CN109646425B - H1、h2或j型虾青素聚集体水分散体系的制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
H1、h2或j型虾青素聚集体水分散体系的制备方法与应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
H1、H2或J型虾青素聚集体水分散体系的制备方法及应用,三种颜色的虾青素聚集体水分散体系均利用天然生物大分子壳聚糖和鱼精DNA特殊的分子结构,通过大分子间物理作用,结合溶剂、盐离子效应诱导虾青素多聚体的形成和稳定。选用低毒性的乙醇作为虾青素良溶剂,该有机溶剂在制备过程后期可完全脱除,并可进一步富集、循环利用,利于清洁生产、降低成本。通过调整工艺参数可控制得H1、H2或J型虾青素聚集体水分散体系,使虾青素水性制品的呈色范围扩展到黄色、橘色和粉色,且在浓缩、脱水、复溶过程中均保持稳定的虾青素聚集状态和呈色效果。三种虾青素聚集体水分散体系的制备工艺简单,条件温和,生产成本低,绿色无污染,便于工业化推广。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及可溶于水的聚集态虾青素稳定水分散体系,具体地说是制备以虾青素H1、H2或J型聚集体形式存在且聚集态可控的三种H1、H2或J型虾青素聚集体水分散体系,属于食品、医药、化工技术领域。
背景技术
虾青素广泛存在于自然界,如植物花、叶、果实,甲壳类动物、鱼、藻体等的组织内。作为一种脂溶性色素,虾青素不仅具有艳丽的色泽和强大的抗氧化活性,而被广泛用于养殖、日化及医疗健康行业。其中,雨生红球藻来源的天然虾青素是迄今为止发现的自然界中存在的最强抗氧化剂,也是唯一能够通过血脑屏障的类胡萝卜素,因此可作为膳食补充剂、食品添加剂、着色剂、抗氧化剂等。
正是由于虾青素优秀的着色力和虾青素聚集诱导的吸收光谱位移,造成生物组织内富含虾青素的甲壳动物、鸟类等呈现不同色彩。例如,虾青素是龙虾壳中甲壳蓝蛋白的唯一呈色组份,与甲壳蓝蛋白结合后,虾青素的吸收光谱发生显著红移,这可能与虾青素和甲壳蓝蛋白相互作用过程中发生的分子聚集有关。体外研究表明,疏水性的虾青素单体分子在水合溶剂中可以发生分子聚集,产生两种显著不同的聚集体。一种是H型虾青素聚集体,由虾青素单体分子以“面对面”平行共轭链堆叠而成,相对于虾青素游离单体的最大吸收波长发生蓝移。另一种是J型虾青素聚集体,以松散的虾青素单体分子“头-尾”错位平行堆叠组成,相对于虾青素游离单体的最大吸收波长发生红移。Fuciman等(2013)进一步研究发现溶解在DMSO水合溶液的虾青素可以形成两种H型虾青素聚集体,即H1型和H2型虾青素聚集体,两种聚集体溶液的最大吸收谱带呈现不同程度的蓝移。其中H1型虾青素聚集体的最大吸收峰相对于游离虾青素单体的吸收峰(504 nm)蓝移至388 nm附近,由大量虾青素单体分子以“面对面”紧密堆积并平行排列,因此具有较窄的吸收峰;而H2型虾青素聚集体是一种非常不稳定的、瞬时聚集形式,由虾青素单体分子以“面对面”松散堆积并平行排列,其最大吸收峰则相对于游离虾青素单体的吸收峰(504 nm)蓝移至460 nm,且其最大吸收峰较宽。Lu等(2017)利用线性光谱理论和Frenkel激子模型来模拟虾青素在乙醇和水的共混液发生的聚集现象和光谱变化,计算表明H型聚集体在387 nm展示出的尖锐吸收峰是由大量虾青素六聚体诱导产生,即H1型聚集体,而当虾青素分子组成稀疏,即主要以单体、二聚体、三聚体呈现时,则会在400-500 nm处出现一个宽峰,即H2型聚集体。实际上,在单纯的乙醇水溶液中,稀疏堆积而成的H2型虾青素聚集体与紧密堆积而成的H1型虾青素聚集体是动态转化过程,无法将两者分开并维持其稳定的聚集状态。目前也未见关于利用相同生物分子材料,仅通过控制制备参数即可控制得三种颜色各异的H1、H2或J型虾青素聚集体水分散体系的报道。光谱性质和微观结构各异的虾青素聚集体的获得对于虾青素构-效关系等科学研究和虾青素功能制品,虾青素多色着色的应用开发都具有重要意义。
