吸电子基团,相应的间隔邻位处的离去基团,和与离去基团相邻的至少一个碳-碳双键。类似地,最初具有3、4、5、6或更多个双键的其他多不饱和脂肪酸可以在任何原始双键碳上的任一位置处具有一个吸电子,以及在相应的间隔位置处的离去基团,吸电子基团和离去基团之间的碳-碳双键包括位置和吸电子基团的所有可能的排列。
术语“吸电子基团”在本领域中是公认的并且表示取代基从相邻原子吸引价电子的趋势,即,取代基相对于相邻原子是电负性的。术语“亲核试剂”或“给电子基团”在本领域中是公认的并且表示取代基倾向于向相邻原子提供过量的价电子,即,取代基相对于相邻原子是正电性的。通过哈米特西格玛(σ)常数给出了吸电子能力水平的量化(参考,例如,J.March,Advanced Organic Chemistry,McGraw Hill Book Company,New York,(1977edition)pp.251-259)。哈米特(Hammett)常数值对于给电子基团通常是负的并且对于吸电子基团是正的。例如,对位取代的NH2(σ[P])的哈米特常数约为-0.7,并且对于硝基的σ[P]约为+0.8。
本发明的实施方式包括任何已知的吸电子基团。例如,吸电子基团可以包括但不限于醛基(-COH)、酰基(-COR)、羧酸基(-COOH)、酯基(-COOR)、卤素(-C1、F、-Br等)、氟甲基(-CF3)、氟代烷基(-CFnH2-nR)、氰基(-CN)、亚砜基(-SOR)、磺酰基(-SO2R)、磺酸基(SO3R)、1°,2°和3°铵(-NR3 +)和硝基(-NO2),其中,每个R可以独立地是氢、甲基或C2至C6烷基、链烯基或炔基。在一些实施方式中,吸电子基团可以是具有至少约0.2的σ的强吸电子基团,并且在某些实施方式中,吸电子基团可以形成偶极子。例如,在特定实施方式中,吸电子基团可以是硝基、铵基或磺酰基。
术语“离去基团”在本领域中是公认的并且表示取代基在异质键断裂期间带着一对电子离开母体分子的趋势。本发明包括的离去基团包括例如-OC(O)(C1-4)、-ONO2、-OPO(OH)2、-OSO3、其他无机酯等。
实施方式的脂肪酸可以是本领域已知的任何不饱和和多不饱和脂肪酸。术语“脂肪酸”描述脂肪族一元羧酸。各种实施方式包括具有与已鉴定的天然存在的脂肪酸相同或相似的脂肪族烃链的活化脂肪酸。例如,已知天然存在的脂肪酸的脂肪族烃链通常是非支链的并且含有从约4至约24的偶数个碳,并且其他实施方式包括脂肪族烃链中具有从12至18个碳的脂肪酸。在其他实施方式中,脂肪酸可以在脂族烃链中具有大于24个碳。本发明的实施方式包括这样的天然存在的脂肪酸以及非天然存在的脂肪酸,其可以含有奇数个碳和/或包括杂原子的非天然存在的接头。因此,本发明的一些实施方式包括具有奇数碳原子的脂肪酸,例如,从5至23个碳,在其它实施方式中,从11至17个碳。在其他实施方式中,实施方式的脂肪酸可以具有大于23个碳。本发明的天然存在和非天然存在的脂肪酸还可以在烃链的一个或多个位置处支化,并且在各种实施方式中,每个支链可以包括从1至24个碳、2至20个碳或4至18个碳的脂肪族烃链,其中每个分支可具有偶数或奇数个碳。
各种实施方式的脂肪酸的脂族烃链可以是不饱和的或多不饱和的。术语“不饱和的”指脂肪酸具有包含至少一个双键和/或取代基的脂肪族烃链。相反,“饱和的”烃链不包括任何双键或取代基。因此,烃链的每个碳是“饱和的”并且具有最大数量的氢。“多不饱和”通常是指脂肪酸具有带有多于一个双键的烃链。各种实施方式的不饱和或多不饱和脂肪酸的双键可以在沿脂肪族烃链的任何位置处,并且可以是顺式或反式构型。术语“顺式”是指在该双键中,与双键相邻的碳在同一侧,并且术语“反式”是指在该双键中,与双键相邻的碳在相对侧。通常“顺式”与Z相同,“反式”与E相同,但有时用于命名化合物的IUPAC规则将给出与非碳取代基相反的情况,这是硝基烯烃的典型情况。例如,硝基烯烃可以具有两个“顺式”碳基团,但两个优先考虑化合物命名的基团(烯烃的一个碳上的硝基和烯烃的另一个碳上的碳基团)是相对的,因此是E。因此,“顺式”双键的硝基烯类似物称为E硝基烯烃。类似地,“反式”双键的硝基烯类似物称为Z硝基烯烃。不希望受理论束缚,沿碳链的顺式构型的双键(顺式碳链,但是E硝基烯烃)可以在烃链中引起弯曲。沿着碳链的“反式”构型的双键(反式碳链但是Z硝基烯烃)可能不会引起烃链弯曲。本发明的实施方式可以包括具有E或Z构型的双键的硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物,并且包括可以包含含有硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物和硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物的区域异构体的顺式和反式的组合的组合物。
许多不饱和和多不饱和脂肪酸是已经鉴定了的,并且已知它们是天然存在的。这种不饱和或多不饱和天然存在的脂肪酸通常在其脂肪族烃链中包含偶数个碳。例如,天然存在的不饱和或多不饱和脂肪酸可具有4、6、8、10、12、14、16、18、20、22等个碳并且可以包括欧米伽(ω)-3、ω-5、ω-6、ω-7、ω-9碳-碳双键。任何此类脂肪酸可用于本发明的实施方式中。符号“ω”用于表示脂肪族烃链的末端甲基碳。ω-X脂肪酸的双键的位置是距离ω碳X个碳原子数量的碳-碳键。例如,ω-6脂肪酸在从ω-碳向后计数的第6和第7个碳之间具有双键,并且ω-3脂肪酸在从ω-碳向后计数的第3个和第4个碳之间具有双键。本发明的各种实施方式包括硝化的ω-3脂肪酸,包括但不限于亚麻酸、α-亚麻酸、二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳五烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸和十八碳四烯酸;硝化的ω-5脂肪酸,包括但不限于肉豆蔻酸;硝化的ω-6脂肪酸,包括但不限于亚油酸、γ-亚油酸、二高-γ-亚油酸和花生四烯酸;硝化的ω-7脂肪酸,包括但不限于共轭亚油酸和棕榈油酸;以及硝化的ω-9脂肪酸,包括但不限于油酸和芥酸。当然,本发明的脂肪酸也可以使用IUP AC命名法来指代,其中,双键的放置通过从羧酸的碳计数来确定,并且‘CX’指使用IUPAC命名法的脂肪族烃中的碳,其中,X是从羧酸(包括羰基碳本身)计数的碳的个数。本发明的实施方式还包括天然存在的脂肪酸及其衍生物的合成等同物。
