CN109507072B - Fine particle turbulent flux measurement method - Google Patents
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- CN109507072B CN109507072B CN201811376291.9A CN201811376291A CN109507072B CN 109507072 B CN109507072 B CN 109507072B CN 201811376291 A CN201811376291 A CN 201811376291A CN 109507072 B CN109507072 B CN 109507072B
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- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 title claims description 3
- 230000008033 biological extinction Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 230000010349 pulsation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010183 spectrum analysis Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 15
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003915 air pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/06—Investigating concentration of particle suspensions
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for measuring the turbulent flux of fine particles. According to the invention, the sampling frequency of an extinction coefficient measuring instrument is improved to obtain the scattering extinction coefficient of high-frequency aerosol, and under the condition of low visibility, according to the approximate power exponential relationship between the mass concentration and the visibility of fine particles, the mass concentration pulsation of the fine particles is obtained by utilizing instantaneous visibility pulsation, and the vertical speed pulsation is obtained by combining the measurement of an ultrasonic wind temperature instrument to obtain the turbulent flux of the fine particles; according to the invention, the mass concentration pulsation of the fine particles is inversely calculated through the extinction coefficient pulsation, and finally, the turbulent flux of the fine particles is calculated by using a vortex correlation method, so that the problems of the mass concentration pulsation of the fine particles and the acquisition of the turbulent flux of the fine particles are solved for the first time, and a basis is provided for a prediction mode; the method is simple to operate, strong in implementability, capable of being matched with the existing hydrothermal flux observation system, and capable of independently forming an observation system, and the observation data are processed to be mature.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of air pollution meteorology, and particularly relates to a method for measuring turbulent flux of fine particles.
Background
In atmospheric detection, an extinction coefficient measuring instrument obtains an extinction coefficient by measuring the intensity of scattered light, and the extinction coefficient measuring instrument is designed by adopting the forward scattering principle. The transmitter of the extinction coefficient measuring instrument transmits infrared rays to measure the scattered light intensity of atmosphere in the sampling volume, and the extinction coefficient is effectively calculated through the scattered light intensity. Due to the limitation of measurement precision, the extinction coefficient measuring instrument cannot obtain noiseless high-frequency sampling data, and the sampling time is only 1 minute at the fastest speed. However, such sampling frequencies are far from sufficient for obtaining dithering of the extinction coefficient and for performing turbulence analysis and corresponding turbulence flux calculations.
The basic methods for turbulent flux acquisition in the prior art are: vortex correlation, Bowen specific energy balance, and aerodynamic methods. Wherein, the swirl correlation method accords with the original definition of turbulent flux, and the principle is rigorous and simple and direct. But a highly accurate turbulence pulsation sensor with extremely fast response speed is required. Since no instrument for directly obtaining the mass concentration high-frequency data of the fine particles exists at present, the turbulent flux of the fine particles cannot be calculated by using a vortex correlation method.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problem of directly obtaining the turbulent flux of the fine particles, the invention provides a method for measuring the turbulent flux of the fine particles.
