CN109789087A - 等渗晶体水溶液 - Google Patents
等渗晶体水溶液 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109789087A CN109789087A CN201780058883.3A CN201780058883A CN109789087A CN 109789087 A CN109789087 A CN 109789087A CN 201780058883 A CN201780058883 A CN 201780058883A CN 109789087 A CN109789087 A CN 109789087A
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- aqueous solution
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Abstract
本发明涉及包含Na+、K+和Cl‑的等渗晶体水溶液,及其作为血管扩张剂的用途。
Description
本发明涉及一种等渗晶体水溶液。
背景技术
失血性休克是一个非常重要的死亡原因,而晶体溶液的使用可以降低休克的严重程度和持续时间。
目前已知许多可在失血情况下用作血液替代品的溶液。
例如,Dubick M.A等人发表在电子和系统的选定主题(Selected topics inelectronic and systems)(2006年),42卷,394-400页中的文献,“在远程战斗环境中伤亡的低血压复苏:选定晶体和胶体对严重失血的猪模型中的信号转导介质的影响”(Hypotensive resuscitation of casualties in the far forward combatenvironment:effects of select crystalloids and colloids on signaltransduction mediators in a swine model of severe hemorrhage)描述了三种溶液,其中一种溶液是胶体,Hextend,另一种是基于血红蛋白的氧载体(hemoglobin-basedoxygen carriers,HBOC),polyHeme,再一种是晶体。这些溶液在其组成中不包含硝酸根离子、亚硝酸根离子或作为金属和类金属等的化学元素。
等人发表在国际医学研究杂志(The Journal of InternationalMedical Research),2001年,29卷,508-515页中的文献,“高渗盐水和晶体输注对犬失血性休克期间血液动力学参数的影响的比较”(Comparison of the effect of hypertonicsaline and crystalloid infusions on haemodynamic parameters duringhaemorrhagic shock in dogs),描述了两种晶体溶液在恢复遭受失血性休克的狗中的功效的对比试验。所对比的晶体一方面是作为标准处理的林格氏乳酸盐溶液,另一方面是由7.5%氯化钠盐水溶液组成的高渗盐水溶液。这些溶液均未包含硝酸根离子、亚硝酸根离子或作为金属和类金属的化学元素。
因此,研制一种能够产生比已知的溶液更好的结果的新型水溶液将是有意义的。
发明内容
本发明描述了包含硝酸根离子或亚硝酸根离子或其混合物以及金属和类金属的等渗晶体水溶液。
在本说明书中,“晶体水溶液”是指用于替代流体,主要是血液,的离子溶质溶液,其本身不存在渗透压。
在本发明中,提及等渗溶液是指所述溶液中的渗透压与身体的细胞外液,优选地,血液,中的渗透压相似,并且不改变血细胞体积的溶液。
本发明的第一方面涉及一种等渗晶体水溶液,包括在50mmol/L至200mmol/L范围内的Na+离子,在0.1mmol/L至10mmol/L范围内的K+离子,在50mmol/L至200mmol/L范围内的Cl-离子,所述等渗晶体水溶液具有在0.0001mmol/l至1mmol/L范围内的硝酸根离子或亚硝酸根离子或其混合物,并且具有选自以下的至少一种化学元素:Li、Be、B、Al、Si、P、Sc、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Br、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Mo、Pd、Ag、Sn、Sb、I、Cs、Ba、Ce、Au、TI、Pb、Bi、Th和U。
