CN109490146B - Calibration system and method for land-atmosphere interface gas exchange flux - Google Patents
Calibration system and method for land-atmosphere interface gas exchange flux Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
A calibration system and method for land-atmosphere interface gas exchange flux are provided, the calibration system comprises: the exchange process simulation unit is used for mixing the standard gas in the standard gas steel cylinder with the air in the gas storage tank to obtain mixed gas; the T-shaped balance port balances the air pressure difference between the mixed air and the ambient atmosphere; land-atmosphere exchange occurs through the permeable layer due to the concentration difference between the mixed gas and the ambient atmosphere; the change of the characteristics of the permeable layer simulates the land-atmosphere exchange process of different types of soil; the exchange flux measuring unit is connected with the exchange process simulation unit and is used for detecting the concentration of the mixed gas in the gas storage tank and the ambient atmosphere; an environment variable measuring unit connected with the exchange process simulation unit and used for determining a standard value F of the land-atmosphere exchange flux according to the data of the sensor module and the concentrations of the mixed gas and the environment atmospheres. Thereby, the land-atmosphere exchange flux measurement value F of the closed box method is realizedmError calibration of, i.e. absolute error ea＝Fm‑Fs。
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of observation of land ecosystem-atmosphere interface substance exchange flux, in particular to a calibration system and a calibration method of land-atmosphere interface gas exchange flux.
Background
The global warming caused by the increase of the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere becomes a focus problem of climate change research, the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is obviously influenced in the land-atmosphere gas exchange process, the land-atmosphere exchange flux (namely the gas quality passing through the land and the atmosphere interface in unit time in unit area) and the time-space change characteristics of the land-atmosphere exchange flux are accurately measured, and the land-atmosphere exchange flux is a precondition basis for scientifically evaluating the greenhouse gas source, the sink strength and the contribution to the climate change of a land ecosystem.
The closed box method (classified into static box method and dynamic box method) is the most common method for measuring land-atmosphere exchange flux, and the principle is that a closed box body is covered on a soil vegetation system, and the land-atmosphere exchange flux is calculated by measuring the change rate of the gas concentration in the closed box body along with time. The more commonly adopted closed box method in the world is a closed box sampling-gas chromatography method which is mainly suitable for variable component gases (such as main greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide (CO)2) Methane (CH)4) And nitrous oxide (N)2O)) measure of exchange flux.
The closed box method is an unsteady state measuring method, disturbance can be generated on environmental conditions (atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity, turbulence conditions and soil gas concentration gradient) by a closed box cover box and gas sample collection, and further measurement errors of land-atmosphere exchange flux of the closed box method are caused, the disturbance and the errors caused by the disturbance can be obviously reduced through technical improvement, but due to the unstable state measuring principle of the closed box method, the disturbance and the errors cannot be completely eliminated, so that the technical method is urgently needed for quantifying the land-atmosphere exchange flux measurement errors caused by unsteady state measurement.
In addition to measurement errors caused by disturbance of environmental conditions, various research institutions around the world adopt differentiation schemes in various aspects such as experimental layout, design of a closed box, gas sample collection and concentration detection, exchange flux calculation, data quality control, environmental parameter correction and the like according to different measurement objects and experimental conditions, and the measurement precision of land-atmosphere exchange flux can be influenced by the difference of the measurement schemes.
The applicant finds that a technical method is not available at present, and can calibrate the measurement error of the exchange flux caused by the unsteady state measurement and the differentiated measurement scheme of the closed box method, so that the uncertainty of the compilation of the national greenhouse gas emission list and the estimation of the emission reduction strategy is caused.
Disclosure of Invention
Technical problem to be solved
The present invention is directed to a system and a method for calibrating a gas exchange flux at a terrestrial-atmospheric interface, so as to solve at least one of the above technical problems.
(II) technical scheme
The invention provides a calibration system for land-atmosphere interface gas exchange flux, which comprises:
the exchange process simulation unit is used for mixing the standard gas in the standard gas steel cylinder with the air in the gas storage tank to obtain mixed gas; the T-shaped balance port balances the air pressure difference between the mixed gas and the ambient atmosphere; land-atmosphere exchange occurs through the permeable layer due to the concentration difference between the mixed gas and the ambient atmosphere; the change of the characteristics of the permeable layer simulates the land-atmosphere exchange process of different types of soil;
the exchange flux measuring unit is connected with the exchange process simulation unit and is used for detecting the concentration of the mixed gas in the gas storage tank and the ambient atmosphere;
and the environment variable measuring unit is connected with the exchange process simulation unit and used for determining a standard value of the land-atmosphere exchange flux according to the data of the sensor module and the concentrations of the mixed gas and the ambient atmosphere.
