CN109458960B - Device and method for measuring bolt elongation based on signal correlation - Google Patents
Device and method for measuring bolt elongation based on signal correlation Download PDFInfo
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- CN109458960B CN109458960B CN201811550956.3A CN201811550956A CN109458960B CN 109458960 B CN109458960 B CN 109458960B CN 201811550956 A CN201811550956 A CN 201811550956A CN 109458960 B CN109458960 B CN 109458960B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B15/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electromagnetic waves or particle radiation, e.g. by the use of microwaves, X-rays, gamma rays or electrons
Abstract
The invention discloses a device and a measuring method for measuring bolt elongation based on signal correlation, wherein the device comprises a base, a track is arranged on the upper surface of the base, a group of jaws with variable intervals are arranged above the base, acceleration sensors are arranged below the inner sides of the jaws, a vibration exciter is arranged between the two acceleration sensors, and jaw plates are arranged inside the jaws; a through hole is formed in the axis of the base, a rectangular through hole groove is formed in the base, a screw rod is arranged in the through hole, a screw rod nut is arranged on the screw rod, the screw rod nut reciprocates in the through hole groove, and the screw rod nut is fixedly connected with one jaw; the acceleration sensor and the vibration exciter are both connected with the upper computer, the upper computer is connected with the computer, errors caused by manual operation during bolt elongation measurement are effectively reduced, measurement accuracy is improved, measurement efficiency is improved, calculation and use in engineering are facilitated, and the pretightening force, torque and load force of the measured bolt can be calculated under the condition that specific parameters of the bolt are known.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field, and particularly relates to a device and a method for measuring bolt elongation based on signal correlation.
Background
At present, most of devices for measuring the elongation of bolts are vernier calipers, screw micrometers and dial gauges or similar physical measuring tools, when in use, firstly, bolts to be measured are clamped, then, manual reading is carried out according to the numerical value on the measuring tool, estimation is usually carried out at the last position of the numerical value, the requirements of relevant expertise and practical experience are met for operators, and more than three times of measurement are generally required to be obtained, and the average value is taken as final measurement data. This results in unavoidable errors during each measurement and different operators may obtain different data, which may lead to deviations in the actual bolt elongation from the measured bolt elongation.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a device and a measuring method for measuring the bolt elongation based on signal correlation, which can reduce errors caused by manual operation when the bolt elongation is measured, improve the efficiency of repeated measurement, improve the measuring precision and facilitate calculation and use in engineering.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme: the device for measuring the bolt elongation based on the signal correlation is characterized by comprising a base, wherein a track is arranged on the upper surface of the base, two jaws with variable intervals are arranged above the base, acceleration sensors are arranged below the inner sides of the jaws, a vibration exciter is arranged between the two acceleration sensors, and jaw plates are arranged inside the jaws; a through hole is formed in the axis of the base, a rectangular through hole groove is formed in the base, a screw rod is arranged in the through hole, a screw rod nut is arranged on the screw rod, the screw rod nut reciprocates in the through hole groove, and the screw rod nut is fixedly connected with one jaw; the acceleration sensor and the vibration exciter are connected with a computer.
The jaw comprises a fixed jaw and a sliding jaw, the acceleration sensor comprises a first acceleration sensor and a second acceleration sensor, and the vibration exciter is arranged at a position close to the first acceleration sensor and at the same height as the first acceleration sensor.
The distance between the vibration exciter and the first acceleration sensor is fixed.
The fixed jaw is fastened with the base by a fixed bolt, the sliding jaw is in sliding fit with the rail, and a strip-shaped groove matched with the rail is formed in the bottom of the fixed jaw.
The sliding jaw is connected with a screw nut, a threaded hole is formed in the upper portion of the screw nut, and a fastening screw matched with the threaded hole is arranged on the sliding jaw.
The jaw plate is arranged vertically with the base, and comprises a sliding jaw plate arranged on the sliding jaw and a fixed jaw plate arranged on the fixed jaw, and the jaw plate and the jaw are fastened through bolts; ear seats are arranged around the base, and fixing holes are formed in the ear seats.
The upper part of the sliding jaw plate is provided with a groove, and the sliding jaw plate is a magnetic plate.
One end of the screw rod is provided with a screw rod fixing nut, and the other end of the screw rod is provided with a spanner.
