CN109642305A - 含有max相涂层的滑动元件 - Google Patents

含有max相涂层的滑动元件 Download PDF

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CN109642305A
CN109642305A CN201780052801.4A CN201780052801A CN109642305A CN 109642305 A CN109642305 A CN 109642305A CN 201780052801 A CN201780052801 A CN 201780052801A CN 109642305 A CN109642305 A CN 109642305A
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sliding members
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托马斯·巴斯图克
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Federal Mogul Burscheid GmbH
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Abstract

本发明涉及滑动元件，尤其是活塞环，其制造方法以及所述滑动元件在摩擦学系统中的应用。所述滑动元件含有涂层，其从内至外具有至少一个粘合剂层和一个MAX相层。所述MAX相层的组成为Mn+1AXn(n＝1、2、3)，其中M表示来自Sc、Ti、V、Cr、Zr、Nb、Mo、Hf和Ta的组的元素，A表示来自Al、Si、P、S、Ga、Ge、As、Cd、In、Sn、TI和Pb的组的元素，X表示C或N元素。

Description

含有MAX相涂层的滑动元件
技术领域
本发明涉及一种含有MAX相涂层的滑动元件。本发明的滑动元件的特征在于有利的摩擦学性能。
背景技术
迄今为止，具有高耐磨性的涂层用于发动机中以延长滑动元件(例如活塞环)的寿命。金属、陶瓷或DLC层系统是现有技术，并且已经广泛用于工业应用中。金属、陶瓷或DLC的性能取决于层系统。无论各种层系统如何强大，它们在可调节性方面也有局限性，因此在诸如内燃机的摩擦应力复合体中相关性能的有用性需要获得所追求的宽特性曲线。对于理想的低摩擦系数，特别使用含碳金属层系统或DLC层系统。DLC涂层确保了大部分所需的性能，例如较低的摩擦，较高的耐磨性和在润滑不足的情况下的最大耐磨性。然而，它们显示出局限性，例如高温下的氧化稳定性，与金属相比的机械可加工性，或与发动机油中使用的添加剂的协同效应差。
所谓的MAX相在本领域中是已知的。鉴于它们的高热稳定性和导电性，它们还用作相关应用领域中组件的涂层。MAX相是纳米层复合材料的一族材料，其组成为M(n+1)AX(n)，其中n＝1至3。M表示过渡金属，A表示A族元素，X表示氮和/或碳。MAX相的六边形结构由嵌套有来自A族元素的层的八面体组成。在本文中，过渡金属包括Sc、Ti、V、Cr、Zr、Nb、Mo、Hf和Ta，来自A族的元素包括Al、Si、P、S、Ga、Ge、As、Cd、In、Sn、Tl和Pb。
Max相的晶格以晶胞(211)、(312)和(413)形成。可能的MAX相是：
211型晶胞：
Ti2CdC,Sc2InC,Ti2AlC,Ti2GaC,Ti2InC,Ti2TlC,V2AlC,V2GaC,Cr2GaC,Ti2AlN,Ti2GaN,Ti2InN,V2GaN,Cr2GaN,Ti2GeC,Ti2SnC,Ti2PbC,V2GeC,Cr2AlC,Cr2GeC,V2PC,V2AsC,Ti2SC,Zr2InC,Zr2TlC,Nb2AlC,Nb2GaC,Nb2InC,Mo2GaC,Zr2InN,Zr2TlN,Zr2SnC,Zr2PbC,Nb2SnC,Nb2PC,Nb2AsC,Zr2SC,Nb2SC,Hf2InC,Hf2TlC,Ta2AlC,Ta2GaC,Hf2SnC,Hf2PbC,Hf2SnN,Hf2SC
312型晶胞：
Ti3AlC2,V3AlC2,Ti3SiC2,Ti3GeC2,Ti3SnC2,Ta3AlC2
413型晶胞：
Ti4AlN3,V4AlC3,Ti4GaC3,Ti4SiC3,Ti4GeC3,Nb4AlC3,Ta4AlC3
