CN109441440B - Test device and method for simulating stress collapse in cave type oil reservoir development process - Google Patents
Test device and method for simulating stress collapse in cave type oil reservoir development process Download PDFInfo
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
Abstract
The invention discloses a test device and a test method for simulating stress collapse in the process of cave-type oil reservoir development. The method comprises the following steps: (1) a theoretical relationship unit; (2) designing a unit; (3) an experimental simulation device; and (4) a conclusion evaluation unit. The method can simulate the stress collapse phenomenon of the cave-type oil reservoir in the development process in the whole process, theoretically research the critical condition of cave collapse, reduce the reduction of oil and gas yield caused by cave collapse in a production field and improve the working efficiency.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of oil and gas field development and oil reservoir engineering, in particular to a test device and a method for simulating stress collapse in the cave type oil reservoir development process.
Background
The carbonate underground karst cave is the main oil gas storage space of the fracture-cavity type carbonate oil gas reservoir. During the development and production of fracture-cavity reservoirs, the pressure in the karst cave can be reduced to cause the rock wall to break, so that the cave collapses. The collapsed karst cave top plate collapses, a large amount of debris such as gravel, sandy soil and the like can be accumulated in the cave, and the storage space can be greatly reduced or even disappear.
The method has important significance for researching the cave collapse problem in the oil and gas production process and guiding the development of the fracture-cave carbonate reservoir. The key of research content is to determine the rock wall fracture position and the influence factors thereof when the cave is collapsed, and to quantitatively determine the critical fracture pressure of the cave collapse.
The inventor finds that researchers in petroleum geology do a lot of work on the formation and collapse of original holes of fracture-cavity oil reservoirs in the process of the invention, and can make a more detailed description on the shape, structure, composition and whether the holes collapse. However, relevant researches on the collapse mechanism of the cave in the oil and gas production process and the influence of cave collapse on the oil and gas production are not found.
The essence of cave collapse during oil and gas production is due to long-term geological effects and landAnd (4) layer evolution, wherein the strength of the rock surrounding rock layer of the underground cave rock wall is lower than that of rocks at other positions, and more microcracks exist. The pressure in the cave is reduced by oil gas exploitation, and pressure difference is formed between the pressure in the cave and overlying pressure, and when the pressure difference reaches the fracture ultimate strength of the surrounding rock stratum, the mechanical stability of the rock wall structure is broken, and collapse occurs. The relevant principles in the field of rock mechanics are therefore used in the present invention to explain the relevant problems. The research of the geology, the rock mechanics and other disciplines shows that the stress state of the longitudinal stress load of the karst cave can be represented by a bending strength coefficient, and the stress state can be used as a cave collapse critical index. The bending strength coefficient of the surrounding rock is a comprehensive coefficient, and the formula is
Wherein R is the bending strength coefficient of the surrounding rock, F is the overlying load, L is the span of the cave, b is the width of the cave, and h is the thickness of the cave top plate. According to the bending strength coefficient formula of the surrounding rock, rock lithology, structural morphology and the like are all influence factors. Relevant documents and experiments also prove that the mechanical instability fracture of the rock is directly related to whether the original cracks exist on the rock. And a scholars deducts a cave collapse theoretical formula to quantitatively describe the relationship among factors of cave collapse. The research provides a new idea for quantitatively explaining the cavern macroscopic collapse critical pressure in oil and gas production.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a test device and a method for simulating stress collapse in the cave type oil reservoir development process, wherein the test device can simulate the cave collapse process in various mining modes, and can quantitatively give out the cave collapse critical condition.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
the invention provides a test device for simulating stress collapse in the process of cave-type oil reservoir development.