本发明的其他实施方式包括不饱和或多不饱和的非天然存在的脂肪酸,其可以具有奇数个碳,诸如,例如5、7、9、11、13、15、17、19、20、21等。如在天然存在的脂肪酸中,与非天然存在的脂肪酸连接的一个或多个双键可以位于沿脂肪族烃链的任何位置,并且双键可以以顺式或反式构型。在其他实施方式中,非天然存在的脂肪酸可包括中断脂肪族烃链的一个或多个接头基团。例如,在一些实施方式中,活化脂肪酸在脂肪族烃链内的任何位置可以具有一个或多个非碳-碳链接,诸如,例如酯、醚、乙烯基醚、硫醚、氨基、亚胺等。
在其他实施方式中,可以修饰活化脂肪酸的氮氧化物的羧基末端。例如,在一些实施方式中,活化脂肪酸的氮氧化物可以包括与脂肪酸的羧基末端连接的甘油以产生甘油酯,并且这种甘油脂可为甘油单酯、甘油二酯或甘油三酯,其中,甘油二酯或甘油三酯的至少一种脂肪酸可以是活化的硝酸脂肪酸,并且任何剩余的脂肪酸可以是饱和或不饱和的脂肪酸。类似地,在其他实施方式中,碳水化合物可以与氮氧化物活化的脂肪酸的羧基末端连接以形成糖脂。在这种实施方式中,本领域已知的任何碳水化合物可以是糖脂的碳水化合物部分,包括但不限于半乳糖和葡萄糖。
在其他实施方式中,碳水化合物可以连接与活化的硝酸酯基脂肪酸的羧基末端连接的甘油酯,以形成甘油-糖脂,其可以具有与甘油-糖脂的甘油部分连接的一个或两个活化脂肪酸,并且在其中仅一个活化脂肪酸与甘油-糖脂连接的实施方式中,甘油上的剩余位置可以包括饱和或不饱和脂肪酸或氢、烷基或官能团,诸如,例如,醇、胺、磷酸、膦酸、硫醇、磺酸等。在某些实施方式中,本发明的活化脂肪酸的羧基末端可以与磷酸连接以形成磷脂。在这种实施方式中,磷酸可以通过羧基末端与脂肪酸直接连接,或者磷酸可以与甘油二酯连接,其中一个或两个活化的脂肪酸与甘油部分连接,并且在仅有一个活化的硝酸酯脂肪酸与甘油连接的实施方式中,甘油上的剩余位置可以包括饱和或不饱和脂肪酸或氢、烷基或官能团,诸如,例如醇、胺、磷酸、膦酸、硫醇、磺酸等。在另外的实施方式中,活化脂肪酸的羧基末端可以与胆固醇或其他甾醇部分连接。在其他实施方式中,羧基末端可以通过第二活性剂的共价连接来修饰。在特定实施方式中,包括甘油的羧基末端修饰可以不包括硝基。不希望受理论束缚,活化硝酸酯脂肪酸的羧基末端的修饰可以增强给药后活化脂肪酸的分配(partitioning),并且还可以在给药后通过抑制线粒体中的β氧化来改善活化脂肪酸的韧性(复原力,resilience)。
在本文所述的实施方式中,硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物的治疗有效量为从约5毫克至约5000毫克。在上述各种实施方式中,硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物的治疗有效量可以是在下限量和上限量的范围内的单剂量或每日剂量。在一些实施方式中,下限量是约5mg、约10mg、约25mg、约50mg、约75mg、约100mg、约125mg、约150mg、约175mg、约200mg、约225mg、约250mg、约275mg、约300mg、约325mg、约350mg、约375mg、约400mg、约425mg、约450mg、约475mg、约500mg、约525mg、约550mg、约575mg、约600mg、约625mg、约650mg、约675mg、约700mg、约725mg、约750mg、约775mg、约800mg、约825mg、约850mg、约875mg、约900mg、约925mg、约950mg、约975mg、约1000mg、约1500mg、约2000mg、约2500mg、约3000mg、约3500mg、约4000mg、约4500mg。在一些实施方式中上限量为约5000mg、约4500mg、约4000mg、约3500mg、约3000mg、约2500mg、约2000mg、约1500mg、约1000mg、约975mg、约950mg、约925mg、约900mg、约875mg、约850mg、约825mg、约800mg、约775mg、约750mg、约725mg、约700mg、约675mg、约650mg、约625mg、约600mg、约575mg、约550mg、约525mg、约500mg、约475mg、约450mg、约425mg、约400mg、约375mg、约350mg、约325mg、约300mg、约275mg、约250mg、约225mg、约200mg、约175mg、约150mg、约125mg、约100mg、约75mg或约50mg。在一些实施方式中,每日剂量可以是先前公开的范围的上限和下限之间的任何范围。在一些实施方式中,日剂量可以为从约25mg至小于约450mg、约25mg至约425mg、约25mg至约400mg、约25mg至约375mg、约25mg至约350mg、约25mg至约325mg、约25mg至约300mg、约25mg至约275mg、约25mg至约250mg、约25mg至约225mg、约25mg至约200mg、约25mg至约175mg、或约25mg至约150mg。在一些实施方式中,日剂量可以是从约50mg至约450mg、约75mg至约450mg、约100mg至约450mg、约150mg至约450mg、约175mg至约450mg、约200mg至约450mg、约225mg至约450mg、约250mg至约450mg或约275mg至约450mg。
在本文所述的实施方式中,如上所述的日剂量可每天给药一次。在本文所述的实施方式中,如上所述的日剂量可以每天两次等量给药。在本文所述的实施方式中,如上所述的日剂量可以每天三次等量给药。在本文所述的实施方式中,如上所述的日剂量可以每天四次等量给药。
在本文所述的实施方式中,硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物的治疗有效量可以随治疗进展而变化。例如,当治疗通过给药周期进行时,日剂量(或剂量方案)可以增加或减少,或者每日剂量可以在整个给药期间增加或减少。