本发明的溶液不改变细胞的渗透平衡。
存在硝酸根离子或亚硝酸根离子或其混合物的一个优点在于当在哺乳动物中灌注所述溶液时,这些离子具有产生一氧化氮的潜力,而一氧化氮是一种产生血管舒张的气体。这样会改善组织的灌注和氧合。这可能对于例如在患有失血性休克的受试者的恢复中是非常有用的,失血性休克与低血压和血容量的不足相关,而低血压和血容量的不足导致毛细血管塌陷。
本发明的另一个优点是所述晶体中存在金属和类金属。当静脉输注时,这些元素具有氧化还原电位并且对生物体没有有害影响。该功能非常相关,因为化学元素可以表现为可以被氧化剂捕获的电子供体(还原剂)。该过程描述了氧化还原反应(氧化-还原)。毛细血管塌陷导致细胞缺氧和缺血,这导致多种细胞代谢和超微结构变化。当在再灌注期间再次引入氧气时,几种酶系统将加速缺血后组织中的活性氧物质(reactive oxygenspecies,ROS)产生(黄嘌呤氧化酶、NADPH氧化酶、线粒体电子传递链和非偶联的一氧化氮合酶),(“缺血-再灌注损伤的病理生理学、临床表现和预防”(Pathophysiology,clinicalmanifestations and prevention of Ischemia-reperfusion injury),Collard等人,Anesthesiology,2001年,94卷,1133-1138页)。ROS可以表现为氧化剂,并且是高活性和不稳定的分子。随着缺血组织的再灌注,在ROS的生成速率和组织对这些活性物质的解毒能力之间产生不平衡,因此,细胞损伤将随之发生。(“再灌注损伤和活性氧物质:概念的演变”(Reperfusion injury and reactive oxygen species:the evolution of a concept),DNeil Granger,Peter R.Kvietys,Redox Biology 6(2015年),524-551页)。ROS对细胞、微循环以及对它们高度敏感的糖萼(最内内皮层)有害(“肝脏缺血/再灌注损伤中糖萼降解的机制和生理相关性”(The mechanisms and physiological relevance of glycocalyxdegradation in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury),Rowan F.Van Golen等人,Antioxidants&Redox signaling,第21卷,第7期,2014年)。该晶体中和活性氧物质的能力可以保存糖萼、改善微循环、并因此减少缺血再灌注损伤。所有这些均可以提高失血性休克的存活率。
活性氧物质的释放将在毛细血管募集和再灌注后发生,因此,由于硝酸根和亚硝酸根离子的存在,这种等渗晶体水溶液不仅具有打开塌陷的毛细血管的能力,而且具有中和反应性的氧物质的潜力,这一点至关重要。因此,硝酸根和亚硝酸根具有通过硝酸根-亚硝酸根-一氧化氮途径打开塌陷的毛细血管的潜力,并且组成溶液的化学元素将共同作用,以通过其氧化还原电位中和活性氧物质。简单来说,硝酸根和亚硝酸根将“重新连接”塌陷到体循环的毛细血管,而化学元素将“扫除”在与系统循环“断开”时产生的碎屑。毛细血管保存是向细胞输送氧气和细胞吸收氧气的基础,但糖萼的完整性也是如此。受损的糖萼将阻碍氧气从血管扩散到细胞,并且还导致间质增厚,这可能使毛细血管塌陷,或者至少使血细胞难以通过它们。因此,向细胞输送氧气取决于正确的微循环,而这又需要健康的糖萼。本发明的溶液影响这两个关键方面;正是这两种特性的协同作用解释了我们在下面引用的实验测试中获得的良好结果。