鉴于M-X键具有强共价性质，M(n+1)AX(n)相通常显示出陶瓷性能。另一方面，M-A键相对较弱，结果M(n+1)AX(n)相也显示金属性能。材料在外力作用下通过屈曲而变形，这导致高延展性和可加工性(参见F.Adibi等,J.Appl.Phys.69(1991)6437和Barsoum,Michel W.和Tamer El-Raghy.“The MAX Phases:Unique New Carbide and Nitride MaterialsTernary ceramics turn out to be surprisingly soft and machinable,yet alsoheat-tolerant,strong and lightweight.”Am.Scientist 89.4(2001):334-343和M.W.Barsoum等，Phys.Rev.B 62(2000)10194)。
含有MAX相涂层的组件在现有技术中通常是已知的。
EP 1 685 626 B1描述了一种用于与接触构件进行电接触以使电流能够在所述元件和所述接触构件之间流动的元件。所述元件的接触表面涂覆有含有组分MAXn的接触层，其中n＝1、2、3或更多，M为过渡金属或过渡金属的组合，A表示来自A族的元素或来自A族的元素的组合，X表示氮和/或碳。
EP 2 405 029 A1涉及一种在金属工件上制造耐黏附且耐刮擦的保护层的方法，其中所述保护层显示出低的爆破磨损，该方法包括用M(n+1)AX(n)相涂覆工件，其中M＝Ti、Cr、V、Nb或Mo；A＝Ga、Al、Ge或Si；X＝C或N；其中n＝1、2或3。
US 8 192 850 B1描述了一种燃气轮机部件，包括基板和设置在基板上的粘合剂层，其中粘合剂层可包括M(n+1)AX(n)相(n＝1、2、3)，其中M选自元素周期表中的IIIB、IVB、VB、VIB和VII族及其组合，A选自元素周期表的IIIA、IVA、VA和VIA族及其组合，X包括至少碳或氮。
WO 2006/057618 A2涉及由金属基板和包含MAX材料的复合涂层组成的涂层产品，其中M(n+1)AZX(n)相包含至少一种选自M组＝Ti、Sc、V、Cr、Zr、Nb、Ta的过渡金属，至少一种选自A组＝Si、Al、Ge和/或Sn的元素，以及至少一种C和/或N元素，其中n＝0.8-3.2，z＝0.8-1.2。
EP 2 740 819 A1公开了一种用于压缩机叶片的层系统，包括富铝的MAX相作为涂层，或者其中涂层由富铝的MAX相组成。
最后，Gupta等人描述了所选择的MAX相对镍基超合金的摩擦学行为(Gupta，Surojit等，"Ambient and 550C tribological behavior of select MAX phasesagainst Ni-based superalloys."Wear 264.3(2008)：270-278)。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种滑动元件，优选为活塞环，其制造方法以及所述滑动元件在摩擦学系统中的应用，其中所述滑动元件显示出长寿命，有利的摩擦学性能和良好的可加工性。
这通过权利要求1中所述的滑动元件，根据权利要求10所述的用于制造滑动元件的方法以及根据权利要求13所述的滑动元件的应用来实现。
发明人能够表明，根据权利要求1的滑动元件的涂层，特别是MAX相层，代表了传统层系统固有的典型特性曲线的组合，这对于摩擦学应用是有利的。
在这种情况下，所谓的MAX相层的原子键结构促进了陶瓷以及金属性能的协同使用，并且可以弥补各层系统的局限性。此外，鉴于MAX相层根据定义含有碳或氮，它产生低摩擦值并且在润滑不足的情况下显示出良好的干运转性能。
MAX相层的陶瓷性能确保了高热稳定性，高温下良好的抗氧化性以及改善的耐腐蚀性。由于MAX相层的金属性能，确保了良好的导热性和抗热冲击应力。此外，所得涂层非常适合通过切削进行加工，并显示出对摩擦应力的极高耐受性。
此外，本发明人惊奇地发现，粘合剂层的使用显著延长了整个涂层系统的寿命。粘合剂层实现了确保滑动元件基板和涂层之间的黏附的功能目的。尤其是，粘合剂层补偿了由于滑动元件基板和涂层之间的不同热膨胀系数引起的潜在张力。这种张力补偿改善了黏附并允许滑动元件在使用中补偿热应力差异和张力状态，这些差异在由滑动元件基板和涂层组成的材料复合物中产生。这意味着仅仅施加粘合剂层也可以长期延长MAX相层优异的摩擦学性能。
在其他权利要求中描述了根据本发明的滑动元件的优选改进。
优选地，粘合剂层包含铬、氮化铬、钛和/或钨。更优选地，粘合剂层由所述材料组成。已经表明，选择这种材料显着改善了涂层的黏附。
有利地，粘合剂层的厚度为0.1至3.0μm。较薄的层不会导致改善的黏附，然而从经济学的角度来看，较厚的层是不可取的。
此外，根据本发明，涂层将被施加到滑动元件基板上，其中滑动元件基板由铸铁或钢组成。特别优选的材料如下：非合金、未回火的含有片状石墨的铸铁，含有碳化物的合金灰铸铁(经热处理或未经热处理)，回火球状铸铁，未回火的蠕虫状石墨铸铁，铬含量至少为10重量％的铸钢(氮化或非氮化)，铬含量至少为10重量％的铬钢(氮化或非氮化)和铬-硅-碳钢。所述材料特别适合于确保滑动元件的电阻。