发明内容
本发明的目的是针对现在虾青素难溶于水且溶液颜色单一、游离虾青素不稳定、水分散型虾青素的微观结构不可控等问题,利用壳聚糖、天然DNA和盐溶液构建虾青素聚集态的稳定微环境,提供一种可控制形成三种颜色的H1型或H2型或J型虾青素聚集体水分散体系的制备方法。
本发明的H1或H2或J型虾青素聚集体水分散体系,包括水、无机盐、包含虾青素聚集体的复合粒子;所述无机盐为钠盐或钾盐;
所述包含虾青素聚集体的复合粒子由壳聚糖、天然DNA和虾青素复合组成,其中虾青素以某种聚集体形式稳定嵌入到壳聚糖和DNA分子缠绕形成的疏水微区中,复合粒子的平均粒径小于1 μm,复合粒子表面带有大量正电荷,zeta电位大于20 mV,复合粒子在水中可稳定分散,且该体系具有高透明度,透光率达到90%以上。
由于该体系为亲水性体系,且主要成分为虾青素、壳聚糖、天然DNA及少量无机盐,其中未添加油剂、表面活性剂等其他化学合成物质,因此具有良好的生物安全性、生物相容性和生物可降解性。
H1型虾青素聚集体水分散体系的制备方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
1)4-25℃,避光条件下,将虾青素溶于任意体积的体积分数大于95%的乙醇,以得到虾青素乙醇溶液,如果存在未溶解的虾青素时,采用离心或过滤的方式除去未溶解的虾青素颗粒;
2)室温条件下,将固体DNA溶解于水中,120℃高压灭菌30 min制得0.01-0.5 mg/ml的DNA溶液;
3)室温条件下,将壳聚糖溶解于pH 1-4的盐酸或醋酸溶液中,然后以氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾溶液调节pH至5-6得到0.01-0.5 mg/ml的壳聚糖溶液;
4)在20-25℃下,将步骤1)虾青素乙醇溶液快速加入到步骤3)的壳聚糖溶液中;控制乙醇相与水相体积比在1:5-1:10范围内,200-500 rpm搅拌30分钟以上,以最终得到呈黄色的H1型虾青素聚体复合粒子;
并且搅拌时间一定要大于30 min,搅拌时间对生成稳定的H1聚体至关重要。
5)200-500 rpm搅拌的条件下,将步骤2)制备的DNA溶液缓慢加入至上述步骤4)的混合液中,控制DNA溶液与步骤4)中的水相体积比为1:2;20-25℃继续搅拌混合15-20 min;
6)在25-35℃,真空度2-8 mbar条件下,悬蒸除去乙醇溶剂,使体系中乙醇残留量低于1%;
7)室温条件下向脱除乙醇的混合体系中加入低聚壳聚糖,使低聚壳聚糖的终浓度为0.001-0.2 wt %,混匀后即得到H1虾青素多聚体纳米分散体系。
步骤1)中,所述的离心条件为10000 rpm离心5-15 min。
步骤1)中,所述的过滤条件为微孔滤膜(如0.8 µm以下孔径)。
步骤4)中,所述的快速加入是倒入,或是大于20 cm3/s以上的流速加入。
步骤5)中,所述的缓慢加入是以0.02-2 cm3/s的流速加入。
所述的H1型虾青素聚集体水分散体系为粒度在50~300 nm范围内的胶体,透光率大于90 %;体系中的虾青素分子头-头、尾-尾相连,紧密堆积形成虾青素H1-聚集体;且在水中呈现透明的黄色,在波长380~390 nm有最大光吸收。需要指出的是,该方法中,虾青素乙醇溶液的浓度可为任意浓度,即虾青素的不饱和溶液也能制备出具有呈现透明黄色的分散体系,远胜以往必须使用饱和虾青素乙醇溶液的方案。