In some embodiments of the invention, the exchange process simulation unit comprises:
the penetration layer is composed of sterilized fine sand, and the quantity, the moisture content and the particle size distribution of the fine sand are changed to simulate different types of soil;
the standard gas cylinder stores standard gas with preset concentration;
the gas storage tank is connected with a standard gas steel cylinder through a first gas path;
the first two-position two-way electromagnetic valve is positioned on the first air path, and the first two-position two-way electromagnetic valve is opened and closed to control whether standard gas flows into the gas storage tank or not: when the first two-position two-way electromagnetic valve is opened, the mass flow controller on the first air path adjusts the flow rate of standard gas flowing into the gas storage tank, so that the concentration of mixed gas in the gas storage tank reaches a set value; when the first two-position two-way electromagnetic valve is closed, the concentration difference of the gas between the gas storage tank and the ambient atmosphere enables the mixed gas and the ambient atmosphere to carry out land-atmosphere exchange through a permeable layer;
the concentration difference between the mixed gas in the gas storage tank and the ambient atmosphere determines the direction and the speed of molecular diffusion: when the concentration of the mixed gas in the gas storage tank is higher than that of the ambient atmosphere, the mixed gas molecules diffuse to the ambient atmosphere through the permeation layer, and the exchange process simulation unit simulates the land soil discharge process; when the concentration of the mixed gas in the gas storage tank is lower than that of the ambient atmosphere, ambient atmosphere gas molecules are diffused into the gas storage tank through a permeation layer, and the exchange process simulation unit simulates the land soil absorption process; the larger the concentration gradient between the mixed gas in the gas storage tank and the ambient atmosphere is, the higher the gas molecule diffusion rate is, and the exchange process simulation unit simulates the strength of different emission sources or absorption sinks of the land soil.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the air storage tank is further connected to the ambient atmosphere through a second air path, and the second two-position two-way solenoid valve and the T-shaped balancing port are located on the second air path, and are configured to balance a pressure difference between the mixed gas in the air storage tank and the ambient atmosphere, and prevent interference of horizontal side wind on the concentration and pressure of the mixed gas in the air storage tank.
In some embodiments of the invention, the exchange process simulation unit further comprises:
the two axial flow fans are respectively positioned on the left inner wall and the right inner wall of the gas storage tank and are used for fully mixing gas in the gas storage tank;
and the permeable membrane is positioned at the bottom of the permeable layer and is used for blocking fine sand of the permeable layer through mixed gas and ambient atmosphere.
In some embodiments of the invention, the exchange flux measurement unit has built therein:
first CO2The analyzer is used for detecting CO in the mixed gas in the gas storage tank2The concentration of (c);
first CH4And N2O analyzer for detecting CH in mixed gas in gas storage tank4And N2Concentration of O, thereby determining CO in the mixed gas2、CH4And N2Concentration of O Ctank(t) a change over time t; and the first CO2Analyzer and the first CH4And N2The O analyzer is connected with the gas storage tank through a circulation loop, and the circulation loop comprises a fourth gas path and a fifth gas path;
second CO2Analyzer for detecting CO in the ambient atmosphere2The concentration of (c);
second CH4And N2O analyzer for detecting CH in ambient atmosphere4And N2Concentration of O, thereby determining CO in the ambient atmosphere2、CH4And N2Concentration of O Camb(t) a change over time t; the second CO2Analyzer and second CH4And N2And the O analyzer is connected with the ambient atmosphere through a sixth gas path and a seventh gas path.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the environment variable measuring unit is provided with a sensor module therein, the sensor module including:
the first differential pressure sensor and the recorder are connected with the gas storage tank through a third gas path and used for measuring and recording the gas pressure difference between the mixed gas in the gas storage tank and the ambient atmosphere, and the third gas path further comprises a third two-position two-way electromagnetic valve used for controlling the measurement of the first differential pressure sensor and the recorder;
an air temperature and humidity sensor arranged in the radiation-proof cover and used for measuring the temperature T of the ambient atmosphereamb(t) and humidity;
atmospheric pressure sensor for measuring the pressure P of the ambient atmosphereamb(t)；
A soil humidity sensor buried in the permeable formation for measuring the volume water content of the soil in the permeable formation and participating in calculating the gas filled pore volume V of the permeable formationsand；
The three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer is used for measuring the turbulence condition of the ambient atmosphere;
the data collector is used for collecting data of the sensor module, and the data of the sensor module comprises: the air temperature and humidity sensor, the atmospheric pressure sensor, the soil humidity sensor and the three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer;
and determining a standard value of the land-atmosphere exchange flux according to the data of the sensor module, the concentration of the mixed gas in the gas storage tank and the ambient atmosphere concentration.
The embodiment of the invention also provides a calibration method of the land-atmosphere interface gas exchange flux, which is applied to the calibration system of the land-atmosphere interface gas exchange flux, and the method comprises the following steps:
mixing the standard gas in the standard gas steel cylinder with the air in the gas storage tank to obtain mixed gas; the T-shaped balance port balances the air pressure difference between the mixed gas and the ambient atmosphere; land-atmosphere exchange occurs through the permeable layer due to the concentration difference between the mixed gas and the ambient atmosphere;
the exchange flux measuring unit detects the concentration C of the mixed gas in the gas storage tanktank(t) and ambient atmospheric concentration Camb(t) correcting the influence of the change of the concentration of the soil gas in the permeable layer on the concentration of the mixed gas in the gas storage tank along with the change of the time t, and determining a corrected value C 'of the concentration of the mixed gas in the gas storage tank'tank(t)；
According to the air pressure P of the sensor moduleamb(T) and temperature data Tamb(t) and C'tank(t) determining the standard value F of the terrestrial-atmospheric exchange flux by using the mass balance principles。
In some embodiments of the present invention, the,
in the formula, Camb(0) And Ctank(0) The concentrations of the ambient atmosphere and the mixed gas in the gas storage tank at the calibration starting time (t ═ 0) are respectively; camb(t) and Ctank(t) the concentrations of the ambient atmosphere and the mixed gas in the gas storage tank at the moment t in the calibration process respectively; vsandIs the gas filled pore volume of the permeable layer; vtankIs the volume of the gas storage tank.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the,
in the formula, HtankThe height of the gas storage tank;
is a mixed gas concentration correction value C 'in the gas storage tank'tank(t) rate of change over time t at the calibration initial time (t → 0);
and
respectively the pressure P of the ambient atmosphere in the calibration processamb(T) and temperature Tamb(t) average value; ps、TsAnd ρsThe pressure, temperature and density of the measured gas in the standard state, respectively.