The invention discloses a method for measuring turbulent flux of fine particles, which comprises the following steps:
1) increasing the sampling frequency f of the extinction coefficient measuring instrument to obtain the scattering extinction coefficient b of the high-frequency aerosolspiI is 1, 2, 3, … …, N is the number of samples and is a natural number, bspiThe scattering extinction coefficient of the aerosol at the ith sampling point;
2) scattering extinction coefficient b for high frequency aerosolspDo ReynoldsDecomposing to obtain the scattering extinction coefficient pulsation of the aerosol:
the mean value of the scattering extinction coefficient of the aerosol over a period of time;
3) because the absorption extinction of the aerosol and the absorption extinction of atmospheric molecules are smaller, the scattering extinction coefficient of the aerosol is used as the total extinction coefficient of the atmosphere, and the visibility v of the sampling point i is obtainedi：
vi＝3.912/bspi
Obtaining visibility pulsations
Is the average of visibility over a period of time;
4) carrying out frequency spectrum analysis on scattering extinction coefficient pulsation and visibility pulsation of the aerosol, and obtaining an extinction coefficient spectrum S by utilizing Fourier transformb(n) and visibility Spectrum Sv(n)；
5) According to the turbulent Colmorgover theory, the scattering extinction coefficient and visibility of the aerosol are used as scalar quantities, and the spectrum function S of the scalar quantitiesb(n) and Sv(n) the inertia sub-region between the frequency n and the frequency satisfies-2/3 power relation, and the upwarping position of the spectral line on the spectrogram is the noise signal, so that the frequency n of the noise signal is obtained;
6) reconstructing data lower than the frequency n according to a Fourier transform relation to obtain scattering extinction coefficient pulsation and visibility pulsation of the processed aerosol, wherein the data obtained from the above steps is real high-frequency visibility pulsation V' with noise removed;
7) the mass concentration of the fine particles measured by the particle continuous measuring instrument is the mean value of a period of time
Under conditions of low visibility, there is an approximate power-exponential relationship between mass concentration of fine particulate matter and visibility:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the method comprises the following steps that (1) a and b are fitting coefficients of a low-visibility event for a period of time, which is an average value of real high-frequency visibility, and the fitting coefficients a and b are obtained through nonlinear fitting according to the formula;
8) the mass concentration pulsation C 'of the fine particulate matter is obtained by the visibility pulsation V':
9) measuring by an ultrasonic wind temperature instrument to obtain vertical speed pulsation w';
10) obtaining the turbulent flux F of the fine particles through the mass concentration pulsation C 'and the vertical velocity pulsation w' of the fine particles by using a vortex correlation method:
in the step 1), the sampling frequency f of the scattering extinction coefficient of the aerosol is 1-5 HZ. The number of samples N is related to the sampling frequency f, and ranges from 1200f to 3600 f.
In step 7), low visibility means visibility below 5 km.
In the steps 2), 3) and 7), the period of time is 20-60 min.
The invention has the advantages that:
according to the invention, the sampling frequency of an extinction coefficient measuring instrument is improved to obtain the scattering extinction coefficient of high-frequency aerosol, and under the condition of low visibility, according to the approximate power exponential relationship between the mass concentration and the visibility of fine particles, the mass concentration pulsation C 'of the fine particles is obtained by utilizing instantaneous visibility pulsation, the vertical speed pulsation w' is obtained by combining the measurement of an ultrasonic wind temperature instrument, and the turbulent flux F of the fine particles is obtained; the invention improves the sampling frequency of the extinction coefficient to meet the requirement of calculating turbulent flux, reversely calculates the mass concentration pulsation of the fine particles by the extinction coefficient pulsation, and finally calculates the turbulent flux of the fine particles by using a vortex correlation method, solves the problems of the mass concentration pulsation of the fine particles and the acquisition of the turbulent flux thereof for the first time, and provides a basis for a forecasting mode; the method is simple to operate, strong in implementability, capable of being matched with the existing hydrothermal flux observation system, and capable of independently forming an observation system, and the observation data are processed to be mature.
Drawings
FIGS. 1(a) and (b) are schematic diagrams respectively showing the correlation between visibility and mass concentration of fine particles obtained by two embodiments of the method for measuring turbulent flux of fine particles according to the present invention;
fig. 2 is a resultant primary low visibility event profile of a method of measuring turbulent flux of fine particulate matter according to the present invention, wherein (a) is a time series plot of mass concentration of fine particulate matter, (b) is a time series plot of visibility, (c) is a time series plot of specific humidity (d) is a time series plot of horizontal wind speed;
fig. 3 is a diagram of a mass concentration of fine particles, a turbulent flux, and a vertical velocity time series, in which (a) is a diagram of a time series of the mass concentration of fine particles, (b) is a diagram of a turbulent flux time series, and (c) is a diagram of a time series of the vertical velocity, according to an embodiment of the method for measuring a turbulent flux of fine particles according to the present invention;
fig. 4 is a time-series diagram of mass concentration of fine particles, turbulent flux and vertical velocity obtained by another embodiment of the method for measuring turbulent flux of fine particles according to the present invention, wherein (a) is a time-series diagram of mass concentration of fine particles, (b) is a time-series diagram of turbulent flux, and (c) is a time-series diagram of vertical velocity;
FIG. 5 is a graph of the frequency spectrum of the mass concentration of fine particles as a function of a stability parameter obtained by an embodiment of the method of measuring turbulent flux of fine particles according to the present invention;
fig. 6 is a flow chart of the method of measuring turbulent flux of fine particulate matter of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further elucidated by means of specific embodiments in the following with reference to the drawing.