H2型虾青素聚集体水分散体系的制备方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
1)4-25℃,避光条件下,将虾青素溶于任意体积的体积分数大于95%的乙醇,以得到虾青素乙醇溶液,如果存在未溶解的虾青素时,采用离心或过滤的方式除去未溶解的虾青素颗粒;
2)室温条件下,将固体DNA溶解于水中,120℃高压灭菌30 min制得0.01-0.5 mg/ml的DNA溶液;
3)室温条件下,将壳聚糖溶解于pH 1-4的盐酸或醋酸溶液中,然后以氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾溶液调节pH至5-6,随后加氯化钠至壳聚糖溶液中,并使其充分溶解、混合均匀,使氯化钠终浓度为3.5-35 mg/ml,最终得到0.01-0. 5 mg/ml的壳聚糖溶液;
4)在20-25℃条件下,将步骤1)的虾青素溶液快速加入到步骤3)的壳聚糖溶液中;控制乙醇相与水相体积比在1:5-1:10,1000-2000 rpm快速搅拌3分钟,以最终得到呈橘色的H2型虾青素多聚体复合粒子;
此步骤中搅拌速度和搅拌时间均至关重要,在虾青素倒入的瞬间要迅速加大搅拌力度,并且搅拌时间要短暂;
5)200-500 rpm搅拌的条件下,将步骤2)制备的DNA溶液缓慢加入至上述步骤4)的混合液中,控制DNA溶液与步骤4)中的水相体积比为1:2;20-25℃继续搅拌混合15-20 min;
6)在25-35℃,真空度2-8 mbar条件下,悬蒸除去乙醇溶剂,使体系中乙醇残留量低于1%;
7)室温条件下向脱除乙醇的混合体系中加入低聚壳聚糖,使低聚壳聚糖的终浓度为0.001-0.2 wt %,混匀后即得到H2虾青素多聚体水分散体系。
步骤1)中,所述的离心条件为10000 rpm离心5-15 min。
步骤1)中,所述的过滤条件为微孔滤膜(如0.8 µm以下孔径)。
步骤4)中,所述的快速加入是倒入,或是大于20 cm3/s以上的流速加入。
步骤5)中,所述的缓慢加入是以0.02-2 cm3/s的流速加入。
所述的H2型虾青素聚集体水分散体系为粒度在200~600 nm范围内的胶体,透光率大于90 %;体系中的虾青素分子头-头、尾-尾相连,松散堆积形成虾青素H2-聚集体;且在水中呈现透明的橘色,在波长457~467 nm有最大光吸收。
J型虾青素聚集体水分散体系的制备方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
1)4-25℃,避光条件下,将虾青素溶于任意体积的体积分数大于95%的乙醇,以得到虾青素乙醇溶液,如果存在未溶解的虾青素时,采用离心或过滤的方式除去未溶解的虾青素颗粒;
2)室温条件下,将固体DNA溶解于水中,120℃高压灭菌30 min制得0.01-0.5 mg/ml的DNA溶液;
3)室温条件下,将壳聚糖溶解于pH 1-4的盐酸或醋酸溶液中,然后以氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾溶液调节pH至5-6得到0.01-0. 5 mg/ml的壳聚糖溶液;
4)在20-25℃下,将步骤1)虾青素乙醇溶液快速加入到步骤3)的壳聚糖溶液中;控制乙醇相与水相体积比在1:2-1:10范围内,200-500 rpm搅拌15-30分钟,以最终得到呈粉色的J型虾青素聚体复合粒子;
此步骤的关键是使用存放时间不超过2天的新鲜溶解的虾青素乙醇溶液;