(III) advantageous effects
Compared with the prior art, the calibration system and the calibration method for the land-atmosphere interface gas exchange flux have the advantages that:
(1) by changing the concentration of the standard gas in the standard gas steel cylinder of the exchange process simulation unit and the flow speed and time of the standard gas injected into the gas cylinder by the standard gas steel cylinder, different gas concentration differences are generated between the gas cylinder and the ambient atmosphere, when the gas concentration in the gas cylinder is higher than the ambient atmosphere, gas molecules diffuse into the ambient atmosphere through the permeable layer, otherwise, the gas molecules in the ambient atmosphere diffuse into the gas cylinder through the permeable layer, the concentration difference level determines the diffusion rate, namely the exchange flux, and the positive and negative concentration differences determine the gas diffusion direction, namely the positive (emission) and negative (absorption) of the exchange flux, so the exchange process simulation unit can simulate the complex gas exchange process of a land ecosystem-atmosphere interface, including the emission and absorption processes and different emission and absorption strengths.
(2) The permeable layer is composed of sterilized fine sand, the gas exchange process in the permeable layer and the measurement of the standard value of the land-atmosphere exchange flux are not influenced by the fixing and releasing action of microorganisms after the fine sand is sterilized, and in addition, the land-atmosphere exchange characteristics of different types of soil can be simulated by changing the quantity (namely the height of the permeable layer), the moisture content and the particle size composition of the fine sand.
(3) The T-shaped balance port is designed on the gas storage tank of the exchange process simulation unit, and the real-time pressure difference monitoring equipment is installed to ensure that the gas pressure in the gas storage tank is consistent with the ambient atmospheric pressure, so that the diffusion process of the gas in the permeable layer is mainly molecular diffusion and consistent with the natural soil gas exchange process, and in addition, the T-shaped balance port can prevent the interference of horizontal side wind on the atmospheric pressure and the gas concentration in the gas storage tank.
(4) The cross sectional area of the gas storage tank and the permeable layer of the exchange process simulation unit is more than 10 times of that of the main flow closed box, so that the cover box of the closed box method and the error calibration process can not obviously interfere with the gas exchange process of the permeable layer and the measurement of the standard value of the exchange flux.
(5) The exchange flux measuring unit is used for high-frequency synchronous measurement of the change of the gas concentration in the gas storage tank and the ambient atmosphere along with time, correction and calculation of the influence of the change of the gas concentration of the soil of the permeable layer on the gas concentration in the gas storage tank, and accurate calculation of the standard value of the land-atmosphere exchange flux according to the mass balance principle.
(6) The environment variable measuring unit performs high-frequency synchronous measurement on main environment elements (soil humidity, atmospheric temperature, humidity, pressure, differential pressure and turbulence conditions) inside and outside the closed box, quantitatively represents the influence of a closed box method cover box and an observation process on environment conditions, and reveals environment interference factors causing land-atmosphere exchange flux measurement errors.
(7) Through automatic control and programming, the labor intensity of calibration work and the disturbance of observation personnel to environmental conditions (such as turbulent flow conditions, gas concentration and the like) are reduced.
The calibration system for the gas exchange flux of the land-atmosphere interface can calibrate all measurement methods (comprising a static box, a dynamic box, a transparent box, a dark box and high-frequency and low-frequency observation methods) based on the principle of a closed box and synchronously calibrate a plurality of gases (such as main greenhouse gas CO)2、CH4And N2O, etc.), reveal the main cause causing the measuring error, standardize the observation scheme of the exchange flux of land-atmosphere, offer the key technical support for future land-atmosphere interface gas exchange flux observation national standard and establishment of the trade norm.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a land-atmosphere interface gas exchange flux calibration system according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a land-atmosphere interface gas exchange flux measurement error calibration method according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic step diagram of a land-atmosphere interface gas exchange flux calibration method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[ notation ] to show
1-a switching process simulation unit; 2-exchange flux measuring unit; 3-an environmental variable measuring unit; 4-standard gas cylinder; 5-a pressure reducing valve; 6-a first two-position two-way electromagnetic valve; 7-a mass flow controller; 8-a gas storage tank; 9-an axial fan; 10-a permeable membrane; 11-a permeation layer; 12-a second two-position two-way solenoid valve; 13-T type balance port; 14-a third two-position two-way solenoid valve; 15-a first vernier scale needle valve; 16-a first filter membrane; 17-first CO2An analyzer; 18-first CH4And N2An O analyzer; 19-a first diaphragm pump; 20-a second vernier scale needle valve; 21-a second filter membrane; 22-second CO2An analyzer; 23-second CH4And N2An O analyzer; 24-a second diaphragm pump; 25-a first differential pressure sensor and a recorder; 26-air temperature and humidity sensor; 27-radiation shield; 28-barometric pressure sensor; 29-soil moisture sensor; 30-ultrasonic anemometer; 31-a data collector; 32-a scaffold; 33-a closed box method measuring unit; 34-a base; 35-rubber sealing ring; 36-closed dark box; 37-air temperature sensor; 38-air temperature reading gauge; 39-second differential pressure sensor and recorder; 40-opening and closing a stop valve; 41-needle cylinder; 42-gas chromatography.