上述硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物可以制备成药学上可接受的制剂。术语“药学上可接受的”在本文中用于表示该化合物适用于在药物产品中使用。例如,药学上可接受的阳离子包括金属离子和有机离子。更优选的金属离子包括但不限于合适的碱金属盐、碱土金属盐和其他生理学上可接受的金属离子。示例性离子包括其通常化合价的铝、钙、锂、镁、钾、钠和锌。优选的有机离子包括质子化的叔胺和季铵阳离子,部分地包括三甲胺、二乙胺、N,N'-二苄基乙二胺、氯普鲁卡因、胆碱、二乙醇胺、乙二胺、葡甲胺(N-甲基葡糖胺)和普鲁卡因。示例性的药学上可接受的酸包括但不限于盐酸、氢碘酸、氢溴酸、磷酸、硫酸、甲磺酸、乙酸、甲酸、酒石酸、马来酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、异柠檬酸、琥珀酸、乳酸、葡糖酸、葡糖醛酸、丙酮酸、草酰乙酸、富马酸、丙酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、苯甲酸等。
本发明的硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物的异构体和互变异构体形式以及这些化合物的药学上可接受的盐也包括在本发明中。示例性的药学上可接受的盐由甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、琥珀酸、乙醇酸、葡糖酸、乳酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、抗坏血酸、葡糖醛酸、马来酸、富马酸、丙酮酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、苯甲酸、邻氨基苯甲酸、甲磺酸、硬脂酸、水杨酸、对羟基苯甲酸、苯乙酸、扁桃酸、扑酸(帕莫酸)、甲磺酸、乙磺酸、苯磺酸、泛酸、甲苯磺酸、2-羟基乙磺酸、对氨基苯磺酸、环己基氨基磺酸、褐藻酸(algenic)、β-羟基丁酸、半乳糖二酸和半乳糖醛酸制备。
与本发明的硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物结合使用的合适的药学上可接受的碱加成盐包括金属离子盐和有机离子盐。示例性金属离子盐包括但不限于适合的碱金属(第Ia族)盐、碱土金属(第IIa族)盐和其他生理学上可接受的金属离子。这些盐可以由铝、钙、锂、镁、钾、钠和锌的离子制成。优选的有机盐可以由叔胺和季铵盐制成,部分地包括三甲胺、二乙胺、N,N'-二苄基乙二胺、氯普鲁卡因、胆碱、二乙醇胺、乙二胺、葡甲胺(N-甲基葡糖胺)和普鲁卡因。所有上述盐可以由本领域技术人员通过常规方法由相应的本发明化合物制备。
在本文所述的实施方式中,所述组合物可用于将一氧化氮递送至有需要的受试者。摄入后,化合物分解以释放一氧化氮分子和硝化的亚油酸分子。不希望受理论束缚,硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物保护了2种组分,即,一氧化氮和共轭硝基亚油酸或硝基油酸的递送。一旦被消化,一氧化氮分子将起到血管扩张剂的作用,并且硝基亚油酸将起到免受代谢和炎症应激的保护作用。硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物的递送减少了单独摄入一氧化氮或硝化亚油酸时所见的胃肠道的副作用,包括腹泻、痉挛性刺激、炎性肠病、结肠炎和溃疡。
在本文所述的实施方式中,给药治疗有效量的硝基烯烃的可逆性氮氧化物衍生物或其药学上可接受的盐还包括给药第二药剂。在本文所述的实施方式中,第二药剂可选自由以下组成的组:ACE抑制剂、血管紧张素II受体阻断剂或其组合。在一些实施方式中,第二药剂可以是依那普利(elanapril)。在本文所述的实施方式中,ACE抑制剂可以选自由以下组成的组:培哚普利、卡托普利、依那普利、赖诺普利、雷米普利、佐芬普利、喹那普利、贝那普利、咪达普利、群哚普利、西拉普利和福辛普利。在本文所述的实施方式中,血管紧张素II受体阻断剂可以选自由以下组成的组:阿齐沙坦、坎地沙坦、依普罗沙坦、厄贝沙坦、氯沙坦、奥美沙坦、替米沙坦、缬沙坦、福马沙坦和螺内酯。
在本文所述的实施方式中,第二药剂的治疗有效量为从约2.5毫克至小于约250毫克。在本文所述的实施方式中,第二药剂的日剂量可以为从约5mg至约200mg、约10mg至约150mg、约15mg至约100mg、约20mg至约75mg、约25mg至约50mg、或约30mg至约40mg。
本发明的硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物可以任何常规方式通过它们具有活性的任何途径给药。给药可以是全身的或局部的。例如,给药可以是但不限于肠胃外、皮下、静脉内、肌肉内、腹膜内、透皮、口服、口腔或眼部途径、或鼻内、阴道内、通过吸入、通过积存注射或通过植入。在本文所述的实施方式中,给药可以是肠胃外给药或静脉内给药,所有给药均存在或不存在有利于延长的全身摄取、组织半衰期和细胞内递送的稳定添加剂。因此,本发明化合物(单独或与其它药物组合)的给药方式可以是可注射的(包括皮下或肌内注射的短效、积存、植入和小丸形式)。在本文所述的实施方式中,可以将包含硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物的可注射制剂沉积至损伤或炎症部位,诸如,例如,由于关节镜检查、血管成形术、支架置入、旁路手术等的手术切口部位或炎症部位。