优选地，涂层的平均粗糙度深度Rz<7μm，优选Rz<4μm，减小峰值深度(reduced peakdepth)Rpk<0.4μm，优选Rpk<0.2μm，和/或核心粗糙度深度Rk<1μm，优选Rk<0.6μm。这种涂层改善了滑动元件的摩擦性能。
有利地，在MAX相层的组成Mn+1AXn中，元素M表示Ti或Cr，元素A表示Al或Si，n＝1或2。具有所述化学组成的MAX相层非常适合于摩擦学应用，并且其特征在于是易于获得的化学成分。
特别优选使用本发明的显示以下层类型的MAX相层：
-Cr2AlC：211型；Cr的比例为48-52at.％；Al的比例为24-26at.％；C的比例为24-26at.％
-Cr2AlN：211型；Cr的比例为48-52at.％；Al的比例为24-26at.％；N的比例为24-26at.％
-Ti2AlC：211型；Ti的比例为48-52at.％；Al的比例为24-26at.％；C的比例为24-26at.％
-Ti2AlN：211型；Ti的比例为48-52at.％；Al的比例为24-26at.％；N的比例为24-26at.％
-Ti3SiC2：312型；Ti的比例为48-52at.％；Si的比例为16-18at.％；C的比例为32-34at.％。
测试系列表明，这些层类型显示出特别有利的寿命，并具有优异的摩擦学性能。
进一步优选地，涂层具有2至6GPa的硬度。一方面，该范围确保了对滑动元件的最小的磨损保护，另一方面，它避免了对配对摩擦部件的不必要的强烈磨损。
有利地，所述涂层还具有150至350GPa的弹性模量。事实上，涂层的电阻随着弹性模量的降低而降低。在涂层随基板变形的情况下，涂层的较低弹性模量可延长该层的寿命。因此，上述弹性模量范围代表了作为滑动元件应用的最佳范围。
根据本发明用于制造滑动元件的方法的优选实施方式包括以下方法步骤：提供滑动元件基板，优选由铸铁或钢组成；用粘合剂层涂覆滑动元件基底的至少部分表面，其中粘合剂层优选包含铬、氮化铬、钛和/或钨，更优选由铬、氮化铬、钛和/或钨组成；用MAX相层涂覆至少一部分粘合剂层，其中MAX相层的组成为Mn+1AXn(n＝1、2、3)，其中M表示来自Sc、Ti、V、Cr、Zr、Nb、Mo、Hf和Ta组的元素，A表示来自Al、Si、P、S、Ga、Ge、As、Cd、In、Sn、TI和Pb组的元素，X表示C或N元素。这导致具有改善的寿命、有利的摩擦学性能和良好的可加工性的滑动元件的经济高效生产。
有利地，在制造方法中，在涂覆工艺之后可通过研磨、皮带和/或刷子抛光来降低MAX相层和/或粘合剂层的粗糙度。这导致滑动元件具有改善的摩擦性能。
此外，在本发明中，至少一层涂层通过PVD方法、CVD方法或热喷涂，优选通过高功率脉冲磁控溅射(HPPMS)或脉冲激光沉积(PLD)沉积。这些方法使得在可接受的生产时间内获得优异的层质量。
根据本发明的滑动元件的应用特别优选在摩擦系统中，优选在奥托或柴油发动机中，至少包括所述滑动元件，与所述滑动元件保持摩擦接触的配对摩擦部分，以及至少一种润滑剂，优选发动机油，所述润滑剂含有添加剂。MAX相层的金属性能引起涂层中的极性表面条件，这对于与润滑剂中的添加剂组分的电子交换是至关重要的，因此形成所谓的摩擦膜。因此，涂层技术和润滑剂技术之间的附加协同效应可以在摩擦应力复合体中用于磨料磨损保护和减少摩擦。
已证明添加剂如有机摩擦改进剂，例如甘油单油酸酯(GMO)，无机摩擦改进剂，例如二烷基二硫代氨基甲酸钼(MoDTC)和/或聚合物摩擦改性剂特别适合。聚合物摩擦改进剂与常规摩擦改进剂的不同之处在于它们的分子以长链聚合物(5000-50000道尔顿[Da])的形式存在。相比之下，传统的摩擦改进剂由小分子(250-300道尔顿[Da])组成。聚合物结构有利地改善了润滑剂膜在运行表面(活塞环上的气缸和涂层)上的稳定性。
关于MAX相的组成，较低的浓度变化，特别是来自化学计量求和式的变化高达±2at.％，也包括在本发明的范围内。
优选实施方式
优选实施方式由活塞环形式的滑动元件组成，其基础材料为铬-硅-碳钢。活塞环的外圆周表面具有基板的功能，首先通过PVD方法在其上沉积氮化铬粘合剂层至1μm的厚度。然后通过高功率脉冲磁控溅射(HPPMS)将厚度为1μm且求和式为Ti3SiC2的MAX相层施加到粘合剂层上，其中组分的实际比例为Ti：48-52at.％，Si：16-18at.％和C：32-34at.％。最后通过砂带抛光将涂层的平均粗糙深度调节至Rz<4μm的值。含有上述涂层的滑动元件更特别地显示出在热应力下的抗氧化和破裂的极端坚固性。