The research shows that the atmospheric visibility research shows that the reduction of the atmospheric visibility is mainly caused by particulate pollution, and the scattering extinction coefficient of the particulate accounts for 70-80% of the total extinction coefficient. Further, the reduction of atmospheric visibility is mainly caused by scattering extinction of the particulate matter, and the mass concentration of the fine particulate matter is a main factor determining the good or bad visibility, and there is a certain nonlinear correlation between visibility and the low visibility level of the fine particulate matter, as shown in fig. 1, where (a) is a schematic diagram of a correlation between visibility in 2 months and 27 days and the mass concentration C of the fine particulate matter, and (b) is a schematic diagram of a correlation between visibility in 3 months and 3 days and the mass concentration of the fine particulate matter.
Taking two typical low visibility weather events occurring from 25 days in 2018 and 2 months to 5 days in 2018 and 3 months as an example, the two continuous low visibility events are summarized as shown in fig. 2, wherein (a) is a mass concentration time series diagram of fine particulate matter, (b) is a visibility time series diagram, and (c) is a specific humidity time series diagram and (d) is a horizontal wind speed time series diagram. For example, the visibility of less than 5km in two days of 2 months, 27 days and 3 months, 3 days are selected from the two low visibility events, so that the requirement of low visibility is met.
The method for measuring the turbulent flux of the fine particles, as shown in fig. 6, includes the following steps:
1) increasing the sampling frequency f of the extinction coefficient measuring instrument to obtain the scattering extinction coefficient b of the high-frequency aerosolspi，i＝1，2，3，……，N，bspiThe scattering extinction coefficient of the aerosol at a sampling point i is shown, and the sampling integration time is 1 s;
2) scattering extinction coefficient b for high frequency aerosolspPerforming Reynolds decomposition to obtain scattering extinction coefficient pulsation of the aerosol:
the scattering extinction coefficient of the aerosol is the mean value of 30 min;
3) because the absorption extinction of the aerosol and the absorption extinction of atmospheric molecules are smaller, the scattering extinction coefficient of the aerosol is used as the total extinction coefficient of the atmosphere, and the visibility v of the sampling point i is obtainedi
vi＝3.912/bspi
Obtaining visibility pulsations
viIn order to be the visibility of the sampling point i,
the average value of the visibility within 30min is shown;
4) carrying out frequency spectrum analysis on scattering extinction coefficient pulsation and visibility pulsation of the aerosol, and obtaining an extinction coefficient spectrum S by utilizing Fourier transformb(n) and visibility Spectrum Sv(n)；
5) According to the turbulent Colmorgovit (K41) theory, the scattering extinction coefficient and visibility of an aerosol are used as scalar quantities, and the spectrum function S of the scalar quantitiesb(n) and Sv(n) the inertia sub-region between the frequency n and the frequency satisfies-2/3 power relation, and the upwarping position of the spectral line on the spectrogram is the noise signal, so that the frequency n of the noise signal is obtained;
6) reconstructing data lower than the frequency n according to a Fourier transform relation to obtain scattering extinction coefficient pulsation and visibility of the processed aerosol, wherein the data obtained from the reconstruction is real high-frequency pulsation visibility V' with noise removed;
7) the mass concentration of the fine particles measured by the particle continuous measuring instrument is the average value of the mass concentration of the fine particles in a period of time
Under conditions of low visibility, there is an approximate power-exponential relationship between mass concentration of fine particulate matter and visibility:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
obtaining fitting coefficients a and b by nonlinear fitting for the average value of real high-frequency visibility in a period of time, as shown in fig. 1;
8) the mass concentration pulsation C 'of the fine particulate matter is obtained by the visibility pulsation V':
9) measuring by an ultrasonic wind temperature instrument to obtain vertical speed pulsation w', wherein the sampling frequency is respectively 10 HZ;
10) obtaining the turbulent flux F of the fine particles through the mass concentration pulsation C 'and the vertical velocity pulsation w' of the fine particles by using a turbulent vortex correlation method:
the time series of turbulent flux of fine particles obtained are shown in FIGS. 3(b) and 4 (b).