本发明的各种实施方式还涉及给药硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物的方法。具体的给药方式可以变化并且可以取决于适应症。临床医生可以根据临床医生已知的方法调整或定量特定给药途径和剂量方案的选择,以获得最佳临床反应。化合物的给药量是治疗有效量。待给药的剂量取决于所治疗的受试者的特征,例如,所治疗的特定动物、年龄、体重、健康、同时治疗的类型(如果有的话)和治疗频率,并且可以被本领域技术人员(例如,由临床医生)容易地确定。本领域技术人员将理解,剂量可以在指导下确定,例如,根据Goodman&Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics,Ninth Edition(1996),Appendix II,pp.1707-1711或根据Goodman&Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis ofTherapeutics,Tenth Edition(2001),Appendix II,pp.475-493,这两者都通过引用整体并入本文。此外,在根据动物研究确定人体等效剂量中,可以使用the U.S.Department ofHealth and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for DrugEvaluation and Research's publication。
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinfor mation/guidances/ucm07 8932.pdf.
含有上述发明化合物和合适载体的药物制剂可以是各种形式,包括但不限于包括有效量的本发明的硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物的固体、溶液、粉末、流体乳液、流体混悬剂、半固体和干粉。本领域还已知活性成分可以与药学上可接受的稀释剂、填充剂、崩解剂、粘合剂、润滑剂、表面活性剂、疏水载体、水溶性载体、乳化剂、缓冲剂、湿润剂、保湿剂、增溶剂、稳定剂、抗氧化剂、防腐剂等一起包含在这些制剂中。用于给药的手段和方法是本领域已知的,并且技术人员可以参考各种药理学用于指导。例如,Modern Pharmaceutics,Banker&Rhodes,Marcel Dekker,Inc.(1979);和Goodman&Oilman's,The PharmaceuticalBasis of Therapeutics,6th Edition,MacMillan Publishing Co.,New York(1980),这两者都通过引用整体并入本文。
本发明化合物可以配制用于通过注射,例如通过推注或连续输注进行肠胃外或静脉内给药。用于注射的制剂可以以单位剂型存在,例如在带有添加的防腐剂的安瓿或多剂量容器中。该组合物可以采取诸如油性或水性载体中的混悬剂、溶液或乳液的形式,并且可以含有配制剂诸如悬浮剂、稳定剂和/或分散剂。
可以使用合适的分散剂或润湿剂和悬浮剂根据已知技术配制可注射制剂,例如无菌可注射水性或油性悬浮液。无菌可注射制剂还可以是在无毒的肠胃外可接受的稀释剂或溶剂中的无菌可注射溶液或悬浮液,例如,作为1,3-丁二醇中的溶液。可以使用的可接受的载体和溶剂包括水、林格氏溶液和等渗氯化钠溶液。此外,无菌的固定油通常用作溶剂或悬浮介质。为此目的,可以使用任何温和的固定油,包括合成的甘油单酯或甘油二酯。此外,脂肪酸稀释剂诸如油酸可用于制备注射剂。可用于本发明实施方式的其他脂肪酸稀释剂包括,例如,硬脂酸、金属硬脂酸盐、硬脂酰富马酸钠、脂肪酸、脂肪醇、脂肪酸酯、山嵛酸甘油酯、矿物油、植物油、石蜡、亮氨酸、二氧化硅、硅酸、滑石、丙二醇脂肪酸酯、聚乙氧基化蓖麻油、聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇、聚亚烷基二醇、聚氧乙烯-甘油脂肪酸酯、聚氧乙烯脂肪醇醚、聚乙氧基化甾醇、聚乙氧基化蓖麻油、聚乙氧基化植物油等中的一种或多种。在一些实施方式中,脂肪酸稀释剂可以是脂肪酸的混合物。在一些实施方式中,脂肪酸可以是脂肪酸酯、脂肪酸的糖酯、脂肪酸的甘油酯、或乙氧基化的脂肪酸酯,并且在其他实施方式中,脂肪酸稀释剂可以是脂肪醇,诸如,例如,硬脂醇、月桂醇、棕榈醇、棕榈醇酸、十六烷醇、辛醇、辛酰醇、油醇、亚麻醇、花生四烯醇、山嵛醇、异山嵛醇、鲨油醇、鲛肝醇和亚油醇等及其混合物。
本发明的其他实施方式包括如上所述制备的硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物,其配制成用于口服给药的固体剂型,包括胶囊、片剂、丸剂、粉剂和颗粒剂。在这种实施方式中,活性化合物可以与一种或多种惰性稀释剂诸如蔗糖、乳糖或淀粉混合。如在通常的实践中,这些剂型还可以包含除惰性稀释剂之外的其他物质,例如润滑剂,诸如硬脂酸镁。在胶囊、片剂和丸剂的情况下,剂型还可以包含缓冲剂,并且可以另外用肠溶包衣制备。
在本文所述的实施方式中,治疗有效量的硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物以药物组合物的形式。固体剂型的硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物的制备可以变化。例如,在一种实施方式中,硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物的液体或明胶制剂可以通过将硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物与一种或多种脂肪酸稀释剂(诸如上述那些)组合并向液体混合物中加入增稠剂以形成明胶来制备。然后可以将明胶封装以单位剂型以形成胶囊。在另一示例性实施方式中,可以将如上所述制备的基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物的油性制剂冻干以形成固体,固体可以与一种或多种药学上可接受的赋形剂、载体或稀释剂混合以形成片剂,并且在另一种实施方式中,油性制剂的基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物可以结晶以形成固体,固体可以与药学上可接受的赋形剂、载体或稀释剂混合以形成片剂。