5)200-500 rpm搅拌的条件下,将步骤2)制备的DNA溶液缓慢加入至上述步骤4)的混合液中,控制DNA溶液与步骤4)中的水相体积比为1:2;20-25℃继续搅拌混合15-20 min;
6)在25-35℃,真空度2-8 mbar条件下,悬蒸除去乙醇溶剂,使体系中乙醇残留量低于1%;
7)室温条件下向脱除乙醇的混合体系中加入低聚壳聚糖,使低聚壳聚糖的终浓度为0.001-0.2 wt %,混匀后即得到H2虾青素多聚体水分散体系。
所述的J型虾青素聚集体水分散体系为粒度在200~800 nm范围内的胶体,透光率大于90 %;体系中的虾青素分子头-尾相连并堆积形成虾青素J聚集体;且在水中呈现透明的粉色,在波长525 nm和565 nm处有两个并肩峰。需要指出的是,该方法中,虾青素乙醇溶液的浓度可为任意浓度,即虾青素的不饱和溶液也能制备出具有呈现透明粉色的水分散体系,远胜以往必须使用饱和虾青素乙醇溶液的方案。
优选的,上述三个制备方法中有以下工艺参数:
步骤1)中,所述的离心条件为10000 rpm离心5-15 min;
步骤1)中,所述的过滤条件为微孔滤膜(如0.8 µm以下孔径);
步骤4)中,所述的快速加入是倒入,或是大于20 cm3/s以上的流速加入;
步骤5)中,所述的缓慢加入是以0.02-2 cm3/s的流速加入。
优选的,上述三个制备方法中的原料有以下规格:
步骤1)所用的虾青素为3S-3’S型,3R-3’R型,以及3R-3’S三种构型中的一种。
步骤3)所用的壳聚糖脱乙酰度范围在72-99%,分子量范围在50-150 kDa;
步骤7)所述的低聚壳聚糖为可溶于水的壳聚糖,脱乙酰度大于90%,分子量范围在1-8 kDa。
步骤2)所用的天然DNA为具有双螺旋结构的长链、线性DNA,为从动、植物或微生物组织中提取的分子量大于10 KB的天然DNA;如鲑鱼精DNA。
上述三个制备方法制得的产品有以下应用:
上述方法制备的H1或H2或J型虾青素多聚体水分散体系作为食品着色剂、膳食、保健品、日化用品、饲料的应用。
上述方法制备的H1或H2或J型虾青素多聚体水分散体系的应用,其特征在于所制备的水分散体系经干燥脱水得到固体粉末,或者浓缩得到高虾青素含量的胶体,将所得粉末或浓缩胶体直接添加到水性基质、乳液或固体物料中混合,或被包封于软/硬胶囊壳中,然后加工成食品着色剂、特殊膳食、保健品、日化用品、饲料的应用。
上述所述的水性基质包括矿泉水、纯净水、蒸馏水;所述的乳液包括牛奶、发酵乳、乳化剂;所述的固体物料包括淀粉、糊精、微晶纤维素、明胶。
有益效果
虾青素多聚体水分散体系的制备方法简单易行,制备过程无高温、高压等特殊条件,操作、控制相对简单,可连续化生产,产品中溶剂残留少,脱除的有机溶剂乙醇可以回收利用,便于绿色清洁生产,且生产成本低,产品的生物利用率高。选取的虾青素良溶剂为低毒性的乙醇,无需添加丙酮、乙酸乙酯、氯仿等毒性大的有机溶剂,适合作为食品级虾青素产品的制备方法。该方法的关键在于:通过控制投料顺序、投料比、盐溶液控制虾青素分子的有序堆积,加入的天然DNA、壳聚糖在包载虾青素多聚体的同时稳定其多聚体结构,进一步的溶剂蒸发过程促使形成H1或H2或J构型的虾青素多聚体,最后加入低聚壳聚糖维持胶体系统的稳定性和复合粒子表面的正电性,利于机体吸收,且整个制备方法对于原材料的浓度等条件并不苛求,只需像步骤3、4那样对每一步结果进行把控即可实现最终效果。传统方法或采用饱和虾青素乙醇溶液进行类似的制备,但该方式有明显的不足,即获得饱和溶液时必须采用过滤等方式,这势必导致虾青素的浪费和工序的复杂化。