血液是常规用于治疗经历大量失血的患者的流体,但它确实存在许多风险并且不总是有效的。本发明的溶液允许由于硝酸根或亚硝酸根的存在而恢复微循环,其中硝酸根或亚硝酸根在由于通过硝酸根-亚硝酸根-一氧化氮途径输注到体循环后可能会潜在地转化为一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO),如在许多科学论文中所解释的,例如Sruti Shiva发表在Redox Biology 1(2013年),40-44页的文件,“亚硝酸根:一氧化氮的生理储存和线粒体功能的调节剂”(Nitrite:A physiological store of nitric oxide and modulator ofmitochondrial function),或Eddie Weitzberg等人发表在Anesthesiology,2010年,113卷,1460-1475页的题为“硝酸根-亚硝酸根-一氧化氮途径:对麻醉学和重症监护的启示”(Nitrate-Nitrite-Nitric Oxide Pathway:Implications for Anesthesiology andIntensive Care)。在小血管(毛细血管)障碍的情况下产生一氧化氮导致毛细血管恢复,从而保持灌注和功能性毛细血管密度,并因此保持组织氧合。
因此,本发明的溶液具有生成一氧化氮、恢复微循环而不损害大循环或产生任何其他毒性作用的潜力。
本发明的第二方面涉及本发明的溶液用作药物。
本发明的第三方面涉及本发明的溶液用作血管扩张剂。
本发明中描述的溶液优选用于失血性休克或急性等容血液稀释的情况。
因此,本发明的另一方面是本发明的溶液用于治疗失血性休克或急性等容血液稀释。
本发明的另一方面是本发明的溶液用作静脉内液体替代物。
本发明的溶液还可用于预防由缺血发作后再灌注引起的损伤(缺血-再灌注损伤)。在本发明中提及的缺血发作后再灌注是指例如器官移植、心脏手术-从体外循环切换到生理循环、通过消除循环中的STOP(血管成形术、血栓切除术、纤维蛋白溶解术等)或失血性休克而在缺血发作(梗塞、中风等)后任何组织的血运重建(血流恢复),其中在适当的治疗后再次灌注塌陷的小血管。
当组织由于缺乏灌注,例如体外循环期间的心脏,而经历缺氧供应(缺氧-缺血)时,过量的ROS会被生成。一旦缺氧组织被再灌注,ROS将被释放,导致细胞、微循环和糖萼(内皮的内层)的损伤,如前所述。这是被称为“缺血-再灌注损伤”的现象的潜在过程之一。
因此,在经历缺血的组织再灌注期间输注本发明的溶液以减轻缺血-再灌注损伤是有用的。
因此,本发明的最后一个方面是本发明的溶液用于预防缺血-再灌注损伤的。
优选实施例的描述
在本发明第一方面的优选实施例中,该溶液还包括在1mmol/L至20mmol/L范围内的Mg2+。在本发明第一方面的第二个优选实施例中,该溶液还包括在5mmol/L至20mmol/L范围内的Mg2+。
在本发明第一方面的第三个优选实施例中,该溶液包括在1mmol/L至20mmol/L范围内的Ca2+离子。在本发明第一方面的第四个优选实施例中,该溶液还包括在1mmol/L至10mmol/L范围内的Ca2+。
在本发明第一方面的第五优选实施例中,该硝酸根离子或亚硝酸根离子或其混合物在0.0001mmol/L至1mmol/L范围内,优选地,在0.0001mmol/L至0.06mmol/L之间,更优选地,在0.001mmol/L至0.06mmol/L之间。
更优选地,在本发明的第一方面,该溶液还包括在0.1mmol/l至2mmol/l范围内的HCO3-。
更优选地,在本发明的第一方面,该溶液还包括在4mmol/l至8mmol/l范围内的SO4 2-。
该溶液的pH优选在5至10之间,更优选地,在6至9之间。在一个具体实施例中,该溶液在22℃的pH为6.9。在一个具体实施例中,本发明的溶液在36℃具有0.006mg O2/mmHgpO2/dl的溶解度系数。
在更优选的实施例中,本发明的水溶液具有选自以下的多种化学元素:Li、Be、B、Al、Si、P、Sc、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Br、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Mo、Pd、Ag、Sn、Sb、I、Cs、Ba、Ce、Au、TI、Pb、Bi、Th和U,以及进一步优选地,Ho。