可以用于口服给药硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物的其他实施方式包括液体剂型。在这种实施方式中,液体剂型可以包括药学上可接受的乳液、溶液、悬浮液、糖浆和酏剂,其含有本领域常用的惰性稀释剂诸如水。这种组合物还可包含佐剂,诸如润湿剂、乳化剂和悬浮剂,以及甜味剂、调味剂和芳香剂。
在另外的实施方式中,本发明的硝基烯烃的可逆氮氧化物衍生物可以配制成积存制剂。这种长效制剂可以通过植入(例如,皮下或肌肉内)或通过肌内注射给药。积存注射可以以约1个月至约6个月或更长的间隔给药。因此,例如,化合物可以与合适的聚合或疏水材料(例如,作为可接受油中的乳液)或离子交换树脂配制,或配制成微溶衍生物,例如作为微溶盐。
用于可注射制剂的其他合适的稀释剂包括但不限于下面描述的那些:
植物油:如本文所用,术语“植物油”指由植物油的乙氧基化形成的化合物或化合物的混合物,其中,至少一条聚乙二醇链与植物油共价结合。在一些实施方式中,乙氧基化的量可以在从约2至约200、约5至100、约10至约80、约20至约60、或约12至约18个乙二醇重复单元内变化。植物油可以是氢化的或未氢化的。合适的植物油包括但不限于蓖麻油、氢化蓖麻油、芝麻油、玉米油、花生油、橄榄油、向日葵油、红花油、大豆油、苯甲酸苄酯、芝麻油、棉籽油和棕榈油。其他合适的植物油包括可商购的合成油,诸如但不限于Miglyol TM 810和812(可购自瑞典的Dynamit Nobel Chemicals)、Neobee TM M5(可购自Drew ChemicalCorp.)、Alofine TM(可购自Jarchem Industries)、Lubritab TM系列(可购自JRS Pharma)、Sterotex TM(可购自Abitec Corp.)、Softisan TM 154(可购自Sasol)、Croduret TM(可购自Croda)、Fancol TM(可购自Fanning Corp.)、Cutina TM HR(可购自Cognis)、Simulsol TM(可购自CJ Petrow)、EmCon TM CO(可购自Amisol Co.)、Lipvol TM CO,SES和HS-K(可购自Lipo)和Sterotex TM HM(可购自Abitec Corp.)。包括芝麻、蓖麻、玉米和棉籽油的其他合适的植物油,包括R.C.Rowe and P.J.Shesky,Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients,(2006),5th ed中列出的那些,其通过引用整体并入本文。合适的聚乙氧基化植物油包括但不限于CremaphorTMEL或RH系列(可购自BASF)、EmulphorTMEL-719(可购自Stepan产品)以及EmulphorTMEL-620P(可购自GAF)。
矿物油:如本文所用,术语“矿物油”指未精制和精制(轻质)矿物油。合适的矿物油包括但不限于Avatech TM等级(可购自Avatar Corp.)、Drakeol TM等级(可购自Penreco)、Sirius TM等级(可购自Shell)以及Citation TM等级(可购自Avater Corp)。
蓖麻油:如本文所用,术语“蓖麻油”指由蓖麻油的乙氧基化形成的化合物,其中,至少一条聚乙二醇链与蓖麻油共价结合。蓖麻油可以是氢化的或未氢化的。聚乙氧基化蓖麻油的同义词包括但不限于聚氧乙烯蓖麻油、氢化聚氧乙烯蓖麻油、聚乙二醇甘油蓖麻酸酯(mcrogolglyceroli ricinoleas)、聚乙二醇甘油羟基硬脂酸酯(macrogolglycerolihydroxystearas)、聚氧乙烯35蓖麻油和聚氧乙烯40氢化蓖麻油。合适的聚乙氧基化蓖麻油包括但不限于Nikkol TM HCO系列(可购自Nikko Chemicals Co.Ltd),诸如Nikkol HCO-30、HC-40、HC-50和HC-60(聚乙二醇-30氢化蓖麻油、聚乙二醇-40氢化蓖麻油、聚乙二醇-50氢化蓖麻油和聚乙二醇-60氢化蓖麻油、Emulphor TM EL-7 19(蓖麻油40摩尔-乙氧基化物,购自Stepan Products)、Cremophore TM系列(可购自BASF),其包括Cremophore RH40、RH60和EL35(分别为聚乙二醇-40氢化蓖麻油、聚乙二醇-60氢化蓖麻油和聚乙二醇-35氢化蓖麻油)和RO和HRE系列(可购自Cognis PharmaLine)。其它合适的聚氧乙烯蓖麻油衍生物包括R.C.Rowe and P.J.Shesky,Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients,(2006),5th ed.,中列出的那些,其通过引用整体并入本文。
甾醇:如本文所用,术语“甾醇”指衍生自甾醇分子的乙氧基化的化合物或化合物的混合物。合适的聚乙酰化甾醇包括但不限于PEG-24胆固醇醚、Solulan TM C-24(可购自Amerchol);PEG-30胆甾烷醇,Nikkol TM DHC(可购自Nikko);植物甾醇,GENEROL TM系列(可购自Henkel);PEG-25植物甾醇,Nikkol TM BPSH-25(可购自Nikko);PEG-5大豆甾醇,NikkolTM BPS-5(可购自Nikko);PEG-10大豆甾醇,Nikkol TM BPS-10(可购自Nikko);PEG-20大豆甾醇,Nikkol TM BPS-20(可购自从Nikko);和PEG-30大豆甾醇,Nikkol TM BPS-30(可购自Nikko)。如本文所用,术语“PEG”指聚乙二醇。