A method for measuring elongation of a bolt is characterized in that,
first measuring the length L of an unextended bolt 0 Then the bolts are preloaded, and the preloaded bolts are put between the jaws to measure the length L of the preloaded bolts 1 ，L 1 And L is equal to 0 The difference is the elongation of the bolt;
L 0 the detection method of (1) comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps that a bolt to be tested is arranged between a fixed jaw and a sliding jaw, a vibration exciter sends out a vibration signal x (t) with a known waveform at a certain known moment, and the vibration signal x (t) is transmitted to a first acceleration sensor to be x (t+/-tau);
the upper computer reads x (t) and x (t+/-tau) and calculates the correlation between x (t) and x (t+/-tau) to obtain a time difference t from a known signal sent by the central position of the vibration exciter connecting base to the first acceleration sensor 13 to obtain the signal 1 ；
According to the kinematic formula:
calculating the actual transmission speed V of the vibration signal in the mean value metal S ，
The second acceleration sensor also obtains the signal of the vibration exciter at a certain time after the first acceleration sensor obtains the signal, and the upper computer carries out autocorrelation calculation on the signal to obtain the time difference t from the signal sent by the vibration exciter to the signal obtained by the second acceleration sensor 2 According to
Obtaining the unknown distance S between the vibration exciter and the second acceleration sensor 1 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Measuring unknown distance S between the vibration exciter and the second acceleration sensor after the bolt is elongated by adopting the same method 2 ，S 2 And S is equal to 1 The difference is L 1 And L is equal to 0 And (3) a difference.
The similarity that the self value of the self-correlation function response signal changes along with the time of the independent variable is utilized, and the formula of the self-correlation function is as follows:
t is the observation time of the signal x (T) sent by the vibration exciter 14, R x And (tau) describes the correlation between x (t) and x (t+/-tau), when the time difference between the signals x (t) and x (t+/-tau) is zero, the function takes the maximum value, and the upper computer in the computer can calculate the time difference tau.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has at least the following beneficial effects: errors caused by manual operation during bolt elongation measurement can be effectively reduced, the efficiency of repeated measurement is improved, the measurement precision is improved, and the method is convenient to calculate and use in engineering; the method can be connected with a computer to calculate the bolt elongation by using an algorithm in an upper computer, can be used for measuring for a plurality of times in extremely short time, and can calculate the pretightening force, torque and load force of the measured bolt under the condition of knowing specific parameters such as the type, the material and the like of the bolt.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a perspective isometric view of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic perspective view of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a model exploded view of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a front view of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic top view of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of A-A of fig. 5.
Fig. 7 is a schematic top view of the invention when measurements are performed.
Fig. 8 is a schematic view in section from B-B of fig. 7.
In the drawing, a lead screw, a fixing hole, a base, a wrench, a fixing jaw, a fixing bolt, a fixing plate, a fastening screw, a groove, a sliding jaw plate, a sliding jaw, a rail, a first acceleration sensor and an exciter are respectively arranged on the base, the fixing hole, the base, the wrench, the fixing jaw and the fixing bolt. 15. The second acceleration sensor, 16, lead screw fastening nut, 17, lead screw nut, 18, fastening screw.
Detailed Description
The invention will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings and the detailed description.
As shown in fig. 1-3, the device for measuring the bolt elongation based on signal correlation comprises a base 3, wherein a track 12 is arranged on the upper surface of the base 3, a group of jaws with variable intervals are arranged above the base 3, acceleration sensors are arranged at the bottom ends of the inner sides of the jaws, an exciter 14 is arranged between the two acceleration sensors, and jaw plates are arranged at the inner sides of the jaws; a through hole is formed in the axis of the base, a rectangular through hole groove is formed in the base 3, a screw 1 is arranged in the through hole, a screw nut is arranged on the screw 1, the screw nut reciprocates in the through hole groove, and the screw nut is connected with one jaw; the acceleration sensor and the vibration exciter 14 are connected to a signal processing device.