在优选的实施例中,本发明的水溶液具有选自以下的至少一种化学元素:Li、Be、B、Al、Si、P、Sc、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Br、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Mo、Pd、Ag、Sn、Sb、I、Cs、Ba、Ce、Ho、Au、TI、Pb、Bi、Th和U。
在优选的实施例中,本发明的水溶液具有以下化学元素:Li、Be、B、Al、Si、P、Sc、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Br、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Mo、Pd、Ag、Sn、Sb、I、Cs、Ba、Ce、Ho、Au、TI、Pb、Bi、Th和U。
在一个具体实施例中,该水溶液具有以下浓度的化学元素:11.12810-3mmol/L的Li、0.0177 10-3mmol/L的Be、144.73 10-3mmol/L的B、0.8210-3mmol/L的Al、84.11 10-3mmol/L的Si、0.39 10-3mmol/L的P、8.008810-6mmol/L的Sc、0.03866mmol/L的V、8.46 10-6mmol/L的Cr、0.37 10-3mmol/L的Mn、0.31 10-3mmol/L的Fe、0.009 10-3mmol/L的Co、0.02 10-3mmol/L的Ni、0.969 10-3mmol/L的Cu、0.7576 10-3mmol/L的Zn、0.0072 10-3mmol/L的As、348.69910-3mmol/L的Br、0.459 10-3mmol/L的Rb、29.63 10-3mmol/L的Sr、0.00247 10-3mmol/L的Y、0.0003288 10-3mmol/L的Zr、0.0503 10-3mmol/L的Mo、0.09 10-6mmol/L的Pd、0.00129 10- 3mmol/L的Ag、0.00193 10-3mmol/L的Sn、0.000082 10-3mmol/L的Sb、0.58 10-3mmol/L的I、0.0012 10-3mmol/L的Cs、0.1054 10-3mmol/L的Ba、0.00014 10-3mmol/L的Ce、0.0040 10- 3mmol/L的Au、0.00102 10-3mmol/L的TI、0.022 10-3mmol/L的Pb、0.01119 10-3mmol/L的Bi、0.01267 10-3mmol/L的Th、0.0047 10-3mmol/L的U、170mmol/L的Na、17.17mmol/L的Mg、4.5mmol/L的S、4.6mmol/L的K、3.99mmol/L的Ca以及0.000060 10-3的Ho。
优选地,化学元素是:Li、Fe、Cu、Al、Mn、Zn、Sr、Sn、Pb、Br、S和P。更优选地,化学元素是:Li、Fe、Cu、Al、Mn、Zn、Sr、Sn和Pb。
示例
在示例中使用的本发明的溶液、胞浆(Plasmalyte)和全血(储存少于20天)。所用溶液的组成如下所示。
表1示出了在测试中使用的本发明的溶液的组成。
mmol/L | |
Na<sup>+</sup> | 128.51 |
K<sup>+</sup> | 2.7 |
Mg<sup>2+</sup> | 12.32 |
Ca<sup>2+</sup> | 3.082 |
Cl<sup>-</sup> | 164 |
SO<sub>4</sub><sup>-2</sup> | 6.47 |
HCO<sup>3-</sup> | 0.836 |
NO<sup>3-</sup> | <0.0484 |