Wherein: the 3D carbonate rock core is obtained by a 3D printing technology, the raw material is strongly cemented carbonate rock particles, and the surrounding rock layer adopts weakly cemented irregular carbonate rock particles; the 3D carbonate rock core is provided with three caves, the No. 1 cave and the No. 3 cave are externally connected with pressure gauges, the No. 1 cave is connected with the No. 2 cave and the No. 3 cave through cracks, electromagnetic valves are arranged at the cracks, the No. 2 cave and the No. 3 cave are upper and lower layers and are connected through a No. 2 shaft, and the shaft is also provided with the electromagnetic valves; the cave is filled with solid filler and oil-water mixed liquid, the solid filler is formed by weakly cemented irregular carbonate rock fragments, and the oil-water mixed liquid is injected through a liquid injection pump; the core box body is a cube, a whole surface is arranged to be an observation surface, the material is high-strength organic glass, the rest part of the material is high-strength steel, the space above the core box body is a water pressure part, water is injected into the core box body through a water injection pump, and the bottom end of the box body is fixed by a clamping base; the fluid pipeline and the shaft are both made of high-strength organic transparent glass tubes, the shaft 1 and the shaft 3 are communicated with the hole 1, and the shaft 2 is communicated with the hole 2 and the hole 3; the No. 1 shaft is connected with the pumping device, a pressure gauge, a buffer valve and a manual valve are sequentially arranged on a pipeline, the No. 2 shaft and the No. 3 shaft are connected with a water injection pump and the pumping device, and the pressure gauge, the buffer valve and the manual valve are sequentially arranged on the pipeline; all the oil filling pump, the water filling pump and the pumping device in the device are connected with the liquid storage tank.
The invention also provides a test method for simulating stress collapse in the cave type oil reservoir development process, which comprises the following steps:
(1) A theoretical relationship unit: during the oil and gas production process, the essential reason of cave collapse is that the difference between the overburden pressure and the internal pressure of the cave reaches the fracture critical pressure of the fragile surrounding rock layer, and the mechanical stability of the surrounding rock is broken.
(2) Designing a unit: the method is used for designing surrounding rock fragile layers with different properties and styles according to stress state description of the rock under stress load and mechanical parameter evaluation of critical collapse, analyzing influence factors of the surrounding rock fragile layers and designing an experimental device and a flow.
(3) An experiment simulation device: the cave model is used for pumping liquid and injecting liquid to simulate production operations such as oil extraction and water and gas injection in the oil and gas production process, and meanwhile, the production system can be changed to adjust the internal pressure of the cave and simulate the cave collapse.
(4) Conclusion evaluation unit: combining cave collapse processes under different production systems, determining a zone where a fragile layer of the cave generates new cracks firstly, calculating cave collapse critical pressure, and depicting the cave collapse degree.
The theoretical relationship unit further includes: the cavity collapse critical pressure, overburden pressure, and cavity internal pressure are mathematically related: p is Critical point of ＝P Is covered with -P Inner part In which P is Critical point of Critical pressure for cave collapse, P Overlying Is overburden pressure, P Inner part Is the pressure inside the cavern. Overburden pressure P Is covered with The value of (3) is simulated by a set cave burial depth through a pressure formula, and the applied mathematical formula is as follows:
P＝ρgH；
wherein rho is the average density of the overlying strata, g is the gravity acceleration, and H is the burial depth of the cave.
The design unit includes: the lithologic property of the surrounding rock stratum is designed differently from lithologic properties of other rocks, so that the method is used for following the principle that the actual surrounding rock stratum has a plurality of micro-cracks, and the rocks have smaller mechanical strength and are easy to break; designing single-arch and double-arch surrounding rock cover layer modes for researching the influence of the morphological structure of the surrounding rock layer on cave collapse according to the analysis of the mechanical property stability of the rock; fractures were made in the surrounding rock formation to study the effect of the fractures on the fracture of the surrounding rock formation.
The device of the experimental simulation device is the experimental device for simulating stress collapse in the cave type oil reservoir development process.