The base 3 is a cuboid, the length is 192mm, the width is 74mm, the height is 40mm, four corners of the base 3 are respectively provided with an ear seat, the base 3 can be fixed on a certain plane by bolts or other modes, the overall stability of the device is ensured, and through holes and rails 12 are further arranged in the base 3; the screw 1 is arranged in a through hole of the base 3, and is installed from the side of the fixed jaw, the driving end utilizes a boss on the screw 1, the driven end uses a screw fixing nut 18 to axially fix the screw 1, so that the screw 1 can only circumferentially rotate, the screw at the groove section of the base is threaded, a spanner 4 is installed at the driving end of the screw, and the screw 1 can be rotated; the screw nut 17 is positioned on the screw thread section screw, and two sides of the screw nut 17 cling to the base groove, so that the rotation of the screw 1 is changed into linear motion of the screw nut 17; two jaws are arranged above the base 3 and are symmetrically arranged, the jaw close to the driving end of the screw rod is a fixed jaw 5, and the fixed jaw is stably fixed on the base 3 by using a fixed bolt 6 and a track 12; the jaw at the driven end of the near screw is a sliding jaw 11, and is connected with a screw nut 17 on a screw thread section of the screw by a bolt, and the rail 12 limits the rotation of the jaw, so that the jaw and the screw nut 17 can only synchronously move along the axial direction of the screw 1;
the two jaws are provided with jaw plates at one side close to each other, the lower parts of the jaw plates are respectively provided with two threaded holes, the jaw plates are connected to the jaws by two set screws 8, the upper parts of the jaw plates are provided with a groove 9, and magnetism is arranged in the groove 9, so that the bolts to be tested can be conveniently fixed when the elongation is measured; the preferred recess 9 of the present invention is circular.
The surface of the base positioned at the position 15mm from the bottom end of the fixed jaw 5 to the sliding jaw is provided with a vibration exciter 14, and the base 3 has a reserved position.
The position of arranging an acceleration sensor is reserved at the position of the bottom end of the fixed jaw 5, which is close to the sliding jaw 11 and is flush with the jaw plate groove, at the bottom of the inner side of the jaw.
The measurement principle is as follows: when the bolts are used as fasteners to connect or fasten in mechanical structures or building components, a pretightening force along the axial line direction of the bolts is applied, and the bolts have certain elastic deformation; after the bolt bears the axial working load, the elastic deformation of the bolt can be continuously increased, and if the deformation amount of the bolt reaches the elastic limit, the external load is continuously increased, so that the bolt can be subjected to plastic deformation or even fracture. Therefore, the bolt elongation is accurately measured to calculate the pretightening force, torque, loading force and the like, so that the reliability and the integrity of the connected structure are ensured. The first acceleration sensor 13 close to the bottom end of the fixed jaw is fixed, and the horizontal distance between the center of the connecting position of the vibration exciter 14 and the base 3 and the first acceleration sensor 13 is constant at S 1 The vibration exciter 14 emits a vibration signal x (t) with a known waveform at a certain known moment, the transmission speed of the vibration signal in homogeneous metal can be considered to be uniform, the vibration signal is attenuated in the transmission process, but the general waveform change trend is unchanged, an upper computer in a computer can utilize the known vibration signal emitted by the vibration exciter 14 and the signal x (t+/-tau) read by the first acceleration sensor 13 to perform correlation analysis, and the time difference t from the known signal emitted by the central position of the vibration exciter connecting base to the signal obtained by the first acceleration sensor 13 can be obtained 1 According to the kinematic formula:
the actual transmission speed V of the vibration signal in the homogeneous metal is obtained S ；
The signal correlation represents the similarity degree between signals, and the similarity that the self value of the signal changes along with the time of the independent variable is reflected by using an autocorrelation function, and the autocorrelation function formula is as follows:
t is the observation time of the signal x (T) sent by the vibration exciter 14, R x (τ) describes the correlation between x (t) and x (t+ - τ), when the time difference between the signals x (t) and x (t+ - τ) is zero, the function takes the maximum value, the upper computer in the computer can calculate the time difference τ, so as to obtain the time t 1 ；
After the vibration exciter 14 sends out a response signal at a certain moment, the second acceleration sensor 15 arranged at the bottom of the sliding jaw 11 can also obtain a signal, and similarly, a known signal sent out by the center position of the connecting base of the vibration exciter 14 is obtained by using an autocorrelation function, and the time difference t is a period of time when the second acceleration sensor 15 obtains the signal 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The actual transmission speed V of the vibration signal in the homogeneous metal has been obtained S The unknown distance S between the vibration exciter 14 and the second acceleration sensor 15 can be obtained 1 。
The invention has the advantages of reducing errors caused by manual operation when the elongation of the bolt is measured, improving the efficiency of repeated measurement, improving the measurement precision and being convenient for calculation and use in engineering.
In fig. 4, the second acceleration sensor 15 is located at the bottom end of the sliding jaw 11 near the side of the fixed jaw 5, and the center of the second acceleration sensor 15 is flush with the bottom end of the groove 9 in the sliding jaw plate 10 in the vertical direction; the first acceleration sensor 13 is arranged at the bottom end of one side of the fixed jaw 5 close to the sliding jaw, and the center of the first acceleration sensor 13 is level with the vertical direction of the bottom end of the groove 9 in the fixed jaw plate 7; the center of the vibration exciter 14 is horizontally spaced from the center of the first acceleration sensor 13 by 15mm.