In fig. 3, (a) is a time-series graph of the mass concentration of fine particles, (b) is a turbulent flux time-series graph, and (c) is a time-series graph of the vertical velocity. In fig. 4, (a) is a time-series graph of the mass concentration of fine particles, (b) is a time-series graph of turbulent flux, and (c) is a time-series graph of vertical velocity.
Meanwhile, the change of the mass concentration frequency spectrum of the fine particles along with the stability parameter is obtained, as shown in fig. 5, the change accords with the K41 theory, and the reasonability of calculating the turbulent flux of the fine particles by adopting a turbulent whirl correlation method is verified.
Finally, it is noted that the disclosed embodiments are intended to aid in further understanding of the invention, but those skilled in the art will appreciate that: various substitutions and modifications are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and the appended claims. Therefore, the invention should not be limited to the embodiments disclosed, but the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims.
Claims (4)
1. A method for measuring turbulent flux of fine particulate matter, the method comprising the steps of:
1) setting the sampling frequency f of the extinction coefficient measuring instrument to be 1-5 Hz to obtain the scattering extinction coefficient b of the high-frequency aerosolspi1, 2, 3, aspiThe scattering extinction coefficient of the aerosol at sampling point i;
2) scattering extinction coefficient b for high frequency aerosolspPerforming Reynolds decomposition to obtain scattering extinction coefficient pulsation of the aerosol:
the mean value of the scattering extinction coefficient of the aerosol over a period of time;
3) because the absorption extinction of the aerosol and the absorption extinction of atmospheric molecules are smaller, the scattering extinction coefficient of the aerosol is used as the total extinction coefficient of the atmosphere, and the visibility v of the sampling point i is obtainedi：
vi＝3.912/bspi
Obtaining visibility pulsations
Is the average of visibility over a period of time;
4) carrying out frequency spectrum analysis on scattering extinction coefficient pulsation and visibility pulsation of the aerosol, and obtaining an extinction coefficient spectrum S by utilizing Fourier transformb(n) and visibility Spectrum Sv(n)；
5) According to the turbulent Colmorgover theory, the scattering extinction coefficient and visibility of the aerosol are used as scalar quantities, and the spectrum function S of the scalar quantitiesb(n) and Sv(n) the inertia sub-region between the frequency n and the frequency satisfies-2/3 power relation, and the upwarping position of the spectral line on the spectrogram is the noise signal, so that the frequency n of the noise signal is obtained;
6) reconstructing data lower than the frequency n according to a Fourier transform relation to obtain scattering extinction coefficient pulsation and visibility pulsation of the processed aerosol, wherein the data obtained from the above steps is real high-frequency visibility pulsation V' with noise removed;
7) the mass concentration of the fine particles measured by the particle continuous measuring instrument is the mean value of a period of time
Under conditions of low visibility, there is an approximate power-exponential relationship between mass concentration of fine particulate matter and visibility:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the method comprises the following steps that (1) a and b are fitting coefficients of a low-visibility event for a period of time, which is an average value of real high-frequency visibility, and the fitting coefficients a and b are obtained through nonlinear fitting according to the formula;
8) the mass concentration pulsation C 'of the fine particulate matter is obtained by the visibility pulsation V':
9) measuring by an ultrasonic wind temperature instrument to obtain vertical speed pulsation w';
10) obtaining the turbulent flux F of the fine particles through the mass concentration pulsation C 'and the vertical velocity pulsation w' of the fine particles by using a vortex correlation method:
2. the measurement method according to claim 1, wherein in step 1), the number of samples ranges from 1200f to 3600 f.
3. A measuring method according to claim 1, wherein in step 7), low visibility refers to visibility below 5 km.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the period of time in steps 2), 3) and 7) is 20 to 60 min.
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