该方法所用材料来源天然、安全无毒,所制得的虾青素多聚体水分散体系为可分散于水相的胶体,具有较高的透明度,透光率可达90 %以上,乙醇残留量<1%,具有良好的生物安全性、生物相容性和生物可降解性。体系内均匀分散的复合粒子的平均水合粒径小于1 µm,具有小尺寸、大表面积、高表面能的特点,有利于机体的吸收利用。复合粒子内部固定的虾青素多聚体分别以H1型或H2型或J型三种不同的聚集态存在,而不是以虾青素单体存在,因此,三种虾青素多聚体水分散体系呈现三种截然不同的颜色,其中,以H1型虾青素多聚体形式存在的水分散体系呈现黄色,在波长范围380-390 nm有最大光吸收;以H2型虾青素多聚体形式存在的水分散体系呈现黄色,在波长范围457-467 nm有最大光吸收;以J型虾青素多聚体形式存在的水分散体系呈现粉色,在波长范围525-565 nm有最大光吸收。三种虾青素多聚体纳米分散体系可与水以任意比例互溶,可被稀释、浓缩或冻干,且不改变虾青素分子聚集状态,具有超乎以往的稳定性与可控性,适用于进一步加工成食品着色剂、特殊膳食、保健品、日化用品、饲料。
复合粒子内的虾青素以特定的多聚体形式稳定存在于粒子内部疏水微区中,使其可提高虾青素在贮存、运输、体内消化吸收过程中的稳定性,也可改善虾青素在水中的分散性。
本发明利用相同的生物大分子,通过添加特点盐溶液同时控制反应条件可以获得三种不同颜色的H1型或H2型或J型虾青素多聚体水分散系统,突破了已有关于利用特定壁材和特定虾青素微/纳米制备技术仅能获得一种稳定虾青素微/纳米悬液的技术效果。
附图说明
图1是新鲜制备的黄色的H1型虾青素聚集体水分散体系(A),橘色的H2型虾青素聚集体水分散体系(B)和粉色的J型虾青素聚集体水分散体系(C)。
图2是图1中的三种虾青素多聚体水分散体系的紫外-可见光谱图。
图3是图1中的三种虾青素多聚体水分散体系和虾青素乙醇溶液分别静置3天对虾青素的HPLC法检测,A为H1型虾青素聚集体水分散体系,B为H2型虾青素聚集体水分散体系,C为J型虾青素聚集体水分散体系,D为虾青素乙醇溶液。
图4是图1中三种虾青素聚集体水分散体系经冷冻干燥后的固体样品照片。A为H1型虾青素聚集体水分散体系冻干样品,B为H2型虾青素聚集体水分散体系冻干样品,C为J型虾青素聚集体水分散体系冻干样品。
图5是图4中三种虾青素聚集体固体样品复溶于水后的照片。A为黄色的H1型复溶样品,B为橘色的H2型复溶样品,C为粉色的J型复溶样品。
具体实施方式
实施例1黄色的H1型虾青素聚集体水分散体系的制备
取容量为1000 mL的茄型瓶并将转子放在其中,固定在磁力搅拌器上,设定转速为300 rpm;避光、氩气保护条件下,依次向茄型瓶中加入10 μg/mL的虾青素乙醇溶液30 mL、浓度0.02 mg/mL的壳聚糖(脱乙酰度90.3%,分子量80 kD)溶液160 mL,磁力搅拌30 min;随后向混合体系内加入浓度0.02 mg/mL的鲑鱼精DNA溶液共80 mL并控制在10 min内添加完毕,继续磁力搅拌15 min;将旋转蒸发仪打开,分别设定冷凝温度为-15℃和水浴锅温度为25℃、转速50 rpm;将混合反应体系在8 mbar真空度下旋蒸脱除乙醇后,加入等体积1%的低聚壳聚糖(脱乙酰度92%,分子量5 kD),即得黄色的H1型虾青素聚集体水分散体系。
实施例2橘色的H2型虾青素聚集体水分散体系的制备
取容量为1000 mL的茄型瓶并将转子放在其中,固定在磁力搅拌器上,设定转速为300 rpm;依次向茄型瓶中倒入浓度0.02 mg/mL的壳聚糖(脱乙酰度90.3%,分子量80 kD)溶液160 mL并向其添加终浓度为5 mg/mL的氯化钠溶液,充分搅拌均匀后加入溶解并静置3天的0.01 mg/mL的虾青素乙醇溶液30 mL,磁力搅拌3 min;随后向混合体系内加入浓度0.02mg/mL的鲑鱼精DNA溶液共80 mL并控制在10 min内添加完毕,继续磁力搅拌15 min;将旋转蒸发仪打开,分别设定冷凝温度为-15℃和水浴锅温度为25℃、转速50 rpm;将混合反应体系在8 mbar真空度下旋蒸,避光环境下旋蒸脱出乙醇后即得橘色的H2型虾青素聚集体水分散体系。