The conclusion evaluation unit comprises: determining the initial fracture position of the surrounding rock stratum, positioning the position with the weakest strength of the surrounding rock stratum, and judging the fracture form of the cave when the cave collapses; calculating collapse critical pressure for determining the pressure difference between overburden pressure and liquid pressure in the cave when the cave collapses due to damage of the surrounding rock stratum; describing cave collapse degree, and being used for describing stress collapse phenomenon in the oil and gas production process and qualitatively analyzing consequences caused by cave collapse.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects: the experimental device for simulating stress collapse in the cave type oil reservoir development process can simulate various production modes and working systems, and is simple to manufacture and easy to operate; the experiment has good intuitiveness, and can simulate the stress collapse phenomenon of the cave type oil reservoir in the development process in the whole process; establishing a surrounding rock fragile layer theory, analyzing the form and the property of the surrounding rock fragile layer in the cave collapse process, comprehensively considering the influence factors of the fragile layer fracture, theoretically researching the critical condition of cave collapse, and accurately and reasonably explaining the stress collapse mechanism of the cave-type oil reservoir; solving the critical mechanical condition of cave collapse by establishing a cave collapse model of the fracture-cave carbonate rock oil reservoir considering the existence of the surrounding rock fragile layer, and evaluating the collapse degree of the collapsed cave; an evaluation system for cave collapse is obtained through the experimental conclusion, the reduction of oil and gas yield caused by cave collapse in field production is prevented, and the working efficiency is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a diagram of the apparatus of the present invention.
FIG. 2, a diagram of a pilot plant.
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a method for simulating a cave-in process of underground karst cave in an oil and gas production process by using the method.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a test method for simulating stress collapse in the cave-type oil reservoir development process.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the formation of a weak zone of surrounding rock.
In the figure, 1 — a cushion valve; 2, a rock core box body; 3, an electromagnetic valve; 4-3D carbonate rock core; 5-a surrounding rock stratum; 6-cave; 7-clamping the base; 8-a filling pump; 9-a water injection pump; 10-liquid storage tank; no. D1-1 cave; d2-2 cave; d3-3 cave; j1-1 wellbore; j2-wellbore No. 2; j3-3 wellbore; f1-1 manual valve; f2-2 manual valve; f3-3 manual valve; f4-4 manual valve; p is a pressure gauge.
Detailed Description
Example 1
To more accurately and clearly embody the principles, technical solutions and innovations of the present invention, a specific method of using the present device is described in further detail below with an example operation. The illustrative example operations of the present invention and the description thereof herein are intended to be illustrative of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
FIG. 1 is a diagram of the apparatus of the present invention, the names and compositions of the various components are indicated in the diagram, and the functions of the various components will be specifically described in the following example operations, which are not repeated herein;
before the experimental simulation unit is carried out, the design unit needs to be carried out. The specific principles and methods of designing the cell segments are summarized as follows:
step 201: and selecting proper rock components of the surrounding rock fragile layer.
The preparation of the surrounding rock layer is in accordance with the principle that the rock at the part has small mechanical strength and is easy to break, so that the particles with larger particle size are selected in the selection of raw materials, the inter-particle gaps of matrix particles are increased, and the cementation degree of the rock at the part is lower than that of the rock at other parts.
Step 202: different tectonic patterns of the surrounding rock stratum are selected.
According to research, the initial fractured zones of the underground caverns are mainly the top and two wings of the cavern, and the collapse possibility of the lower half part of the cavern is extremely low. Therefore, the surrounding rock fragile layer is divided into a single arch type and a double arch type; as shown in fig. 5. (it should be noted that the fragile layer shown in the cave of FIG. 1 is a single arch, but is not limited to this type, and may be a double arch instead)
Through the construction of a theoretical relation unit and a design unit, the theoretical basis of the method is basically completed, and an experimental simulation unit is required to be carried out next. Fig. 2 is a diagram of a pre-experimental apparatus, fig. 3 is a flowchart of a method for simulating a collapse process of an underground cavern in an oil and gas production process by using the method, and referring to fig. 2 and 3, the method of an experimental simulation unit can be summarized as follows:
step 301: and judging the ultimate rupture strength of the 3D core sample through a preliminary experiment.