Detailed Description
Based on the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a calibration system and a calibration method for land-atmosphere interface gas exchange flux, which realize measurement of a standard value of the land-atmosphere exchange flux and calibration of a measurement error of the land-atmosphere exchange flux by a closed box method.
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to specific embodiments and the accompanying drawings.
An embodiment of the present invention provides a calibration system for land-atmosphere interface gas exchange flux, as shown in fig. 1, the calibration system includes:
the exchange process simulation unit 1 is used for mixing the standard gas in the standard gas steel cylinder with the air in the gas storage tank to obtain mixed gas; land-to-atmosphere exchange occurs due to the concentration difference of the mixed gas and the ambient atmosphere;
the exchange flux measuring unit 2 is connected with the exchange process simulation unit and is used for detecting the concentration of the mixed gas in the gas storage tank and the ambient atmosphere;
an environment variable measuring unit 3 connected with the exchange process simulation unit and used for determining a standard value F of the land-atmosphere exchange flux according to the mass balance principle according to the data of the sensor module and the concentrations of the mixed gas and the environment atmospheres。
Next, the respective units of the calibration system will be described in detail.
(1) The exchange process simulation unit 1 is internally provided with:
the standard gas cylinder 4 stores standard gas with preset concentration;
the pressure reducing valve 5 is positioned at the output end of the standard gas steel cylinder and is used for setting the output pressure of the standard gas steel cylinder 4;
the gas storage tank 8 is connected with the standard gas steel cylinder 4 through a first gas path;
a first two-position two-way solenoid valve 6 is located on the first gas circuit, and opens and closes to control whether the standard gas flows into the gas storage tank 8: when the first two-position two-way electromagnetic valve 6 is opened, the mass flow controller 7 positioned on the first air path is used for adjusting the flow rate of standard gas flowing into the gas storage tank 8, so that the concentration of mixed gas in the gas storage tank 8 reaches a set value; when the first two-position two-way solenoid valve 6 is turned off, the concentration difference between the gas tank 8 and the ambient atmosphere causes the gas molecules to undergo land-atmosphere exchange through the permeable layer 11 of the gas tank 8.
The exchange process simulation unit 1 further comprises:
two axial fans 9 respectively located on the left and right inner walls of the gas storage tank 8 for fully mixing the gas in the gas storage tank 8;
a permeable membrane 10 at the bottom of the permeable layer for blocking fine sand of the permeable layer 11 by the mixed gas and the ambient atmosphere;
the gas holder 8 still through the second gas circuit with ambient atmosphere is connected, second two-way solenoid valve 12 and T type balanced mouth 13 are located on the second gas circuit for the atmospheric pressure difference between the mixed gas in the balanced gas holder 8 and the ambient atmosphere to prevent the horizontal crosswind to 8 interior gas concentration of gas holder and the interference of atmospheric pressure.
(2) The exchange flux measuring unit 2 is internally provided with:
first CO2The analyzer 17 is used for detecting CO in the mixed gas in the gas storage tank 82The concentration of (c);
first CH4And N2The O analyzer 18 is used for detecting CH in the mixed gas in the gas storage tank 84And N2Concentration of O, thereby determining CO in the mixed gas2、CH4And N2Concentration C of Otank(t); and the first CO2Analyzer 17 and the first CH4And N2The O analyzer 18 is connected with the gas storage tank 8 through a circulation loop, and the circulation loop comprises a fourth gas path and a fifth gas path;
second CO2Analyzer 22 for detecting CO in the ambient atmosphere2The concentration of (c);
second CH4And N2O analyzer 23 for detecting CH in ambient atmosphere4And N2Concentration of O, thereby determining CO in the ambient atmosphere2、CH4And N2Concentration C of Oamb(t) for correcting the influence of the change in the concentration of the soil gas in the permeation layer on the concentration of the mixed gas in the gas tank, and determining a correction value C 'of the concentration of the mixed gas in the gas tank'tank(t); and the second CO2Analyzer 22 and second CH4And N2The O analyzer 23 is connected with the ambient atmosphere through a sixth gas path and a seventh gas path;
the first diaphragm pump 19 is positioned on the fifth gas path and used for pumping the mixed gas in the gas storage tank 8;
the first vernier scale needle valve 15 and the first filter membrane 16 are positioned on the fourth gas path and used for adjusting the gas flow rate of the circulation loop and filtering large particles in the mixed gas flowing through the circulation loop;
a second diaphragm pump 24 on the seventh gas path for pumping ambient atmosphere;
and the second vernier scale needle valve 20 and the second filter membrane 21 are positioned on the sixth air path and used for adjusting the air flow rate of the sixth air path and the seventh air path and filtering large particles in the ambient atmosphere flowing through the sixth air path.
