CN109505641A - A kind of soft-rock tunnel bottom plate anchor pouring reinforcement method - Google Patents

A kind of soft-rock tunnel bottom plate anchor pouring reinforcement method Download PDF

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Publication number
CN109505641A
CN109505641A CN201811588260.XA CN201811588260A CN109505641A CN 109505641 A CN109505641 A CN 109505641A CN 201811588260 A CN201811588260 A CN 201811588260A CN 109505641 A CN109505641 A CN 109505641A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
anchor
bottom plate
slip casting
grouting
grouting cable
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
CN201811588260.XA
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
李建建
贺军豪
宋晓红
徐洪山
杨战标
赵志坚
赵万里
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Shandong Anke Mine Support Technology Co Ltd
China Pingmei Shenma Energy and Chemical Group Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Shandong Anke Mine Support Technology Co Ltd
China Pingmei Shenma Energy and Chemical Group Co Ltd
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Application filed by Shandong Anke Mine Support Technology Co Ltd, China Pingmei Shenma Energy and Chemical Group Co Ltd filed Critical Shandong Anke Mine Support Technology Co Ltd
Priority to CN201811588260.XA priority Critical patent/CN109505641A/en
Publication of CN109505641A publication Critical patent/CN109505641A/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21DSHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D20/00Setting anchoring-bolts
    • E21D20/02Setting anchoring-bolts with provisions for grouting
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21DSHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D21/00Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection
    • E21D21/0026Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection characterised by constructional features of the bolts
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21DSHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D21/00Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection
    • E21D21/0093Accessories

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Consolidation Of Soil By Introduction Of Solidifying Substances Into Soil (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to a kind of soft-rock tunnel bottom plate anchor pouring reinforcement methods, the deeply slip casting duct to base slab stability rock stratum is opened up downwards on roadway floor surface, per slip casting unit of at least three adjacent slip casting ducts as roadway floor in same row's slip casting duct, grouting cable anchor beam is placed in slip casting unit, is carried out slip casting around the deep layer end anchor slip casting fixation and shallow-layer of roadway floor in each grouting cable anchor beam respectively and is fixed.The present invention overcomes the prior arts, and supporting range is small, intensity is low in the improvement of Deep Soft Rock Tunnel bottom plate, it is difficult to realize the deficiency that Deep Soft Rock Tunnel bottom plate coal and rock long-time stability require.