As the invention needs to inject fluid into the 3D core sample, larger stress can be generated, and the strength of the core sample is unknown. Therefore, in order to avoid cave rupture caused by excessive injection fluid pressure in the experiment, a pre-experiment is carried out to determine the ultimate rupture pressure of the 3D core sample before a formal experiment is carried out. The diagram of the pilot plant is shown in fig. 3, and the test method is as follows: and injecting water into the single cave by using a water injection pump until the cave is broken, recording the indication of a pressure gauge at the breaking moment, wherein the liquid pressure in the cave at the breaking moment is the limit breaking pressure of the core sample.
Step 302: overburden pressure is determined according to the burial depth of the cave. The method is to inject water into the box body in advance to simulate the formation pressure.
Considering the limit of experimental conditions, the invention equivalently replaces the formation pressure by a water injection pressurization mode. The mathematical relationship may be expressed by a pressure equation:
p = ρ gH, where ρ is the average rock density, g is the gravitational acceleration, and H is the cavern burial depth.
The overburden pressure applied to the rock core can be obtained by converting the average rock density and the cavern depth which are acquired by field earthquake, well exploration and geophysical data through the formula. The implementation mode is that water is injected into the box body through a water injection pump, the pressure value is read through a pressure gauge P2, and the manual valve 5 is closed after the target pressure value is reached.
Step 303: before the experiment began, all valves were guaranteed to be closed. And opening the electromagnetic valves 1, 2 and 3, injecting oil into the three caves by using an oil injection pump, and observing the pressure gauges P1, P2 and P3 constantly to ensure that the readings of the three pressure gauges are all less than the limit rupture pressure determined by a pre-experiment. Theoretically, the pressure value of the injected oil in the cave can be randomly selected within the rock strength range, and for convenience of calculation, the selection value is not small and is preferably an integer. And (3) closing the electromagnetic valves 1, 2 and 3 after the pressure values of the three caves all tend to be stable, and recording the readings of the pressure gauge.
Step 304: the invention has the function of simulating various production modes, and can simulate a single-well single-hole oil pumping production mode, a double-well single-hole water (gas) injection production mode instead of oil production mode and a double-well double-hole water (gas) injection production mode instead of oil production mode. The technical scheme of the device is explained by taking double-well single-hole water injection for replacing oil as an example. A karst cave 1 is selected as an experimental cave, a shaft 2 is a water injection well, and a shaft 3 is a pumping well.
Step 305: and starting the water injection equipment and the swabbing equipment, and simultaneously slowly opening the quarter hand-operated valve 1 and the hand-operated valve 3, so that the shaft 1 is a water injection well and the shaft 3 is an oil production well. Observe manometer P6, P7, with the pressure value control within pipeline intensity, prevent that the two pressure values are too big. Keeping the opening degree of the manual valve 1 unchanged, continuously and slowly opening the manual valve 3 to the maximum, observing the rock wall condition in the karst cave 1, rapidly closing the manual valve 1 and the manual valve 3 when the cracking of the surrounding rock stratum is observed, slightly waiting for a moment, and recording the gauge pressure of P4 after the pressure gauges P4, P6 and P7 are all stable.
Step 306: after the initial fracture location of the surrounding formation is recorded, the flooding and pumping equipment is again turned on, as in step 305. The device is kept running until the collapsed object connects the top and the bottom of the cave, and the equipment is closed.
For the single well single hole oil pumping production mode, the double well double hole water (gas) injection mode and the oil replacing mode, the operation principle is similar to that of the double well single hole water (gas) injection mode and the oil replacing mode, and the modes are not described one by one and are part of the invention.
Step 306: observing the initial fracture location of the cavity to determine the weakest zone of the surrounding rock; calculating the critical pressure of cave collapse, wherein the value is the difference between the pressure gauges P2 and P4.