(3) A sensor module is arranged in the environment variable measuring unit 3, and the sensor module comprises:
the first differential pressure sensor and recorder 25 is connected with the gas storage tank 8 through a third gas path and is used for measuring and recording the pressure difference between the mixed gas in the gas storage tank 8 and the ambient atmosphere, and the third gas path further comprises a third two-position two-way electromagnetic valve 14 which is used for controlling the measurement of the first differential pressure sensor and recorder 25;
an air temperature and humidity sensor 26 arranged in the radiation shield 27, wherein the first air temperature and humidity sensor 26 is used for measuring the temperature T of the ambient atmosphereamb(t) and humidity;
an atmospheric pressure sensor 28 for measuring the ambient atmospheric pressure Pamb(t)；
A soil humidity sensor 29 arranged in the permeable formation 11 for measuring the volume water content of the soil in the permeable formation 11 and participating in calculating the gas filled pore volume V of the permeable formation 11sand；
A three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer 30 for measuring a turbulent condition of ambient atmosphere;
a data collector 31, configured to collect data of a sensor module, where the data of the sensor module includes: the air temperature and humidity sensor 26, the atmospheric pressure sensor 28, the soil humidity sensor 29 and the three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer 30;
the environment variable measuring unit 3 further includes a holder 32 for fixing the sensor module;
from the data of the sensor module, ambient atmosphere CO2、CH4And N2O concentration, and mixed gas CO2、CH4And N2O concentration, determination of the standard value F of the terrestrial-atmospheric exchange fluxs。
Referring to fig. 2 again, the present invention is directed to a detailed description of an error calibration method for measuring gas exchange flux at a land-air interface according to an embodiment:
the standard terrestrial-atmospheric exchange flux values F are described belowsThe metric and the calculation method of (1).
As shown in fig. 2, a standard gas of a predetermined concentration is stored in the standard gas cylinder 4, a main valve of the standard gas cylinder 4 is opened, and an output pressure of the standard gas cylinder 4 is set by a pressure reducing valve 5. The first two-position two-way electromagnetic valve 6 is opened, the mass flow controller 7 sets the flow rate of the standard gas in the first air passage, and the standard gas enters the gas storage tank 8 through the first air passage. The axial fan 9 is turned on to sufficiently mix the standard gas injected from the first air passage with the air in the gas container 8.
The second two-position two-way electromagnetic valve 12 is opened, the standard gas injected from the first gas path enables the air pressure in the gas storage tank 8 to be higher than the ambient atmospheric pressure, the gas in the gas storage tank 8 is discharged through the two-position two-way electromagnetic valve 12 and the T-shaped balance port 13 of the second gas path, and the T-shaped balance port 13 prevents the interference of external horizontal side wind on the pressure and concentration of the mixed gas in the gas storage tank 8.
The mixed gas in the gas storage tank 8 pumped by the first diaphragm pump 19 sequentially enters the first CO through the fourth gas path, the first vernier scale needle valve 15 and the first filter membrane 162Analyzer 17 and first CH4And N2The O analyzer 18 returns to the gas storage tank 8 through a fifth gas path, and the first filter membrane 16 filters large particles to prevent the large particles from polluting first CO2Analyzer 17 (non-dispersive infrared gas Analyzer) and first CH4And N2The optical path of the O analyzer 18 (off-axis integrating cavity output spectrometer) and the first vernier scale needle valve 15 regulate the gas flow rate in the circulation loop (fourth and fifth gas paths). When first CO2Analyzer 17 and first CH4And N2When the concentration of the mixed gas in the gas storage tank 8 detected by the O analyzer 18 reaches a preset value range, the first two-position two-way electromagnetic valve 6 is closed, the axial flow fan 9 is closed, the third two-position two-way electromagnetic valve 14 is opened, and the first differential pressure sensor and the recorder 25 measure and display the gas storage tank8 pressure difference from the ambient atmosphere.
When the pressure difference between the air storage tank 8 and the ambient atmosphere is reduced to zero, the second two-position two-way electromagnetic valve 12 and the third two-position two-way electromagnetic valve 14 are closed, and the standard value F of the land-atmosphere exchange flux is obtainedsMeasurement starts (t ═ 0), first CO2Analyzer 17 and first CH4And N2O analyzer 18 measures and records the concentration C of the mixed gas in the gas storage tank 8 at high frequency (1 Hz)tank(t) as a function of time t, second CO2Analyzer 22 and second CH4And N2O analyzer 23 high frequency (1 Hz) measures and records ambient atmospheric concentration Camb(T) as a function of time T, the air temperature and humidity sensor 26 measures the ambient air temperature Tamb(t), the atmospheric pressure sensor 28 measures the ambient atmospheric pressure Pamb(t), the three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer 30 measures the ambient atmospheric turbulence conditions (three-dimensional wind speed and direction).