聚乙二醇:如本文所用,术语“聚乙二醇”或“PEG”是指含有式-O-CH2-CH2-的乙二醇单体单元的聚合物。合适的聚乙二醇可以在聚合物分子的每个末端具有游离羟基,或者可以具有一个或多个与低级烷基例如甲基醚化的羟基。同样合适的是具有可酯化羧基的聚乙二醇的衍生物。可以用于本发明的聚乙二醇可以是任何链长或分子量的聚合物,并且可以包括支化。在一些实施方式中,聚乙二醇的平均分子量为从约200至约9000。在一些实施方式中,聚乙二醇的平均分子量为约200至约5000。在一些实施方式中,聚乙二醇的平均分子量为从约200至约900。在一些实施方式中,聚乙二醇约为400。合适的聚乙二醇包括但不限于聚乙二醇-200、聚乙二醇-300、聚乙二醇-400、聚乙二醇-600和聚乙二醇-900。名称中的破折号后面的数字指聚合物的平均分子量。在一些实施方式中,聚乙二醇是聚乙二醇-400。合适的聚乙二醇包括但不限于Carbowax TM和Carbowax TM Sentry系列(可购自Dow)、Lipoxol TM系列(可购自Brenntag)、Lutrol TM系列(可购自BASF)和Pluriol TM系列(可购自BASF)。
丙二醇脂肪酸酯:如本文所用,术语“丙二醇脂肪酸酯”指在丙二醇或聚丙二醇与脂肪酸之间形成的单醚或二酯,或其混合物。可用于衍生丙二醇脂肪醇醚的脂肪酸包括但不限于本文定义的那些。在一些实施方式中,单酯或二酯衍生自丙二醇。在一些实施方式中,单酯或二酯具有约1至约200个氧丙烯单元。在一些实施方式中,分子的聚丙二醇部分具有约2至约100个氧丙烯单元。在一些实施方式中,单酯或二酯具有约4至约50个氧丙烯单元。在一些实施方式中,单酯或二酯具有约4至约30个氧丙烯单元。合适的丙二醇脂肪酸酯包括但不限于丙二醇月桂酸酯类:Lauroglycol TM FCC和90(可购自Gattefosse);丙二醇辛酸酯类:Capryol TM PGMC和90(可购自Gatefosse);和丙二醇二辛酸酯/二癸酸酯类:Labrafac TM PG(可购自Gatefosse)。
硬脂酰聚乙二醇甘油酯:硬脂酰聚乙二醇甘油酯指聚乙二醇化甘油酯,其主要由硬脂酸合成或主要由衍生自硬脂酸的化合物合成,尽管其他脂肪酸或衍生自其它脂肪酸的化合物也可用于合成。合适的硬脂酰聚乙二醇甘油酯包括但不限于50/13(可购自Gattefosse)。
在一些实施方式中,稀释剂组分包括甘露醇、乳糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖糊精、山梨糖醇、木糖醇、粉末化纤维素、微晶纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、羧乙基纤维素、甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、甲基羟乙基纤维素、淀粉、羟基乙酸淀粉钠、预胶化淀粉、磷酸钙、金属碳酸盐、金属氧化物或金属铝硅酸盐中的一种或多种。
用于固体和/或液体剂型的示例性赋形剂或载体包括但不限于:
山梨糖醇:合适的山梨糖醇包括但不限于PharmSorbidex E420(可购自Cargill)、Liponic 70-NC和76-NC(可购自从Lipo Chemical)、Neosorb(可购自Roquette)、PartechSI(可购自Merck)、和Sorbogem(可购自SPI Polyols)。
淀粉、羟基乙酸淀粉钠和预胶化淀粉包括但不限于R.C.Rowe and P.J.Shesky,Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients,(2006),5th ed.,中描述的那些,其通过引用整体并入本文。
崩解剂:崩解剂可以包括交联羧甲基纤维素钠、羧甲基纤维素钙、交聚维酮、海藻酸、海藻酸钠、海藻酸钾、海藻酸钙、离子交换树脂、基于食用酸和碱性碳酸盐组分的泡腾体系、粘土、滑石、淀粉、预胶化淀粉、羟基乙酸淀粉钠、纤维素絮状物、羧甲基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、硅酸钙、金属碳酸盐、碳酸氢钠、柠檬酸钙或磷酸钙中的一种或多种。
在各种实施方式中,待治疗的病症可以是但不限于,动脉狭窄、烧伤、高血压、肥胖症、代谢综合征、急性肾病、慢性肾病、神经退行性疾患、皮肤疾患、关节炎、自身免疫性疾病、自身炎症性疾病、狼疮、莱姆病、痛风、败血症、体温过高、溃疡、小肠结肠炎、骨质疏松症、病毒或细菌感染、巨细胞病毒、牙周病、肾小球肾炎、结节病、肺部疾病、慢性肺损伤、呼吸窘迫、肺部炎症、肺纤维化、哮喘、获得性呼吸窘迫综合征、烟草致肺病、肉芽肿形成、肝纤维化、移植物抗宿主病、血脂异常、术后炎症、血管成形术、支架置入或旁路移植后冠状动脉和外周血管再狭窄、急性和慢性白血病、B淋巴细胞白血病、肿瘤性疾病、动脉硬化、动脉粥样硬化、心肌炎症、牛皮癣、免疫缺陷、弥散性血管内凝血、系统性硬化症、肌萎缩侧索硬化症、多发性硬化症、帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病、脑脊髓炎、水肿、炎症性肠病、高IgE综合征、癌症转移或生长、过继性免疫疗法、再灌注综合征、辐射灼伤和脱发。
某些实施方式涉及治疗方法,包括向有需要的受试者给药有效量的不饱和脂肪酸的步骤,该不饱和脂肪酸具有吸电子基团、离去基团和设置在吸电子基团和离去基团之间的碳-碳双键。在一些实施方式中,这种方法中的不饱和脂肪酸可以是活化脂肪酸的氮氧化物,其中,吸电子基团是硝基(-NO),并且在特定实施方式中,这些方法的不饱和脂肪酸可以是硝基烯烃的氮氧化物,其中吸电子基团是硝基(-NO)且离去基团可以是氮氧化物诸如硝酸酯基(-ONO2)或亚硝酸酯基(-ONO)。在各种实施方式中,有效量的不饱和脂肪酸可以以含有药学上可接受的赋形剂、稀释剂、载体或其组合的药物组合物的形式给药。
不希望受理论束缚,在这种实施方式中,离去基团可以由不饱和脂肪酸中释放,并且离去基团可以向患者提供治疗。例如,在不饱和脂肪酸是氮氧化物的实施方式中,氮氧化物分子由不饱和脂肪酸释放,诱导血管舒张。在特定的实施方式中,可以由不饱和脂肪酸释放一氧化氮和硝基烯烃的氮氧化物的硝基,诱导血管舒张。在其他实施方式中,可在释放离去基团时产生活化脂肪酸,诱导抗炎活性。
这种实施方式的治疗方法可以用于治疗各种疾病适应症,包括例如炎症、肥胖症、代谢综合征、急性肾病和慢性肾病。在某些实施方式中,这种方法可提供治疗效果,同时减少诸如腹泻、痉挛性刺激、炎性肠病、结肠炎和溃疡。
通过参考以下实施例将更容易地理解如此概括描述的本发明,这些实施例是以举例说明的方式提供的,并不旨在限制本发明。
实施例
实施例1