In the embodiment, a surrounding rock fragile layer can be subjected to cracking treatment to verify the influence of cracks on cave rock wall fracture.
The method comprises the following steps:
step 401: creating a fracture in the surrounding rock vulnerable layer;
in the 3D core printing process, the fracture may be manufactured by artificial pressurization after the surrounding rock layer of the cave is completed, or the fracture may be formed by discontinuous printing on the surrounding rock layer in the printing process, which is not limited in this embodiment.
Step 402: in this embodiment, the fracture needs to be avoided when simulating drilling.
Since drilling affects the mechanical structure of the rock wall, it is necessary to prevent the bottom hole opening from coinciding with the original fracture in order to reveal the effect of the fracture on cave collapse. Meanwhile, the speed is controlled well in the liquid injection process, so that the crack is prevented from further expanding and the experimental result is prevented from being influenced.
And describing the initial fracture position, collapse critical pressure and cave collapse degree of the surrounding rock stratum in a conclusion evaluation unit respectively.
With reference to fig. 5, the method includes:
step 501: the initial fracture position of the surrounding rock stratum (which can be illustrated by a photo method, but the invention is not limited by any particular way) is determined according to the results of the experimental simulation unit, and the fracture form is described. If the crack is broken, whether the crack is broken along the direction of the original crack needs to be explained;
step 502: recording collapse critical pressure, and analyzing the reasonability of the collapse critical pressure;
step 503: the cave collapse degree is evaluated, and the collapse degree can be described in terms of the size, the placement, the accumulation mode, the influence on fluid flow, whether the production is influenced and the like of the collapsed object.
The method can simulate the development mode of an actual oil reservoir and the cave collapse process in exploitation under the laboratory condition, simulate the overburden pressure of an oil reservoir karst cave in a hydraulic pressurization mode, and inject fluid into the cave by using an oil injection pump and pressurize, so that the original reservoir pressure can be simulated; the invention designs a set of device for simulating production operations such as oil extraction, water injection, gas injection and the like in the oil-gas production process, and the device can adjust the internal pressure of the cave by changing the production system; the method can finally obtain the result of the collapse initial rupture position and the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the cave due to the rupture of the fragile layer of the surrounding rock of the cave. The method can be used for simulating cave collapse in oil and gas production, simulating a plurality of production modes, visually showing the cave collapse process, determining the rupture position of the rock wall fragile layer, determining the influence of factors such as lithology, cracks, structural morphology and the like on cave collapse, and obtaining the cave collapse critical pressure. The method provides scientific basis for predicting and preventing cave collapse of the fracture-cavity carbonate rock oil reservoir during mining, provides a quantitative and effective technical means for calculating the critical pressure of cave collapse of the carbonate rock oil reservoir during production, reduces the probability of cave collapse, reduces the production cost and improves the working efficiency.