In fig. 1, a base 3 is fixed on a fixed platform by a fixing hole 2, so that no shaking and sliding are ensured, and a wrench 4 can freely rotate; firstly, measuring the initial length of a bolt to be tested, and rotating a screw 1 by using a wrench 4 to move a sliding jaw 11 to the upper part of a base 3 far from the driving end of the screw 1; placing a fixed jaw 5 and a sliding jaw 11 at one end of a bolt to be tested, slowly rotating a screw 1 by using a wrench 4, clamping the bolt on the device under the condition of no external force, sending out a signal at a certain moment by a vibration exciter 14, acquiring and processing the signal by an acceleration sensor, acquiring the time reaching the acceleration sensors at two sides by an upper computer according to the correlation of the signal, calculating the actual transmission speed of the signal according to the time reaching the fixed jaw 5, then calculating the length of the bolt by using the time reaching the sliding jaw 11, continuously measuring 10 times of data, and taking the average value as the initial bolt length.
After the initial length of the bolt is known, measuring the length of the bolt after the bolt is subjected to external load, fastening the bolt, tightening the bolt by using a force moment wrench, and repeating the step of measuring the initial length of the bolt, so that the length of the bolt after the bolt is subjected to external load can be measured, and the difference between the length of the bolt and the initial length of the bolt is the elongation of the bolt after the bolt is subjected to the load, and a two-dimensional graph of the external load force and the elongation of the bolt is drawn, thereby obtaining the relation between the external load force and the elongation.
In the embodiment shown in fig. 5, the base 3 is fixed on a stable surface, the wrench 4 can rotate freely, the length of the bolt with the initial measurement model of M12 x 1.25 x 50 is measured, the bolt to be measured is placed between the fixed jaw 5 and the sliding jaw 11, the sliding jaw 11 is moved to clamp the bolt to be measured by using the wrench 4 to rotate the screw rod 1, the vibration exciter 14 sends out a specific signal, the acceleration sensor acquires signals, 10 times of data are continuously acquired, the upper computer calculates the length according to the acquisition time, and then the average value is the initial bolt length, and the initial bolt length is recorded in the upper computer.
In the example shown in fig. 6, the detection is repeated again after the bolt is stressed, the length of the bolt after the bolt is stressed by the external load is obtained, and the computer calculates the difference between the external load and the initial length of the bolt, namely the elongation of the bolt.
First measuring the length L of an unextended bolt 0 Then the bolts are preloaded, and the preloaded bolts are put between the jaws to measure the length L of the preloaded bolts 1 ，L 1 And L is equal to 0 The difference is the elongation of the bolt;
L 0 the detection method of (1) comprises the following steps: the bolt to be tested is arranged between the fixed jaw 5 and the sliding jaw 11, the vibration exciter 14 sends out a vibration signal x (t) with a known waveform at a certain known moment, and the vibration signal x (t) is transmitted to the first acceleration sensor 13 as x (t+/-tau);
the upper computer reads x (t) and x (t+/-tau) and calculates the correlation between x (t) and x (t+/-tau) to obtain a time difference t from a known signal sent by the central position of the vibration exciter connecting base to the first acceleration sensor to obtain the signal 1 ；
According to the kinematic formula:
calculating the actual transmission speed V of the vibration signal in the mean value metal S ，
The second acceleration sensor 15 also obtains the signal of the vibration exciter 14 at a certain time after the first acceleration sensor obtains the signal, and the upper computer carries out autocorrelation calculation on the signal to obtain the time difference t between the signal sent by the vibration exciter 14 and the signal obtained by the second acceleration sensor 15 2 According to
Obtaining an unknown distance S between the exciter 14 and the second acceleration sensor 15 1 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The unknown distance S between the exciter 14 and the second acceleration sensor 15 after the bolt is elongated is measured by the same method 2 ，S 2 And S is equal to 1 The difference is the difference between L1 and L0, and the elongation of the bolt can be obtained.