Description

A kind of soft-rock tunnel bottom plate anchor pouring reinforcement method
Technical field
The present invention relates to mine timbering technical fields, and in particular to a kind of soft-rock tunnel bottom plate anchor pouring reinforcement method.
Background technique
Deep Soft Rock Tunnel is due to burying depth, and stress level is high, and Surrounding Rock Strength is low, and tunnel excavates rear surrouding rock stress will be again To reach new balance, country rock is concentrated function influence by stress for adjustment, gradually loose broken from shallow to deep, back and two Side takes anchor rete cord, anchor note or shed shoring measure, rock integrity and intensity to be maintained, and roadway deformation is controlled, but Roadway floor, which is typically in, opens wide non-supporting state so that Deep Soft Rock Tunnel deformation failure is mostly since pucking, gradually to Base angle, portion, side, top plate gradually extend, and eventually lead to tunnel globality supporting failure.
Short slab of the jacking of floor as Deep Soft Rock Tunnel supporting, the serious curtailment tunnel length of service, bottom plate, which is administered, to exist Roadway repair engineering importance increasingly improves, at present in the tunnel section of pucking especially severe, existing Roadway Support Technology means It is mainly the following method: (1) method of acting as a planted agent, directly removing pucking coal and rock.(2) method for strengthening is strong by improving floor rocks Degree improves and carrys out floor lift control to the supporting power of floor rocks, including floor grouting, mounting base anchor pole or closed support, pours It builds anti-bottom to dig earth with the snout the reinforcing such as level ground, (3) destressing method makes original continuous rock mass be in discrete state, makes bottom by engineering means Slate body is in stress relaxed area, including excavates gas pressure relief slot, drilling or unloading pressure by blasting etc..Above-mentioned technological means is simple to operation, But does not improve floor rocks fundamentally and be crushed status, solve the problems, such as that Floor Heave in Roadway country rock bearing strength is low, have and repair Period is short, supporting range is small, the drawbacks such as steady in a long-term that are difficult to ensure tunnel, causes roadway surrounding rock to be crushed range and constantly increases, falls into Enter the predicament of " the more repair the more bad, more bad more repair ".
Summary of the invention
In view of the deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention provides a kind of soft-rock tunnel bottom plate anchor pouring reinforcement methods, overcome existing Technology supporting range in the improvement of Deep Soft Rock Tunnel bottom plate is small, intensity is low, it is difficult to realize Deep Soft Rock Tunnel bottom plate coal and rock The deficiency that long-time stability require.
The present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:
A kind of soft-rock tunnel bottom plate anchor pouring reinforcement method is provided, comprising the following steps:
(1) slip casting duct opens up: it drills in the bottom plate that roadway floor opens up deeply to base slab stability rock stratum, same row's bottom plate drilling In at least two slip casting units of the drilling as roadway floor;
(2) grouting cable anchor beam is installed: a grouting cable anchor beam is correspondingly arranged in each slip casting unit, each grouting cable anchor beam includes At least two grouting cable anchors, and being respectively placed in bottom plate drilling, wherein two grouting cable anchors be respectively hold anchor grouting cable anchor and Grouting grouting cable anchor;
(3) slip casting: the slip casting in grouting cable anchor beam into each slip casting unit respectively, the first slip casting into end anchor grouting cable anchor, note Pulp material flow out and diffuse to from the grout outlet between the flexible pipe and rigid rod of the grouting cable anchor base slab stability rockhole and In circumferential crack;The slip casting into grouting grouting cable anchor again, injecting paste material is between the rigid pipe and flexible pipe of the grouting cable anchor Grout outlet flow out and diffuse to bottom plate drilling and superficial part fragmented rock body.
In the present solution, the end anchor in grouting cable anchor beam is put into slip casting duct with grouting cable anchor, the injecting paste material of injection from Deep stablizes the grout outlet pulp at rock stratum and realizes that the end anchoring in grouting cable anchor and roadway floor deep is fixed, in grouting cable anchor beam Grouting grouting cable anchor is put into slip casting duct, and grout outlet pulp of the injecting paste material of injection from the fragmented rock body of superficial part is realized The full packing of superficial part fragmented rock body and strong diffusion.
Preferably, grouting cable anchor beam further includes at least one steel strand wires, steel strand wires are filled in bottom plate bored grouting Pulp material realizes full length fastening.
Steel strand wires can increase supporting intensity, be realized during grouting cable anchor slip casting by the filling of injecting paste material, solidification The full anchor of steel strand wires strengthens roadway floor fastening strength.
Preferably, roadway floor after holding anchor grouting cable anchor slip casting, before grouting grouting cable anchor slip casting, passes through shield table Part links into an integrated entity the grouting cable anchor in the unit of each slip casting duct, installs matched pallet and lockset, and to every slip casting Anchor cable carries out tensioning of the pretightning force not less than 120KN and pre-tightens.