该组合物还含有化学元素,例如:11.128 10-3mmol/L的Li、0.017710-3mmol/L的Be、144.73 10-3mmol/L的B、0.82 10-3mmol/L的Al、84.1110-3mmol/L的Si、0.39 10-3mmol/L的P、8.0088 10-6mmol/L的Sc、0.03866mmol/L的V、8.46 10-6mmol/L的Cr、0.37 10-3mmol/L的Mn、0.3110-3mmol/L的Fe、0.009 10-3mmol/L的Co、0.02 10-3mmol/L的Ni、0.96910-3mmol/L的Cu、0.7576 10-3mmol/L的Zn、0.0072 10-3mmol/L的As、348.69910-3mmol/L的Br、0.45910-3mmol/L的Rb、29.63 10-3mmol/L的Sr、0.0024710-3mmol/L的Y、0.0003288 10-3mmol/L的Zr、0.0503 10-3mmol/L的Mo、0.0910-6mmol/L的Pd、0.00129 10-3mmol/L的Ag、0.00193 10- 3mmol/L的Sn、0.000082 10-3mmol/L的Sb、0.58 10-3mmol/L的I、0.0012 10-3mmol/L的Cs、0.1054 10-3mmol/L的Ba、0.00014 10-3mmol/L的Ce、0.0040 10-3mmol/L的Au、0.00102 10- 3mmol/L的TI、0.022 10-3mmol/L的Pb、0.01119 10-3mmol/L的Bi、0.01267 10-3mmol/L的Th、以及0.0047 10-3mmol/L的U。
表2示出了示例中使用的胞浆溶液的组成(数据来源于Lira等人,Ann IntensiveCare,2014年)。
mmol/L | |
Na<sup>+</sup> | 140 |
K<sup>+</sup> | 5 |
Mg<sup>2+</sup> | 1.5 |
Cl<sup>-</sup> | 98 |
醋酸盐 | 27 |
葡糖酸盐 | 23 |
渗透压 | 294 |
示例选用猪来进行。所有动物均来自相同的杂交种,均为雌性,且属于特定的重量范围。该方案包括根据计算估算的血容量的40%-60%之间的血容量(血容量平均为体重的7%),以达到大于5mmol/L的乳酸水平,根据Rixen等人在他们的论文“猪失血性休克模型:氧债和代谢性酸血症作为严重程度的指标”(A pig hemorrhagic shock model:oxygendebt and metabolic acidemia as indicators of severity),其与75.2mL/kg或更高的组织氧债相关。鉴于每只动物的循环血量在55ml/kg到74ml/kg之间,并且排出的血量不是决定因素,因为它是由抽取的速度和动物对缺氧的耐受性决定的,建立的目标是达到上述组织氧债的程度。然后使用本发明的溶液替换抽取的血容量(排出的血容量输注三倍(3:1比例)),并且在替换后的分钟内(T0=恰好替换后,T15=替换后15分钟,T30=替换后30分钟,T1h=替换后1小时,T2h=替换后2小时)测量乳酸洗涤,利用微扫描分析肠道微循环,特别注意灌注的小血管的比例,以百分比表示(小PPV:灌注小血管的比例,以%表示)。在能够自由获得水和食物的谷仓中,观察失血性休克后的动物72小时。
在休克期间观察到PPV下降,并且在替换后60分钟在所有测量区域中观察到100%的PPV,证明了本发明的溶液具有在失血性休克期间打开那些塌陷的小血管并且能够均匀地打开的能力。
这种微循环的定量分析还伴随着有效的乳酸洗涤,这是在微循环中观察到的临床表现。
高达10mmol/L的乳酸水平在2小时内降至4mmol/L,短时间后乳酸水平在正常范围内。在24小时、48小时和72小时后,动物站立、进食、排便和利尿良好,具有良好的氧合和通气,乳酸水平小于或等于范围内所有测量结果和离子中的基线水平。
添加一个阴性对照组,包括在实践中常用的晶体之一,即一种平衡的等渗溶液。如方案中所确定的,将动物中的乳酸水平提高至高于5mmol/L的水平,然后进行胞浆输注(3:1比例)。在2小时观察期间乳酸水平保持很高,并且在3小时后其仍然是6mmol/L。
该结果显示出与本发明的溶液的明显差异。
在微循环水平,存在具有17%PPV的区域,这解释了为什么乳酸水平没有如用本发明的溶液观察到的那样降低。24小时后,动物站立、食欲不振且明显无力。还观察到呼气喘鸣、呼吸困难和腹部收缩。听诊显示双侧声音过弱。动脉血气显示血红蛋白氧饱和度为89%,氧分压为60mmHg,氧气流量为5升。这一切似乎表明该动物正在经历急性肺水肿。处死动物后,取出不同器官的样本;在肠水平观察到环状水肿,而在本发明的溶液组和全血组中没有这种情况。本发明的溶液相对于的优越性是显而易见的。24小时后,乳酸水平仍然高于基线乳酸水平,这是微循环未恢复的明确指标。