Claims (7)
1. The device for measuring the bolt elongation based on the signal correlation is characterized by comprising a base (3), wherein a track (12) is arranged on the upper surface of the base (3), two jaws with variable intervals are arranged above the base (3), acceleration sensors are arranged at the bottom ends of the inner sides of the jaws, a vibration exciter (14) is further arranged between the two acceleration sensors, and jaw plates are arranged at the inner sides of the jaws; a through hole is formed in the axis of the base (3), a rectangular through hole groove is formed in the base (3), a screw rod (1) is arranged in the through hole, a screw rod nut is arranged on the screw rod (1), the screw rod nut moves back and forth in the through hole groove, and the screw rod nut (17) is connected with one jaw; the acceleration sensor and the vibration exciter (14) are connected with a computer; the jaw comprises a fixed jaw (5) and a sliding jaw (11), the acceleration sensor comprises a first acceleration sensor (13) and a second acceleration sensor (15), and the vibration exciter (14) is arranged close to the first acceleration sensor (13) and is at the same height as the first acceleration sensor (13); the distance between the vibration exciter (14) and the first acceleration sensor (13) is fixed; the fixed jaw (5) is fastened with the base (3) by adopting a fixed bolt (6), the sliding jaw (11) is in sliding fit with the track (12), and a strip-shaped groove matched with the track (12) is formed in the bottom of the fixed jaw (5).
2. Device for determining the elongation of a bolt based on signal correlation according to claim 1, characterized in that the sliding jaw (11) is connected with a screw nut, the upper part of which is provided with a threaded hole, and the sliding jaw (11) is provided with a fastening screw (18) matching said threaded hole.
3. The device for measuring bolt elongation based on signal correlation according to claim 1, characterized in that the jaw plate is arranged perpendicular to the base (3), the jaw plate comprises a sliding jaw plate (10) arranged on a sliding jaw (11) and a fixed jaw plate (7) arranged on a fixed jaw (5), the jaw plate and the jaw are fastened by bolts; ear seats are arranged around the base (3), and fixing holes (2) are formed in the ear seats.
4. The device for measuring bolt elongation based on signal correlation according to claim 3, wherein the upper part of the sliding jaw plate (10) is provided with a groove (9), and the sliding jaw plate (10) is a magnetic plate.
5. The device for measuring the elongation of a bolt based on signal correlation according to claim 1, wherein one end of the screw (1) is provided with a screw fixing nut (16), and the other end of the screw (1) is provided with a wrench (4).
6. A method for measuring elongation of a bolt by using the device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that,
first measuring the length of unextended boltL 0 Then the bolts are preloaded, and the preloaded bolts are put between the jaws to measure the length of the preloaded boltsL 1 ，L 1 And (3) withL 0 The difference is the elongation of the bolt;
L 0 the detection method of (1) comprises the following steps: the bolt to be tested is arranged between the fixed jaw (5) and the sliding jaw (11), and the vibration exciter (14) sends out a vibration signal with a known waveform at a known moment
Vibration signal->
Is transmitted to the first acceleration sensor (13) as +>
；
The upper computer reads
And->
And is about->
And->
Obtaining a known signal sent by the central position of the vibration exciter connecting base after correlation calculation and obtaining a signal by a first acceleration sensor (13) for a time difference +.>
；
According to the kinematic formula:
speed = distance/time
Calculating the actual transmission speed of vibration signal in the mean value metal
，
The second acceleration sensor (15) also obtains the signal of the vibration exciter (14) at a certain time after the first acceleration sensor obtains the signal, and the upper computer carries out autocorrelation calculation on the signal to obtain the time difference from the signal sent by the vibration exciter (14) to the signal obtained by the second acceleration sensor (15)
According to
Speed = distance/time
Obtaining an unknown distance between the exciter (14) and the second acceleration sensor (15)
The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The same method is used for measuring the unknown distance between the vibration exciter (14) and the second acceleration sensor (15) after the bolt is lengthened>
，/>
And->
The difference isL 1 And (3) withL 0 And (3) a difference.
7. The method for measuring bolt elongation according to claim 6, wherein the similarity of the self-value of the self-correlation function response signal with the time of the independent variable is utilized, and the self-correlation function formula is as follows:
t is the signal sent by the vibration exciter (14)
Is->
Describe->
And->
Correlation between signals +.>
And->
When the time difference is zero, the function takes the maximum value, and the upper computer in the computer can calculate the time difference +.>
。/>
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201811550956.3A CN109458960B (en) | 2018-12-18 | 2018-12-18 | Device and method for measuring bolt elongation based on signal correlation |
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| CN201811550956.3A CN109458960B (en) | 2018-12-18 | 2018-12-18 | Device and method for measuring bolt elongation based on signal correlation |
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| CN109458960B true CN109458960B (en) | 2023-05-02 |
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| CN111397502B (en) * | 2020-04-17 | 2021-03-16 | 大连理工大学 | Device and method for detecting elongation dispersion degree of whole-circle fastening bolt of reciprocating pump cylinder cover |
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