The above-described exemplary operations, objects, technical solutions and experimental conclusions of the present invention are described in more detail, and it should be understood that the series of operations described above are exemplary operations of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention, and any modifications, equivalent substitutions and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. A test method for simulating stress collapse in the process of cave-type oil reservoir development is characterized in that a test device is utilized in the test method, and the test device comprises a 3D carbonate rock core, a rock core box body, an electromagnetic valve, an enclosed rock stratum, a clamping base, an oil injection pump, a pumping device, a liquid storage tank, a shaft pipeline, a pressure gauge, a manual valve and a buffer valve;
wherein: the 3D carbonate rock core is obtained by a 3D printing technology, the raw material is strongly cemented carbonate rock particles, and the surrounding rock layer adopts weakly cemented irregular carbonate rock particles; the 3D carbonate rock core is provided with three caves, the No. 1 cave and the No. 3 cave are externally connected with pressure gauges, the No. 1 cave is connected with the No. 2 cave and the No. 3 cave through cracks, electromagnetic valves are arranged at the cracks, the No. 2 cave and the No. 3 cave are upper and lower layers and are connected through a No. 2 shaft, and the shaft is also provided with the electromagnetic valves; the cave is filled with solid filler and oil-water mixed liquid, the solid filler is formed by weakly cemented irregular carbonate rock fragments, and the oil-water mixed liquid is injected through a liquid injection pump; the rock core box body is a cube, a whole surface is arranged as an observation surface, the materials are high-strength organic glass, the rest materials are high-strength steel, the space above the rock core box body is a water pressure part, water is injected into the space through a water injection pump, and the bottom end of the box body is fixed by a clamping base; the fluid pipeline and the shaft are both made of high-strength organic transparent glass tubes, the shaft 1 and the shaft 3 are communicated with the hole 1, and the shaft 2 is communicated with the hole 2 and the hole 3; the No. 1 shaft is connected with the pumping device, a pressure gauge, a buffer valve and a manual valve are sequentially arranged on a pipeline, the No. 2 shaft and the No. 3 shaft are connected with a water injection pump and the pumping device, and the pressure gauge, the buffer valve and the manual valve are sequentially arranged on the pipeline; all the oil injection pump, the water injection pump and the swabbing device in the test device are connected with the liquid storage tank;
the test method comprises the following steps:
(1) Theoretical relationship unit: in the oil-gas production process, the essential reason of cave collapse is that the difference between the overburden pressure and the internal pressure of the cave reaches the fracture critical pressure of the fragile surrounding rock layer, and the mechanical stability of the surrounding rock is broken;
(2) A design unit: the device is used for designing surrounding rock fragile layers with different properties and styles according to stress state description of the rock under stress load and mechanical parameter evaluation of critical collapse, analyzing influence factors of the surrounding rock fragile layers and designing a test device and a test process;
(3) The test device comprises: the method is used for performing liquid extraction and injection on the cave model to simulate oil extraction and water and gas injection production operation in the oil and gas production process, and meanwhile, the production system is changed to adjust the internal pressure of the cave and simulate cave collapse;
(4) Conclusion evaluation unit: and determining a zone where a new crack is firstly generated on a fragile layer of the cave by combining with the cave collapse process under different simulation production systems, calculating the cave collapse critical pressure, and describing the collapse degree of the cave.
2. The testing method of claim 1, wherein the theoretical relationship unit further comprises: the cavity collapse critical pressure, overburden pressure, and cavity internal pressure are mathematically related: p Critical point of ＝P Is covered with -P Inner part In which P is Critical point of Critical pressure for cave collapse, P Overlying Is overburden pressure, P Inner part The pressure inside the cave; overburden pressure P Overlying The value of (2) is simulated by a set cave burial depth through a pressure formula, and the applied mathematical formula is as follows:
P＝ρgH；
wherein rho is the average density of the overlying rock stratum, g is the gravity acceleration, and H is the cave burial depth.
3. The assay of claim 1, further characterized in that the design unit comprises: the lithologic property of the surrounding rock stratum is designed differently from lithologic properties of other rocks, so that the method is used for following the principle that the actual surrounding rock stratum has a plurality of micro-cracks, and the rocks have smaller mechanical strength and are easy to break; designing single-arch and double-arch surrounding rock cover layer modes for researching the influence of the morphological structure of the surrounding rock layer on cave collapse according to the analysis of the mechanical property stability of the rock; fractures were made in the surrounding rock formation to study the effect of the fractures on the fracture of the surrounding rock formation.
4. The assay method of claim 1, further characterized in that the conclusion evaluation unit comprises: determining the initial fracture position of the surrounding rock stratum, positioning the weakest strength of the surrounding rock stratum, and judging the fracture form of the cave when the cave collapses; calculating collapse critical pressure for determining the pressure difference between overburden pressure and liquid pressure in the cave when the cave collapses due to damage of the surrounding rock stratum; describing cave collapse degree, and being used for describing stress collapse phenomenon in the oil and gas production process and qualitatively analyzing consequences caused by cave collapse.
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