通过在1ml人工胃液中37℃下在连续搅拌下进行0.5mg共轭9,11-亚油酸(CLA,目录号UC-60A,Nu-Check Prep Inc.,Elysian,MN)与2mM亚硝酸钠(NaNO2)的独立反应1小时产生合成的NO2-NO3-CLA标准物。通过己烷提取了脂质级分,将50μl在氮气流下干燥,溶解在300μl甲醇中,并且在312nm处通过分光光度法测量NO2-NO3-CLA的分解和NO2-CLA的产生(图1)。向甲醇溶液中加入10μl乙酸证实了NO2-NO3-CLA在酸性pH下的稳定性(图1,菱形曲线)。相反,10μl磷酸盐缓冲液50mM pH7.4(图1,圆形曲线)或10μl氢氧化铵(图1,三角形曲线)的添加,示出了NO2-NO3-CLA的降解是pH依赖性的并且从pH 7.4至更高碱性pH的pH增加导致更快的产生NO2-CLA。
为了研究NO2-NO3-CLA的体内形成,雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠禁食过夜,用五肽胃泌素(50μg/Kgi.p.)处理,以刺激胃酸分泌,并且在20分钟后,它们灌服溶于聚乙二醇中的CLA和NO2-(100μM)。然后,在1小时后解剖出胃并收集胃液,离心,并加入等体积的含有100μM二乙基三胺五乙酸(DTPA)的磷酸盐缓冲液50mM pH 7.4。所得溶液用1ml己烷萃取,在氮气流下干燥,溶解在1ml甲醇中,并通过高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)分析硝化物质(图2)。
使用分析型C18Luna柱(2×100mm,5μm,Phenomenex)以0.6ml/min的流速通过HPLC-MS/MS进行NO2-NO3-CLA的分析,其中,梯度溶剂系统由含0.1%乙酸的水(溶剂A)和含0.1%乙酸的乙腈(溶剂B)组成。使用以下梯度程序对样品进行色谱解析:45-100%溶剂B(0-8min);100%溶剂B(8-10min),然后再平衡2min至初始条件。使用配备有负模式电喷雾电离源(ESI)的API4000Q-阱三重四极杆质谱仪(Applied Biosystems,San Jose,CA)以检测NO2-NO3-CLA。使用了以下参数:去簇电压,-75V;碰撞能量,-35eV;去溶剂化温度为650℃。使用以下多反应监测(MRM)转变分析NO2-NO3-CLA和相应的降解产物NO2-CLA:分别为387.3/62(图2A)和324.3/46(图2B)。通过MS2碎裂进一步在结构上表征了NO2-NO3-CLA物质。从7至7.7min洗脱的峰的MS2分析(图2A,峰1)产生了特定的硝酸酯基(NO3-)片段m/z62,其明确证实了NO2-NO3-CLA的存在(图2C)。
为了研究即使当酰基链被酯化成复合脂质时是否形成NO2-NO3-CLA物质并且它们的降解是否诱导产生一氧化氮,分别地,在体外胃条件下硝化含CLA的磷脂标准物以及进行鸟苷酸环化酶的活性测定。将0.5mg 1-硬脂酰基-2-[9(Z),11(E)-十八碳二烯酰基]-sn-甘油基-3-磷酰胆碱(CLA-PC,目录号1410,Matreya LLC,State College,PA)在2mM NaNO2的存在下在1ml人造胃液中,连续搅拌下在37℃下孵育1小时,以产生含NO2-NO3-CLA的磷酰胆碱。然后,加入1ml含有100μMDTPA的pH 7.4磷酸盐缓冲液50mM,脂质部分用1ml己烷萃取,将300μl在氮气流下干燥,并在1ml反应缓冲液中孵育60分钟,反应缓冲液含有:Tris50mM、MgCl2 3mM、二硫苏糖醇(DTT)0.01mM、鸟苷三磷酸(GTP)1mM、0.05%牛血清白蛋白(BSA)、50ng/ml可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶(sGC)pH 7.4和2.5nmol内标8-溴鸟嘌呤3',5'-环一磷酸(Br-cGMP)。在每个时间点,将10μl反应溶液溶解在200μl水0.1%乙酸中,并通过HPLC-MS/MS分析环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)(图3)。
使用分析型C18 Luna柱(2×150mm,3μm,Phenomenex)以0.2ml/min的流速通过HPLC-MS/MS进行了cGMP的分析,其中梯度溶剂体系由含0.1%乙酸的水(溶剂A)和含0.1%乙酸的乙腈(溶剂B)组成。使用以下梯度程序对样品进行色谱解析:10-80%溶剂B(0-10min);100%溶剂B(10-12min),然后再平衡5min至初始条件。使用了配备有负模式的电喷雾电离源(ESI)的API4000 Q-阱三重四极杆质谱仪(Applied Biosystems,San Jose,CA),具有以下参数:去簇电压,-70V;入口电压-10;碰撞池出口电压-10;以及去溶剂化温度为650℃。使用以下MRM转换和碰撞能量(CE)分析了cGMP:344.1/150.1、344.1/133.1,分别地CE-35和CE-50。相反,使用以下MRM转换和CE分析了内标Br-cGMP:422.1/228.1、422.1/211.1,分别地CE-35和CE-50。
为了研究NO2-NO3-CLA的降解是否诱导亚硝化物质的产生,进行了2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)的N-亚硝化以产生2,3-萘并噻唑(NAT)。简言之,将25μl合成的NO2-NO3-CLA标准物在氮气流下干燥,并重悬于具有20μM DAN的1ml不同极性的溶剂中。然后,通过HPLC-MS/MS在60min内形成了NAT(图4)。当NO2-NO3-CLA溶解在甲醇中时,未观察到NAT的形成(图4,方形曲线)。相反,添加pH7.4的具有100μM DTPA的1ml磷酸盐缓冲液50mM证实了NO2-NO3-CLA在碱性pH下的不稳定性,并且示出了NAT产生的时间依赖性(图4,圆形曲线)。