CO between the mixed gas in the gas storage tank 8 and the ambient atmosphere2、CH4And N2The difference in O concentration determines the direction and rate of molecular diffusion. When the concentration of the mixed gas in the gas storage tank 8 is higher than the ambient atmosphere, CO in the gas storage tank 82、CH4And N2O molecules are diffused to the ambient atmosphere through the permeable membrane 10 and the permeable layer 11, the diffusion rate is higher when the concentration difference between the mixed gas in the gas storage tank 8 and the ambient atmosphere is larger, and at the moment, the exchange process simulation unit 1 simulates the soil discharge process and different discharge source strengths; when the gas concentration in the gas storage tank 8 is lower than that in the ambient atmosphere, CO in the ambient atmosphere2、CH4And N2O molecules are diffused to the gas storage tank 8 through the permeable layer 11 and the permeable membrane 10, the larger the difference between the concentrations of the ambient air and the mixed gas in the gas storage tank 8 is, the higher the diffusion rate is, and at the moment, the exchange process simulation unit 1 simulates the soil absorption process and different absorption sink strengths. The permeable membrane 10 is permeable to gas molecules and impermeable to the fine sand of the permeable layer 11.
The change of the concentration of the soil gas in the permeable layer 11 affects the change rate of the concentration of the mixed gas in the gas storage tank 8, and the concentration C of the mixed gas in the gas storage tank 8 needs to be adjustedtank(t) correction is made assuming that the concentration of soil gas in the permeable formation 11 is the mixture in the gas tank 8The average value of the gas and the ambient atmosphere concentration is used for determining a mixed gas concentration correction value C 'in the gas storage tank 8 at the moment t'tankThe calculation formula of (t) is as follows:
in the formula, Camb(0) And Ctank(0) Are respectively FsMeasuring the concentrations of the ambient atmosphere and the mixed gas in the gas storage tank at the starting moment (t is 0); camb(t) and Ctank(t) are each FsMeasuring the concentrations of the ambient atmosphere and the mixed gas in the gas storage tank at the moment t in the process; vsandIs the gas filled pore volume of the permeable layer; vtankIs the volume of the gas storage tank.
Further, the standard value of terrestrial-atmospheric exchange flux FsThe calculation formula of (a) is as follows:
in the formula, HtankThe height of the gas storage tank 8;
is a mixed gas concentration correction value C 'in a gas storage tank 8'tank(t) at F over time tsMeasuring the rate of change at the initial time (t → 0);
and
are respectively FsAmbient atmospheric pressure P in the metrology processamb(T) and air temperature Tamb(t) average value; ps、TsAnd ρsAtmospheric pressure, temperature and density of the measured gas in the standard state, respectively.
The terrestrial-atmospheric exchange flux measurement F is described belowmThe metric and the calculation method of (1).
The embodiment of the invention is also provided withA closed box method measurement unit 33 is introduced. The closed box method measuring unit 33 comprises a base 34, a rubber sealing ring 35, a closed dark box 36, an air temperature sensor 37, an air temperature reading meter 38, a second differential pressure sensor and recorder 39, an on-off stop valve 40, a syringe 41 and a gas chromatograph 42. A base 34 is embedded in the permeable layer 11, a rubber packing 35 is adhered to the base 34, and a closed dark box 36 is attached to the upper portions of the base 34 and the rubber packing 35. The rubber packing 35 seals the joint between the base 34 and the closed bellows 36. Terrestrial-atmospheric exchange flux measurement FmBeginning the measurement, the gas sample in the dark box 36 is collected at certain time intervals by using the syringe 41 (for example, 5 gas samples are collected at intervals of 10 minutes), after all the samples are collected, the dark box 36 is removed from the base 34, and the CO of the gas sample in the syringe 41 is analyzed and measured by using the gas chromatograph 422、CH4And N2O concentration, determining the gas concentration C in the closed dark box 36 at time tcham(t)。
In the process of collecting gas samples by the closed camera bellows 36 cover box and the needle cylinder 41, the switch stop valve 40 is opened, and the switch stop valve 40 is closed in the rest time. A second differential pressure sensor and recorder 39 is connected to the closed camera 36, said second differential pressure sensor and recorder 39 being adapted to determine the pressure difference between the air in the closed camera 36 and the ambient atmosphere when the on-off shut-off valve 40 is opened, in combination with the ambient atmospheric pressure P measured by the atmospheric pressure sensor 28amb(t) determining the air pressure P in the closed dark box 36cham(t) of (d). An air temperature sensor 37 is mounted within the dark enclosure 36, the air temperature sensor 37 and an air temperature meter 38 for measuring the temperature T of the air within the dark enclosure 36cham(t)。
Terrestrial-atmospheric exchange flux measurement FmThe calculation formula of (a) is as follows:
in the formula, HchamThe height of the closed camera chamber 36;
is the gas concentration C in the closed dark boxcham(t) rate of change with boot time t at boot initial time (t → 0);
and
respectively is the atmospheric pressure P in the closed dark box cover box processcham(T) and air temperature Tcham(t) average value; ps、TsAnd ρsAtmospheric pressure, temperature and density of the measured gas in the standard state, respectively.
FsAnd FmSynchronous measurement, FmRelative to FsAbsolute error e ofaAnd relative error erThe quantitative calculation formula is as follows:
ea＝Fm-Fs
to this end, a measure F of the terrestrial-atmospheric exchange fluxmStandard value of the relative terrestrial-atmospheric exchange flux FsThe error quantification and calibration process is ended.