Claims (14)

1.一种含有涂层的滑动元件，尤其是活塞环，其特征在于，
所述涂层从内至外至少具有以下层：
粘合剂层，以及
MAX相层，所述MAX相层具有组成Mn+1AXn(n＝1、2、3)，其中M表示来自Sc、Ti、V、Cr、Zr、Nb、Mo、Hf和Ta的组的元素，A表示来自Al、Si、P、S、Ga、Ge、As、Cd、In、Sn、TI和Pb的组的元素，X表示C或N元素。
2.根据权利要求1所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述粘合剂层包含铬、氮化铬、钛和/或钨，优选由铬、氮化铬、钛和/或钨组成。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述粘合剂层的厚度为0.1-3.0μm。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述涂层施加在滑动元件基板上，滑动元件基板由铸铁或钢组成，并且优选由以下材料之一组成：
-非合金、未回火的含有片状石墨的铸铁
-合金、热处理或未经热处理的含有碳化物的灰铸铁
-回火球状铸铁
-未回火的蠕虫状石墨铸铁
-铬含量至少为10重量％的氮化或非氮化的铸钢
-铬含量至少为10重量％的氮化或非氮化的铬钢
-铬-硅-碳钢。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述涂层的平均粗糙度深度Rz<7μm，优选Rz<4μm，减小峰值深度Rpk<0.4μm，优选Rpk<0.2μm，和/或核心粗糙度深度Rk<1μm，优选Rk<0.6μm。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，在具有组成为Mn+1AXn的MAX相层中，元素M表示Ti或Cr，元素A表示Al或Si，n＝1或2。
7.根据权利要求6所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述MAX相层选自以下层类型之一：
-Cr2AlC：211型；Cr的比例为48-52at.％；Al的比例为24-26at.％；C的比例为24-26at.％
-Cr2AlN：211型；Cr的比例为48-52at.％；Al的比例为24-26at.％；N的比例为24-26at.％
-Ti2AlC：211型；Ti的比例为48-52at.％；Al的比例为24-26at.％；C的比例为24-26at.％
-Ti2AlN：211型；Ti的比例为48-52at.％；Al的比例为24-26at.％；N的比例为24-26at.％
-Ti3SiC2：312型；Ti的比例为48-52at.％；Si的比例为16-18at.％；C的比例为32-34at.％。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述涂层具有2至6GPa的硬度。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述涂层具有150至350GPa的弹性模量。
10.一种制造根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的滑动元件的方法，包括如下步骤：
-提供滑动元件基板，优选由铸铁或钢组成，
-用粘合剂层涂覆滑动元件基板的至少部分表面，其中粘合剂层优选含有铬、氮化铬、钛和/或钨，更优选由铬、氮化铬、钛和/或钨组成，以及
-用MAX相层涂覆至少一部分粘合剂层，其中MAX相层的组成为Mn+1AXn(n＝1、2、3)，其中M表示来自Sc、Ti、V、Cr、Zr、Nb、Mo、Hf和Ta的组的元素，A表示来自Al、Si、P、S、Ga，Ge、As、Cd，In、Sn、TI和Pb的组的元素，X表示C或N元素。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法，其特征在于，在涂覆工艺之后可通过研磨、皮带和/或刷子抛光来降低MAX相层和/或粘合剂层的粗糙度。
12.根据权利要求10或11所述的方法，其特征在于，至少一层涂层通过PVD方法、CVD方法或热喷涂，优选通过高功率脉冲磁控溅射(HPPMS)或脉冲激光沉积(PLD)沉积。
13.根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的滑动元件在摩擦系统，优选在奥托或柴油发动机中的应用，至少由滑动元件、与所述滑动元件保持摩擦接触的配对摩擦部分和至少一种润滑剂优选发动机油组成，其特征在于，所述润滑剂含有添加剂。
14.根据权利要求13所述的滑动元件在摩擦系统中的应用，其特征在于，所述添加剂包括有机摩擦改进剂、无机摩擦改进剂和/或聚合物摩擦改性剂。
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CN113388811A (zh) * 2021-05-10 2021-09-14 中国科学院金属研究所 一种事故容错燃料包壳用双层Cr／Cr2AlC涂层及其制备方法
CN113235062A (zh) * 2021-07-12 2021-08-10 中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所 一种max相多层复合涂层及其制备方法与应用
CN113981392A (zh) * 2021-10-09 2022-01-28 中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所 一种Ti-Al-C MAX相涂层及其低温成相制备方法

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Application publication date: 20190416