The grouting cable anchor beam in each slip casting unit is connected common stress by pallet lockset, to grouting cable anchor into Row pre-tightens tensioning, improves grouting cable anchor beam to the supporting intensity of roadway floor, enhances whole structural strength.
Further, the pre- next laying on roadway floor of tensioning can strengthen the concrete floor of shield table.
Concrete floor can strengthen shield table intensity, further enhance consolidation effect.
Further, shield table part is one or more of channel steel, U-shaped steel and steel basketry net.
Preferably, the drilling depth in slip casting duct reaches base slab stability rock stratum 1m or more, hole depth is not less than 5m, and duct is straight Diameter is not less than 70mm.
Preferably, the injecting paste material is the cement that solidification intensity is not less than 42.5MPa, and additive is added, water The cement-water ratio of mud is not less than 2, and grouting pressure is not less than 10MPa.
The cement that high cement-water ratio is used to grouting cable anchor, the high-pressure slip-casting by grouting pressure not less than 10MPa are spread by force, Country rock compactness and grout mixing are improved, guarantees slip casting effect.Its solidification intensity is not less than 42.5MPa, realizes that bottom plate bores The full packing of hole and superficial part breaking surrounding rock and strong diffusion, guarantee anchor pouring reinforcement effect.
Further, hold in anchor grouting cable anchor flexible pipe and rigid pipe to connect firmly, flexible pipe and rigid rod there are Grout outlet of the gap as end anchor grouting cable anchor;Rigid rod and flexible pipe are to connect firmly in grouting grouting cable anchor, flexible pipe with Grout outlet of the rigid pipe there are gap as grouting grouting cable anchor.
Hold anchor grouting cable anchor no setting is required between middle flexible pipe and rigid pipe grout outlet, the rigidity of grouting grouting cable anchor No setting is required between bar and flexible pipe grout outlet is all made of to be fixedly connected with enhancing structure intensity and be conducive to injecting paste material and flow.
Preferably, the length of the rigid rod of end anchor grouting cable anchor is 1-3m.
Rigid rod is fixed for the anchoring of slip casting rear end, and length is not less than 1m, is conducive to enhance end anchor fixed effect, guarantees to stablize Property.
Beneficial effects of the present invention:
One, the multiply grouting cable anchor beam formed using grouting cable anchor and steel strand wires is carried out anchor note to Deep Soft Rock Tunnel bottom plate and added Gu being able to satisfy the requirement of the supporting of Deep Soft Rock Tunnel bottom plate and reinforcing, shield table intensity height, convenient construction big with supporting range The advantages of, improve bottom stress state and self, effective deformation controlling for rock surrounding gateways improves the tunnel length of service.
Two, multiply grouting cable anchor beam have higher supporting intensity, higher pretightning force can be provided, at the same reduce with Bore diameter is poor, is conducive to hold anchor " three footpaths mate " principle, and each slip casting unit can construct grouting operation simultaneously, simplifies operation step Suddenly, slip casting efficiency is improved.
Three, pre-tighten in advance, by grouting cable anchor end anchor act on and protect table material effect of contraction by superficial part breaking surrounding rock with Deep stablizes rock stratum and forms entirety, inhibits pucking sustainable development.
Four, the compactness and grout mixing that injecting paste material fills breaking surrounding rock body can be improved in high-pressure slip-casting, has It is integrated with breaking surrounding rock conducive to bottom plate prop, guarantee roadway floor integrated carrying strength and stiffness.
Five, it is drilled using the existing common drilling machine construction large aperture bottom plate of coal mine, had both met bottom plate fracture area reinforcing scope need It wants, and is installed convenient for grouting cable anchor, improve site operation feasibility and convenience.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the structural schematic diagram of grouting cable anchor beam in the present invention.
Fig. 2 is bottom plate anchor pouring reinforcement method sectional schematic diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is bottom plate anchor pouring reinforcement method floor map of the present invention.
It is as shown in the figure:
1, steel strand wires, 2, end anchor grouting cable anchor, 3, grouting grouting cable anchor, 4, rigid rod, 5, end anchor grouting cable anchor pulp Mouthful, 6, flexible pipe, 7, grouting grouting cable anchor grout outlet, 8, rigid pipe, 9, pallet, 10, rigging, 11, grouting port, 12, tunnel, 13, bottom plate drills, 14, superficial part fragmented rock body, 15, injecting paste material, 16, the stable rock stratum in deep, 17, channel steel, 18, concrete ground Level ground.
Specific embodiment
In order to clarify the technical characteristics of the invention, being illustrated below by specific embodiment to this programme.
A kind of soft-rock tunnel bottom plate anchor pouring reinforcement method, comprising the following steps:
(1) slip casting duct opens up: in tunnel, 12 backplate surface opens up downwards the deeply bottom plate drilling 13 to base slab stability rock stratum 16, Per slip casting unit of at least two adjacent slip casting ducts 13 as 12 bottom plate of tunnel in same row's bottom plate drilling 13;As this hair A kind of bright embodiment, interior slip casting unit includes three slip casting ducts 13.Wherein, the existing common drilling machine of coal mine can be used in drilling Large aperture bottom plate of constructing drills, and had not only met bottom plate fracture area reinforcing scope needs, but also install convenient for grouting cable anchor, and had improved scene Feasibility of constructing and convenience, the drilling depth of bottom plate drilling 13 reach base slab stability rock stratum 1m or more, and hole depth is not less than 5m, hole Road diameter is not less than 70mm.
(2) grouting cable anchor beam is installed: a grouting cable anchor beam, each grouting cable anchor beam are correspondingly arranged in each slip casting unit It including at least two grouting cable anchors, and is respectively placed in bottom plate drilling 13, wherein grouting cable anchor is respectively to hold anchor grouting cable anchor 2 and grouting grouting cable anchor 3;To increase supporting intensity, grouting cable anchor beam of the invention further includes at least one steel strand wires 1, position In the side of end anchor grouting cable anchor 2 and grouting grouting cable anchor 3, as shown in Figure 1, corresponding slip casting unit includes at least three Bottom plate drilling 13.
Grouting cable anchor that the present invention uses and grouting cable anchor in the prior art are divided into three sections of pipeline sections, respectively rigid pipe 8, Flexible pipe 6 and rigid rod 4, difference is: flexible pipe 6 is to connect firmly with rigid pipe 8 in end anchor grouting cable anchor 2 of the invention;Note Rigid rod 4 is to connect firmly with flexible pipe 6 in slurry grouting cable anchor 3.To guarantee end anchor fixing intensity, the rigid of anchor grouting cable anchor 2 is held Property bar 4 length be 1-3m.
(3) slip casting: the slip casting in grouting cable anchor beam into each slip casting unit respectively is first infused toward end anchor in grouting cable anchor 2 Slurry, injecting paste material 15 flow out from the grout outlet 5 between the flexible pipe 6 and rigid rod 4 of the grouting cable anchor and diffuse to base slab stability In the drilling of rock stratum 16 and circumferential crack, solidified to injecting paste material 15,
Then the grouting cable anchor beam in each slip casting unit is linked into an integrated entity by shield table part, wherein shield table part be channel steel 17, One or more of U-shaped steel and steel basketry net.As shown in figure 3, shield table part of the invention is channel steel 17.
Matched pallet 9 and lockset 10 are installed, and pre- not less than the tensioning of 120KN to grouting cable anchor Shu Jinhang pretightning force Tightly.It can be laid with concrete floor 18 in roadway floor after the completion of pre-tightening to floor grouting anchorage cable stretching, protect table intensity to strengthen, to After concrete floor 18 is fully cured, by 11 slip casting of grouting port of grouting grouting cable anchor 3, injecting paste material 15 is from the slip casting Grout outlet 7 between the rigid pipe 8 and flexible pipe 6 of anchor cable flows out and diffuses to bottom plate drilling 13 and superficial part fragmented rock body 14, to Injecting paste material 15 solidifies;It is directly injected into injecting paste material 15 in 1 place bottom plate of steel strand wires drilling 13, realizes the full anchoring of steel strand wires 1 It is fixed.
The injecting paste material 15 is the cement that solidification intensity is not less than 42.5MPa, and is added and has diminishing, enhancing, micro- The additive of expansion improves injecting paste material consistency, pumping, and additive can be FDN, ACZ type slip casting additive, using water The cement-water ratio of slurry liquid is not less than 2.Other macromolecule chemical materials such as resin can be used in certain injecting paste material 15, and grouting pressure is not Lower than 10MPa, realizes bottom plate drilling and the full packing of superficial part fragmented rock body 14 and strong diffusion, guarantee anchor pouring reinforcement effect.
It is compared by site industrial, Deep Soft Rock Tunnel bottom plate is mud stone, and globality poor, intensity is low, and meets water Argillization expansion, pucking is serious, and half a year pucking amount just can reach 1m, and part is up to nearly 2m, it has to act as a planted agent, top portion, side also with Deformation failure.The grouted anchor bar used later is reinforced, and since bottom plate is acted as a planted agent for a long time, it is big to be crushed range, it is difficult to realize that deep is steady Fixed to reinforce, bottom plate is heaved in globality.
It is operated through practice, after the technical program reinforcing soleplate 3 years, bottom plate does not occur obvious breakoff phenomenon, every slip casting Up to more than 0.5 ton of cement, bottom plate globality and bearing capacity are enhanced unit grouting amount, and the deformation of top portion, side also improves therewith.
Certainly, above description is also not limited to the example above, technical characteristic of the present invention without description can by or It is realized using the prior art, details are not described herein;Above embodiments and attached drawing are only used to illustrate the technical scheme of the present invention not It is limitation of the present invention, is described the invention in detail referring to preferred embodiment, the ordinary skill people of this field Member is it should be appreciated that variation, remodeling, the addition that those skilled in the art are made within the essential scope of the present invention Or replacement also should belong to claims of the invention without departure from spirit of the invention.