实施例3粉色的J型虾青素聚集体水分散体系的制备
取容量为1000 mL的茄型瓶并将转子放在其中,固定在磁力搅拌器上,设定转速为300 rpm;依次向茄型瓶中加入溶解并静置12 h的虾青素乙醇溶液80 mL(0.007 mg/mL)、浓度0.02 mg/mL的壳聚糖(脱乙酰度90.3%,分子量80 kD)溶液160 mL,磁力搅拌30 min;随后向混合体系内加入浓度0.02 mg/mL的鲑鱼精DNA溶液共80 mL并控制在10 min内添加完毕,继续磁力搅拌15 min;将旋转蒸发仪打开,分别设定冷凝温度为-15℃和水浴锅温度为25℃、转速50 rpm;将混合反应体系在8 mbar真空度下旋蒸脱除乙醇后,加入等体积1%的低聚壳聚糖(脱乙酰度92%,分子量5 kD),即得粉色的J型虾青素聚集体水分散体系。
实施例4 虾青素多聚体水分散体系的颜色观察和虾青素检测
1)颜色观察:对新鲜制备的两种H型虾青素多聚体水分散体系进行对比颜色和拍照观察,如图1所示,H1型虾青素多聚体水分散体系呈现黄色(图1A),而H2型虾青素多聚体水分散体系呈现橘色(图1B),J型虾青素聚集体水分散体系则呈现粉色(图1C),三种虾青素多聚体水分散系统均具有较高的透明度和澄清度。
2)紫外-可见光分光光谱图:利用紫外-可见光分光光度计,将实施例1、2、3制得的三种虾青素多聚体水分散系统以及虾青素乙醇溶液分别进行全波长扫描,由图2的扫描光谱图可见,形成的三种水分散体系具有不同的吸收光谱曲线,其中黄色的H1型虾青素多聚体水分散体系在波长380 nm有最大光吸收,峰形较窄,说明虾青素分子排列相对紧密;橘色的H2型虾青素多聚体水分散体系在波长457 nm有最大光吸收,峰形较宽,说明虾青素分子排列相对疏松;粉色的J型虾青素聚集体水分散体系在波长525和565 nm有两个并肩峰,峰形较宽,说明虾青素分子排列相对疏松。三种青素多聚体水分散系统的最大吸收峰均不同于游离虾青素的最大吸收波长(480 nm),说明制得了三种不同分子聚集形式的虾青素多聚体水分散体系。
3)HPLC法测定虾青素多聚体水分散系统中的虾青素:液相条件为:色谱柱,国产大连依利特 YLT-OBS(4.6 mm * 200 mm, 5 µm);流动相,85%甲醇、5%二氯甲烷、5%水、5%乙腈;等梯度洗脱;流速为1.0 mL/min;测定波长为 480 nm;进样量为 10 µL。黄色的H1型虾青素聚集体水分散体系中虾青素的萃取方法、橘色的H2型虾青素聚集体水分散体系中虾青素的萃取方法、粉色的J型虾青素聚集体水分散体系中虾青素的萃取方法:取3 mL新鲜纳米悬液置于萃取瓶中,同时加入2 mL二氯甲烷和甲醇,将萃取的下层液体置于茄型瓶中,上层液体再加入2 mL二氯甲烷反复萃取,直到上层液体变澄清为止,将茄形瓶中的有机溶剂旋蒸干后用流动相复溶茄形瓶中的虾青素,过0.22 µm的有机相滤膜,准备上样检测。同时取虾青素乙醇溶液1.5 mL,过0.22 µm的有机相滤膜,准备上样检测。由图3的出峰时间可判断三种水分散体系中萃取的活性物质均为虾青素,说明静置一定时间后的虾青素多聚体水分散系统中,虾青素不仅稳定存在于胶体系统中,而且保持其制备初期的分子聚集状态。亦可看出本发明利用调整虾青素的游离分子的聚集状态得到不同颜色的分散体系的方案是非常有效的。
实施例5 本发明的虾青素多聚体纳米分散体系的应用