将本发明的溶液与全血输血(在5℃下储存少于20天)进行比较,其中以全血输血1:1的比例进行复苏,这对于失血性休克是理想的治疗方法。结果与微循环和乳酸洗涤的分析相似。在失血性休克期间,PPV下降,并且在用血液复苏后达到100%的PPV,然而在所有测量区域中情况并非如此,因为在一些测量区域中,1小时后仍然存在50%的PPV,而这种情况在2小时后正常。乳酸水平超过5mmol/L,并在两小时以上恢复正常。动物在24小时后有良好的面貌,氧合和通气充足,并且动物正在进食、排便、排尿、且呼吸动力良好。
关于微循环,该新晶体相对于全血不逊色的事实突出。该结果不是个例,而是在测试中包括的每一只动物中连续重复出现。
表3示出了利用本发明的溶液处理的动物中的结果。该动物体重32kg,估计血容量为2,200mL,抽取40%的血容量,超过5mmol/L的乳酸阈值。
MBP:平均血压
HR:心率
SpO2:外周氧饱和度
EtCO2:呼气末CO2
FiO2:吸入氧气的分数
PEEP:呼气末正压
EB:基数过剩
Hb:血红蛋白
Hct:血细胞比容
SatcvO2:中心静脉血氧饱和度
CVP:中心静脉压
MetHb:高铁血红蛋白
CI:心脏指数
SVV%:每搏输出量变化,表示为%
SVRi:全身血管阻力指数
SVi:每搏输出量指数
PPV:灌注小型血管的比例,以%表示
rSO2:区域组织氧饱和度。第一个数字表示大脑饱和度,第二个数字表示肌肉饱和度。
利尿:在流程结束时动物排出的尿量。
SR:窦性节律
测量本发明溶液中氧气在36℃下的溶解度系数,系数为0.006mgO2/mm Hg/dl。当将其与中氧气的溶解度系数(0.0041mgO2/mm Hg/dl)和血浆(未稀释)中氧气的溶解度系数(0.0031mgO2/mm Hg/dl)进行比较时,其中,溶解度系数均在36℃下测量,发现本发明溶液的溶解度系数优于其他溶液的溶解度系数。这是有利的,因为它证明了这种新溶液具有更高的溶解氧能力。溶解在血浆中的氧气是与血红蛋白无关的氧气,在严重贫血(Hb低于3-4g/dl)的情况下非常重要。
表4示出了用处理的动物的结果。该动物体重21kg,估计血容量排出量为55%,超过方案中规定的5mmol/L的乳酸阈值。
表5示出了用全血处理的动物的结果,其中具有60%的血容量排出量,超过5mmol/L的乳酸阈值。
数据显示本发明的溶液比胞浆溶液产生更好的结果。在代谢和血液动力学管理以及实验中动物临床状态的管理方面,这是显而易见的。与全血相比,本发明的溶液显然不逊色,使其置于非常有利的位置。应该指出的是,用于实验的血液是全血,储存时间少于20天。输入患者的血液通常在最长42天内储存。这种库存血液被称为“老血液”,其生化和结构状态与新鲜血液大不相同。这可能具有临床影响,因为“老的”储存血液遭受生化变化(ATP下降,2,3DPG下降等)和形态变化(红细胞转化为不适应微循环的棘细胞)。储存血液具有有限的氧气输送能力,并且取代恢复灌注,该血液经常损害灌注。
乳酸盐图表作为在24小时、48小时和72小时的结果比较显示了有说服力的结果。当将结果乳酸盐与基线乳酸盐进行比较时,我们看到用本发明的溶液处理过的动物具有低于或与基线乳酸盐相同的乳酸盐。在胞浆和全血组中没有这种情况。在胞浆组中,24/48/72小时的许多乳酸盐优于基线乳酸盐,而在血液组中,一部分乳酸盐优于基线乳酸盐。乳酸是我们目前测试微循环的最佳标志,因为它是组织恢复(氧债恢复)的标志,并且与失血性休克后的存活率密切相关。
表6示出了在24小时、48小时和72小时的乳酸盐比较
Ox代表本发明的溶液。
S代表全血组
P代表胞浆组
动物被编号
Lac是指以mmol/L表示的乳酸盐水平
应当指出,在用本发明的溶液处理的动物组中,与全血和胞浆组相比,观察到更高的碱(碳酸氢盐)消耗。这可能与在失血性休克期间塌陷的毛细血管募集和由组织缺氧导致的酸性代谢物释放到全身循环(大循环)有关。用本发明的溶液处理的动物组中碱基的最高消耗与24/48/72小时的最佳乳酸值相关,因此,本发明的溶液改善了出血患者的代谢管理,因为微循环中会“清除”酸性代谢物。所有这些将再次提高失血性休克的存活率。