通过HPLC-MS/MS使用分析型C18Luna柱(2×20mm,5μm,Phenomenex)以0.75ml/min流速进行了NAT分析,其中梯度溶剂系统由含0.1%乙酸的水(溶剂A)和含0.1%乙酸的乙腈(溶剂B)组成。使用以下梯度程序对样品进行了色谱分离:10-100%溶剂B(0-3.3min);100%溶剂B(3.3-4.2min),然后再平衡0.8min至初始条件。使用了配备有正模式的电喷雾电离源(ESI)的API4000Q-阱三重四极杆质谱仪(Applied Biosystems,San Jose,CA),具有以下参数:去簇电压,70V;入口电压5;碰撞池出口电压10;碰撞能量35;以及去溶剂化温度为650℃。使用MRM转换170.1/115.1分析了NAT。
Claims (23)
1.一种组合物,包括有效量的具有下式的脂肪酸:
其中,n为从1至10,并且m为从1至10;以及
药学上可接受的赋形剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其中,所述脂肪酸被酯化成选自由以下组成的组的复合脂质:甘油二酯、甘油三酯、磷脂、糖脂和胆固醇酯。
3.一种递送一氧化氮的方法,包括向有需要的受试者给药有效量的具有下式的脂肪酸:
其中,n为从1至10,并且m为从1至10;以及
药学上可接受的赋形剂。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中,释放了一氧化氮分子。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中,释放的所述一氧化氮分子诱导血管舒张。
6.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中,释放了硝化的亚油酸分子。
7.根据.权利要求6所述的方法,其中,所述硝化的亚油酸分子提供免受代谢和炎症应激的保护。
8.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中,减少受试者胃肠道的负面副作用。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中,所述胃肠道的副作用选自由腹泻、痉挛性刺激、炎性肠病、结肠炎和溃疡组成的组。
10.一种治疗炎症、肥胖症、代谢综合征、急性肾病和慢性肾病的方法,包括向有需要的受试者给药有效量的具有下式的脂肪酸:
其中,n为从1至10,并且m为从1至10;以及
药学上可接受的赋形剂。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中,释放了一氧化氮分子。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中,释放的所述一氧化氮分子诱导血管舒张。
13.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中,释放了硝化的亚油酸分子。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中,所述硝化亚油酸分子提供免受代谢和炎性应激的保护。
15.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中,减少受试者胃肠道的负面副作用。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中,所述胃肠道的副作用选自由腹泻、痉挛性刺激、炎性肠病、结肠炎和溃疡组成的组。
17.一种诱导血管舒张的方法,包括向有需要的受试者给药有效量的具有下式的脂肪酸:
其中,n为从1至10,并且m为从1至10;以及
药学上可接受的赋形剂。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中,释放了一氧化氮分子。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中,释放的所述一氧化氮分子诱导血管舒张。
20.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中,释放了硝化的亚油酸分子。
21.根据权利要求20所述的方法,其中,所述硝化的亚油酸分子提供免受代谢和炎性应激的保护。
22.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中,减少受试者胃肠道的负面副作用。
23.根据权利要求22所述的方法,其中,所述胃肠道的副作用选自腹泻、痉挛性刺激、炎性肠病、结肠炎和溃疡组成的组。
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US9066902B2 (en) | 2009-07-31 | 2015-06-30 | University of Pittsburgh—of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education | Fatty acids as anti-inflammatory agents |
WO2013116753A1 (en) | 2012-02-03 | 2013-08-08 | University Of Pittsburgh-Of The Commonwelth System Of Higher Education | Fatty acids as anti-inflammatory agents |
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EP3522885A4 (en) | 2020-05-27 |
US20190282528A1 (en) | 2019-09-19 |
JP2019529517A (ja) | 2019-10-17 |
EP3522885A1 (en) | 2019-08-14 |
CA3039030A1 (en) | 2018-04-12 |
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