将实施例1,2和3中的三种虾青素多聚体水分散体系倒入冷冻托盘中,使液面高度不超过2 cm,然后将冷冻托盘置于-80℃冰箱中冷冻12 h;打开真空冷冻干燥机-50℃预冷30 min,将冷冻托盘置于冻干机中冷冻干燥24 h后取出,将托盘内的纳米冻干粉末快速转移至玻璃容器中密封、避光、-80℃~-20℃保存。复溶前,将纳米冻干粉先恢复到室温,然后取适量纳米冻干粉加入纯水溶解,得到虾青素多聚体复溶液。由图4和图5可见,三种虾青素多聚体水分散体系经过冻干、复溶后体系颜色依然保持新鲜制得的样品颜色(图1)。结果说明虾青素多聚体水分散体系可以通过冻干成固体制剂进一步用于其他剂型产品的生产,亦可经过冻干、复溶实现制剂的有效浓缩。
Claims (9)
1.H1型虾青素聚集体水分散体系的制备方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
1)4-25℃,避光条件下,将虾青素溶于任意体积的体积分数大于95%的乙醇,以得到虾青素乙醇溶液,如果存在未溶解的虾青素时,采用离心或过滤的方式除去未溶解的虾青素颗粒;
2)室温条件下,将固体DNA溶解于水中,120℃高压灭菌30 min制得0.01-0.5 mg/ml的DNA溶液;
3)室温条件下,将壳聚糖溶解于pH 1-4的盐酸或醋酸溶液中,然后以氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾溶液调节pH至5-6,得到壳聚糖含量为0.01-0.5 mg/ml的溶液;
4)在20-25℃下,将步骤1)虾青素乙醇溶液快速加入到步骤3)的壳聚糖溶液中;控制乙醇相与水相体积比在1:5-1:10范围内,200-500 rpm搅拌30分钟以上,以最终得到呈黄色的H1型虾青素聚体复合粒子;
5)200-500 rpm搅拌的条件下,将步骤2)制备的DNA溶液缓慢加入至上述步骤4)的混合液中,控制DNA溶液与步骤4)中的水相体积比为1:2;20-25℃继续搅拌混合15-20 min;
6)在25-35℃,真空度2-8 mbar条件下,悬蒸除去乙醇溶剂,使体系中乙醇残留量低于1%;
7)室温条件下向脱除乙醇的混合体系中加入低聚壳聚糖,使低聚壳聚糖的终浓度为0.001-0.2 wt %,混匀后即得到H1虾青素多聚体纳米分散体系。
2.H2型虾青素聚集体水分散体系的制备方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
1)4-25℃,避光条件下,将虾青素溶于任意体积的体积分数大于95%的乙醇,以得到虾青素乙醇溶液,如果存在未溶解的虾青素时,采用离心或过滤的方式除去未溶解的虾青素颗粒;
2)室温条件下,将固体DNA溶解于水中,120℃高压灭菌30 min制得0.01-0.5 mg/ml的DNA溶液;
3)室温条件下,将壳聚糖溶解于pH 1-4的盐酸或醋酸溶液中,然后以氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾溶液调节pH至5-6,随后加氯化钠至壳聚糖溶液中,并使其充分溶解、混合均匀,使氯化钠终浓度为3.5-35 mg/ml,最终得到壳聚糖含量为0.01-0.5 mg/ml的溶液;
4)在20-25℃条件下,将步骤1)的虾青素溶液快速加入到步骤3)的壳聚糖溶液中;控制乙醇相与水相体积比在1:5-1:10范围内,1000-2000 rpm快速搅拌3分钟,以最终得到呈橘色的H2型虾青素多聚体复合粒子;
5)200-500 rpm搅拌的条件下,将步骤2)制备的DNA溶液缓慢加入至上述步骤4)的混合液中,控制DNA溶液与步骤4)中的水相体积比为1:2;20-25℃继续搅拌混合15-20 min;