An embodiment of the present invention further provides a calibration method for land-atmosphere interface gas exchange flux, which is applied to the calibration system for land-atmosphere interface gas exchange flux, as shown in fig. 3, and the method includes the following steps:
s1, mixing the standard gas in the standard gas steel cylinder with the air in the gas storage tank to obtain mixed gas; the T-shaped balance port balances the air pressure difference between the mixed gas and the ambient atmosphere; land-atmosphere exchange occurs through the permeable layer due to the concentration difference between the mixed gas and the ambient atmosphere;
s2, detecting the concentration C of the mixed gas in the gas storage tank by the exchange flux measuring unittank(t) and ambient atmospheric concentration Camb(t) correcting the mixture in the gas storage tank by the concentration change of the soil gas in the permeable layer along with the change of the time tDetermining a correction value of the concentration of the mixed gas in the gas storage tank under the influence of the concentration of the mixed gas;
s3, according to the air pressure P of the sensor moduleamb(T) and temperature data Tamb(t) and C'tank(t) determining the standard value F of the terrestrial-atmospheric exchange flux by using the mass balance principles。
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
in the formula, Camb(0) And Ctank(0) The concentrations of the ambient atmosphere and the mixed gas in the gas storage tank (8) at the calibration starting time (t is 0) respectively; camb(t) and Ctank(t) the ambient atmosphere at the time t and the concentration of the mixed gas in the gas storage tank 8 in the calibration process are respectively shown; vsandIs the gas filled pore volume of the permeable layer 11; vtankThe volume of the gas storage tank 8.
In the formula, HtankThe height of the gas storage tank 8;
is a mixed gas concentration correction value C 'in a gas storage tank 8'tank(t) rate of change over time t at the calibration initial time (t → 0);
and
respectively the pressure P of the ambient atmosphere in the calibration processamb(T) and temperature Tamb(t) average value; ps、TsAnd ρsThe pressure, temperature and density of the measured gas in the standard state, respectively.
The above-mentioned embodiments are intended to illustrate the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention in further detail, and it should be understood that the above-mentioned embodiments are only exemplary embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the present invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A calibration system for land-to-atmosphere interface gas exchange flux comprising:
the exchange process simulation unit (1) is used for mixing the standard gas in the standard gas steel cylinder (4) with the air in the gas storage tank (8) to obtain mixed gas; the T-shaped balance port balances the air pressure difference between the mixed gas and the ambient atmosphere; the land-atmosphere exchange takes place through the permeable layer (11) due to the concentration difference between the mixed gas and the ambient atmosphere, the concentration difference between the mixed gas in the gas reservoir (8) and the ambient atmosphere determining the direction and rate of molecular diffusion: when the concentration of the mixed gas in the gas storage tank (8) is higher than that of the ambient atmosphere, the mixed gas molecules are diffused to the ambient atmosphere through the permeation layer (11), and the exchange process simulation unit (1) simulates the land soil discharge process; when the concentration of the mixed gas in the gas storage tank (8) is lower than that of the ambient atmosphere, the ambient atmosphere gas molecules are diffused into the gas storage tank (8) through a permeation layer (11), and the exchange process simulation unit (1) simulates the land soil absorption process; the larger the concentration gradient between the mixed gas in the gas storage tank (8) and the ambient atmosphere is, the higher the gas molecule diffusion rate is, and the exchange process simulation unit (1) simulates the strength of different discharge sources or absorption sinks of the land soil; the change of the characteristics of the permeable layer simulates the land-atmosphere exchange process of different types of soil;
the exchange flux measuring unit (2) is connected with the exchange process simulation unit and is used for detecting the concentration of the mixed gas in the gas storage tank (8) and the ambient atmosphere;
and the environment variable measuring unit (3) is connected with the exchange process simulation unit and is used for determining a standard value of the land-atmosphere exchange flux according to the data of the sensor module and the concentrations of the mixed gas and the ambient atmosphere.
2. Calibration system according to claim 1, wherein the exchange process simulation unit (1) comprises:
the penetration layer (11) is composed of sterilized fine sand, and the quantity, the moisture content and the particle size distribution of the fine sand are changed to simulate different types of soil;
the standard gas cylinder (4) stores standard gas with preset concentration;
the gas storage tank (8) is connected with the standard gas steel cylinder (4) through a first gas path;
a first two-position two-way solenoid valve (6) is positioned on the first gas path, and the opening and closing of the first two-position two-way solenoid valve are used for controlling whether the standard gas flows into a gas storage tank (8): when the first two-position two-way electromagnetic valve (6) is opened, the mass flow controller (7) on the first air path adjusts the flow rate of standard gas flowing into the gas storage tank (8), so that the concentration of mixed gas in the gas storage tank (8) reaches a set value; when the first two-position two-way electromagnetic valve (6) is closed, the concentration difference of the gas between the gas storage tank (8) and the ambient atmosphere enables the mixed gas and the ambient atmosphere to carry out land-atmosphere exchange through a permeable layer (11).