Claims (9)

1. a kind of soft-rock tunnel bottom plate anchor pouring reinforcement method, it is characterised in that: the following steps are included:
(1) slip casting duct opens up: it drills in the bottom plate that roadway floor opens up deeply to base slab stability rock stratum, same row's bottom plate drilling In every slip casting units of at least two drilling as roadway floor;
(2) grouting cable anchor beam is installed: a grouting cable anchor beam is correspondingly arranged in each slip casting unit, each grouting cable anchor beam includes At least two grouting cable anchors, and being respectively placed in bottom plate drilling, wherein two grouting cable anchors be respectively hold anchor grouting cable anchor and Grouting grouting cable anchor;
(3) slip casting: the slip casting in grouting cable anchor beam into each slip casting unit respectively, the first slip casting into end anchor grouting cable anchor, note Pulp material flow out and diffuse to from the grout outlet between the flexible pipe and rigid rod of the grouting cable anchor base slab stability rockhole and In circumferential crack, is solidified to injecting paste material and complete to reinforce;The slip casting into grouting grouting cable anchor again, injecting paste material is from the slip casting anchor Grout outlet between the rigid pipe and flexible pipe of rope flows out and diffuses to bottom plate drilling and superficial part fragmented rock body.
2. soft-rock tunnel bottom plate anchor pouring reinforcement method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: grouting cable anchor beam further includes At least one steel strand wires, steel strand wires can realize full length fastening in bottom plate bored grouting.
3. soft-rock tunnel bottom plate anchor pouring reinforcement method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: roadway floor is used in end anchor After grouting cable anchor slip casting, before grouting grouting cable anchor slip casting, by protecting table part for the grouting cable anchor Shu Lian in each slip casting unit It is connected into one, matched pallet and lockset are installed, and it is pre- not less than the tensioning of 120KN to carry out pretightning force to every grouting cable anchor Tightly.
4. soft-rock tunnel bottom plate anchor pouring reinforcement method according to claim 3, it is characterised in that: tensioning is pre- next in tunnel The concrete floor that can strengthen shield table is laid on bottom plate.
5. soft-rock tunnel bottom plate anchor pouring reinforcement method according to claim 3, it is characterised in that: shield table part is channel steel, U-shaped One or more of steel and steel basketry net.
6. soft-rock tunnel bottom plate anchor pouring reinforcement method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the drilling in slip casting duct is deep Degree reaches base slab stability rock stratum 1m or more, and hole depth is not less than 5m, and channel diameter is not less than 70mm.
7. soft-rock tunnel bottom plate anchor pouring reinforcement method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the injecting paste material is Solidification intensity is not less than the cement of 42.5MPa, and additive is added, and the cement-water ratio of cement is not less than 2, and grouting pressure is not less than 10MPa。
8. soft-rock tunnel bottom plate anchor pouring reinforcement method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: in the anchor grouting cable anchor of end Flexible pipe is to connect firmly with rigid pipe, the grout outlet of flexible pipe and rigid rod there are gap as end anchor grouting cable anchor;Slip casting It is connected firmly with rigid rod in grouting cable anchor with flexible pipe, there are gaps as grouting grouting cable anchor for flexible pipe and rigid pipe Grout outlet.
9. soft-rock tunnel bottom plate anchor pouring reinforcement method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: end anchor grouting cable anchor The length of rigid rod is 1-3m.
CN201811588260.XA 2018-12-25 2018-12-25 A kind of soft-rock tunnel bottom plate anchor pouring reinforcement method Withdrawn CN109505641A (en)