在对每只动物施用镇静剂量的致死性氯化钾后,进行三组的比较组织学分析。分析心房、心室、主动脉、腔静脉、肺、肝、脾、肠、肠系膜淋巴结和肾脏。在用本发明处理的动物组中,在所分析的任何组织中均未观察到毒性迹象或任何化学元素沉积。
Claims (15)
1.一种等渗晶体水溶液,包括在50mmol/L至200mmol/L范围内的Na+离子、在1mmol/L至10mmol/L范围内的K+离子、在50mmol/L至200mmol/L范围内的Cl-离子,其特征在于,所述等渗晶体水溶液具有在0.0001mmol/L至1mmol/L范围内的硝酸根离子或亚硝酸根离子或其混合物,并且具有选自以下的至少一种化学元素:Li、Be、B、Al、Si、P、Sc、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Br、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Mo、Pd、Ag、Sn、Sb、I、Cs、Ba、Ce、Au、TI、Pb、Bi、Th和U。
2.根据权利要求1所述的晶体水溶液,包括在1mmol/L至20mmol/L范围内的Mg2+离子。
3.根据权利要求1所述的晶体水溶液,包括在5mmol/L至20mmol/L范围内的Mg2+离子。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的晶体水溶液,包括在1mmol/L至20mmol/L范围内的Ca2+离子。
5.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的晶体水溶液,包括在1mmol/L至10mmol/L范围内的Ca2+离子。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述的晶体水溶液,其中所述硝酸根离子或亚硝酸根离子或其混合物的范围为0.0001mmol/L至10mmol/L。
7.根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述的晶体水溶液,其中所述硝酸根离子或亚硝酸根离子或其混合物的范围为0.0001mmol/L至1mmol/L。
8.根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述的晶体水溶液,其中所述硝酸根离子或亚硝酸根离子或其混合物的范围为0.0001mmol/L至0.06mmol/L。
9.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的晶体水溶液,包括选自以下的多种化学元素:Li、Be、B、Al、Si、P、Sc、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Br、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Mo、Pd、Ag、Sn、Sb、I、Cs、Ba、Ce、Ho、Au、TI、Pb、Bi、Th和U。
10.根据权利要求1-9中任一项所述的晶体水溶液,包括以下化学元素:Li、Be、B、Al、Si、P、Sc、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Br、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Mo、Pd、Ag、Sn、Sb、I、Cs、Ba、Ce、Ho、Au、TI、Pb、Bi、Th和U。
11.根据权利要求1-10中任一项所述的溶液用作药物。
12.根据权利要求1-10中任一项所述的溶液用作血管扩张剂。
13.根据权利要求1-10中任一项所述的溶液用于治疗失血性休克或急性等容血液稀释。
14.根据权利要求1-10中任一项所述的溶液用作静脉内液体替代物。
15.根据权利要求1-10中任一项所述的溶液用于预防缺血-再灌注损伤。
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