3. The calibration system of claim 2, wherein the gas storage tank (8) is further connected with the ambient atmosphere through a second gas path, and a second two-position two-way solenoid valve (12) and a T-shaped balancing port (13) are located on the second gas path and are used for balancing a pressure difference between the mixed gas in the gas storage tank (8) and the ambient atmosphere and preventing the horizontal side wind from interfering with the concentration and the pressure of the mixed gas in the gas storage tank (8).
4. Calibration system according to claim 3, wherein the exchange process simulation unit (1) further comprises:
the two axial flow fans (9) are respectively positioned on the left inner wall and the right inner wall of the air storage tank (8) and are used for fully mixing the air in the air storage tank (8);
and the permeable membrane (10) is positioned at the bottom of the permeable layer (11) and is used for blocking fine sand of the permeable layer through mixed gas and ambient atmosphere.
5. Calibration system according to claim 4, wherein the exchange flux measurement unit (2) is internally provided with:
first CO2The analyzer (17) is used for detecting CO in the mixed gas in the gas storage tank (8)2The concentration of (c);
first CH4And N2The O analyzer (18) is used for detecting CH in the mixed gas in the gas storage tank (8)4And N2Concentration of O, thereby determining CO in the mixed gas2、CH4And N2Concentration of O Ctank(t) a change over time t; and the first CO2An analyzer (17) and the first CH4And N2The O analyzer (18) is connected with the gas storage tank (8) through a circulation loop, and the circulation loop comprises a fourth gas path and a fifth gas path;
second CO2An analyser (22) for detecting CO in the ambient atmosphere2The concentration of (c);
second CH4And N2An O analyzer (23) for detecting CH in the ambient atmosphere4And N2Concentration of O, thereby determining CO in the ambient atmosphere2、CH4And N2Concentration of O Camb(t) a change over time t; the second CO2Analyzer (22) and second CH4And N2And the O analyzer (23) is connected with the ambient atmosphere through a sixth gas path and a seventh gas path.
6. Calibration system according to claim 5, wherein the environment variable measurement unit (3) is provided with a sensor module inside, the sensor module comprising:
the first differential pressure sensor and the recorder (25) are connected with the gas storage tank (8) through a third gas path and used for measuring and recording the gas pressure difference between the mixed gas in the gas storage tank (8) and the ambient atmosphere, and the third gas path further comprises a third two-position two-way electromagnetic valve (14) used for controlling the measurement of the first differential pressure sensor and the recorder (25);
the air temperature and humidity sensor (26) is placed in the radiation-proof cover (27), and the air temperature and humidity sensor (26) is used for measuring the temperature T of ambient atmosphereamb(t) and humidity;
an atmospheric pressure sensor (28) for measuring the pressure P of the ambient atmosphereamb(t)；
A soil moisture sensor (29) embedded in the permeable formation (11) for measuring the volumetric water content of the soil in the permeable formation (11) and participating in the calculation of the gas filled pore volume V of the permeable formation (11)sand；
A three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer (30) for measuring turbulence conditions of the ambient atmosphere;
a data collector (31) for collecting data of the sensor module, the data of the sensor module comprising: the air temperature and humidity sensor (26), the atmospheric pressure sensor (28), the soil humidity sensor (29) and the three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer (30);
and determining a standard value of the land-atmosphere exchange flux according to the data of the sensor module, the concentration of the mixed gas in the gas storage tank (8) and the ambient atmosphere concentration.
7. A calibration method of gas exchange flux at a land-atmosphere interface, applied to a calibration system of gas exchange flux at a land-atmosphere interface as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6, the method comprising:
mixing the standard gas in the standard gas steel cylinder with the air in the gas storage tank to obtain mixed gas; the T-shaped balance port balances the air pressure difference between the mixed gas and the ambient atmosphere; land-atmosphere exchange occurs through the permeable layer due to the concentration difference between the mixed gas and the ambient atmosphere;
the exchange flux measuring unit detects the concentration C of the mixed gas in the gas storage tanktank(t) and ambient atmospheric concentration Camb(t) correcting the influence of the change of the concentration of the soil gas in the permeable layer on the concentration of the mixed gas in the gas storage tank along with the change of the time t, and determining a corrected value C 'of the concentration of the mixed gas in the gas storage tank'tank(t)；
According to the air pressure P of the sensor moduleamb(T) and temperature data Tamb(t) and C'tank(t) determining the standard value F of the terrestrial-atmospheric exchange flux by using the mass balance principles。
8. The calibration method according to claim 7, wherein,
in the formula, Camb(0) And Ctank(0) The concentrations of the ambient atmosphere and the mixed gas in the gas storage tank (8) at the calibration starting time (t is 0) respectively; camb(t) and Ctank(t) respectively representing the ambient atmosphere at the time t and the concentration of the mixed gas in the gas storage tank (8) in the calibration process; vsandIs the gas filled pore volume of the permeable layer (11); vtankIs the volume of the air storage tank (8).
9. The calibration method according to claim 8,
in the formula, HtankIs the height of the air storage tank (8);
is a mixed gas concentration correction value C 'in a gas storage tank (8)'tank(t) rate of change over time t at the calibration initial time (t → 0);
and
respectively the pressure P of the ambient atmosphere in the calibration processamb(T) and temperature Tamb(t) average value; ps、TsAnd ρsThe pressure, temperature and density of the measured gas in the standard state, respectively.
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