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110130958A (en) * 2019-05-16 2019-08-16 中国神华能源股份有限公司 A kind of control method of gob side entry retaining pucking
CN110470269A (en) * 2019-08-21 2019-11-19 山东大学 Reinforcing laneway prediction scheme is comprehensive to determine method
CN111911197A (en) * 2020-08-12 2020-11-10 华北科技学院 Drainage slow-seepage grouting reinforcement device and method in strong water-rich soft surrounding rock
CN113638756A (en) * 2021-09-09 2021-11-12 辽宁工程技术大学 Anchor cable supporting method for treating roadway floor heave and anchor cable

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CN106321124A (en) * 2016-11-20 2017-01-11 中国平煤神马能源化工集团有限责任公司 Mine grouting anchor cable supporting method
CN107747493A (en) * 2017-12-08 2018-03-02 河南理工大学 Roadway floor prestress anchorage cable group coordinates ruggedized construction and construction method with slip casting
CN207686735U (en) * 2017-12-08 2018-08-03 河南理工大学 Baseboard of coal mine roadway deformed bar suspension device

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DE2749068A1 (en) * 1977-11-02 1979-05-03 Gebirgssicherung Gmbh Mine anchorage rod embedded in hardening resin - has flexible externally roughened inner plastics sleeve around glass fibre rods
CN101871353A (en) * 2010-06-22 2010-10-27 宋彦波 Method for soft rock roadway grouting and full-length prestress baseboard anchor cable comprehensive support
CN102230382A (en) * 2011-05-20 2011-11-02 中国矿业大学 Progressive shielding booster-type grouting and reinforcing technology for baseboard
CN102322273A (en) * 2011-05-20 2012-01-18 中国矿业大学 A kind of roadway floor anchor is annotated integrated reinforcement means
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CN207686735U (en) * 2017-12-08 2018-08-03 河南理工大学 Baseboard of coal mine roadway deformed bar suspension device

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110130958A (en) * 2019-05-16 2019-08-16 中国神华能源股份有限公司 A kind of control method of gob side entry retaining pucking
CN110470269A (en) * 2019-08-21 2019-11-19 山东大学 Reinforcing laneway prediction scheme is comprehensive to determine method
CN110470269B (en) * 2019-08-21 2021-04-16 山东大学 Comprehensive determination method for roadway reinforcement plan
CN111911197A (en) * 2020-08-12 2020-11-10 华北科技学院 Drainage slow-seepage grouting reinforcement device and method in strong water-rich soft surrounding rock
CN113638756A (en) * 2021-09-09 2021-11-12 辽宁工程技术大学 Anchor cable supporting method for treating roadway floor heave and anchor cable

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Application publication date: 20190322