6)在25-35℃,真空度2-8 mbar条件下,悬蒸除去乙醇溶剂,使体系中乙醇残留量低于1%;
7)室温条件下向脱除乙醇的混合体系中加入低聚壳聚糖,使低聚壳聚糖的终浓度为0.001-0.2 wt %,混匀后即得到H2虾青素多聚体水分散体系。
3.J型虾青素聚集体水分散体系的制备方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
1)4-25℃,避光条件下,将虾青素溶于任意体积的体积分数大于95%的乙醇,以得到虾青素乙醇溶液,如果存在未溶解的虾青素时,采用离心或过滤的方式除去未溶解的虾青素颗粒;
2)室温条件下,将固体DNA溶解于水中,120℃高压灭菌30 min制得0.01-0.5 mg/ml的DNA溶液;
3)室温条件下,将壳聚糖溶解于pH 1-4的盐酸或醋酸溶液中,然后以氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾溶液调节pH至5-6得到壳聚糖含量为0.01-0.5 mg/ml的溶液;
4)在20-25℃下,将步骤1)制备的、存放时间不超过2天的虾青素乙醇溶液快速加入到步骤3)的壳聚糖溶液中;控制乙醇相与水相体积比在1:2-1:10范围内,200-500 rpm搅拌15-30分钟,以最终得到呈粉紫色的J型虾青素聚体复合粒子;
5)200-500 rpm搅拌的条件下,将步骤2)制备的DNA溶液缓慢加入至上述步骤4)的混合液中,控制DNA溶液与步骤4)中的水相体积比为1:2;20-25℃继续搅拌混合15-20 min;
6)在25-35℃,真空度2-8 mbar条件下,悬蒸除去乙醇溶剂,使体系中乙醇残留量低于1%;
7)室温条件下向脱除乙醇的混合体系中加入低聚壳聚糖,使低聚壳聚糖的终浓度为0.001-0.2 wt %,混匀后即得到H2虾青素多聚体水分散体系。
4.权利要求1或2或3所述的方法,其特征在于步骤1)中,所述的离心条件为10000 rpm离心5-15 min;
步骤1)中,所述的过滤条件为0.8 µm以下孔径的微孔滤膜;
步骤4)中,所述的快速加入是倒入,或是大于20 cm3/s的流速加入;
步骤5)中,所述的缓慢加入是以0.02-2 cm3/s的流速加入。
5.权利要求1或2或3所述的方法,其特征在于步骤1)所用的虾青素为3S-3’S型,3R-3’R型,以及3R-3’S三种构型中的一种。
6.权利要求1或2或3所述的方法,其特征在于步骤3)所用的壳聚糖脱乙酰度范围在72-99%,分子量范围在50-150 kDa;
步骤7)所述的低聚壳聚糖为可溶于水的壳聚糖,脱乙酰度大于90%,分子量范围在1-8kDa。
7.权利要求1或2或3所述的方法,其特征在于步骤2)所用的天然DNA为具有双螺旋结构的长链、线性DNA,为从动、植物或微生物组织中提取的分子量大于10KB的天然DNA;如鲑鱼精DNA。
8.权利要求1或2或3所述的方法制备的虾青素聚集体水分散体系的应用,其特征在于所制备的水分散体系作为制备食品着色剂、膳食、保健品、日化用品、饲料的应用。
9.权利要求1或2或3所述的方法制备的虾青素聚集体水分散体系的应用,其特征在于上述方法制备的H1或H2型虾青素多聚体水分散体系经干燥脱水得到固体粉末,或者浓缩得到高虾青素含量的胶体,将所得粉末或浓缩胶体直接添加到水性基质、乳液或固体物料中混合,或被包封于软/硬胶囊壳中,然后加工成食品着色剂、特殊膳食、保健品、日化用品、饲料的应用。
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