CN109439373A - 一种纳米燃料乳化剂及纳米乳化燃料 - Google Patents
一种纳米燃料乳化剂及纳米乳化燃料 Download PDFInfo
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- LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Cetrimonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract 11
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- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种纳米燃料乳化剂及纳米乳化燃料,按照每80~100mL基础燃油添加5~17.5mL正辛醇、2~10mg十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)以及2~10mg的纳米TiO2颗粒,得到纳米乳化燃料。本发明的乳化剂成分简单、性质稳定,用于配制纳米乳化燃料,可显著提高燃料的稳定性,改善发动机动力性、经济性,降低碳烟及颗粒物排放,清洁高效。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于发动机清洁、高效燃烧和尾气净化领域,具体涉及一种纳米燃料乳化剂。
背景技术
随着汽车保有量的持续增长、石油资源短缺和环境污染问题日益突出,提高传统内燃机的燃烧效率,同时降低其污染物排放是当前内燃机技术要解决的首要问题。燃料的组成成分和理化性质对发动机的动力性、经济性和排放特性有重要影响,在燃料中添加不同的添加剂,能够改变燃料的性质,实现发动机的高效、清洁燃烧。从功能上划分,燃油添加剂主要有:辛烷值或十六烷值改进剂、清净剂、抗氧剂、降凝剂等,而能够提升发动机动力性、同时改善发动机燃烧和排放的燃料添加剂相对较少。
动力提升型燃油添加剂中含有金属成分,比如锰等金属化合物,只能解决车辆因燃油品质导致的动力不足问题,不能同时起到节油和降低尾气排放的效果。中国专利CN103265983A公开了一种高效纳米燃油,采用了具有催化活性且相对廉价的金属单质作为燃油添加剂,但纳米金属单质活性极强,在空气中极易氧化,属于易燃易爆危险品,因此采用纳米金属单质配制纳米燃油时必须在充满氮气的密闭容器中进行,不仅危险而且配制条件难以保证;同时,所配制的纳米燃油还存在稳定性较差的问题,根据试验验证,不足两小时纳米颗粒就会发生析出、团聚、沉淀。另外,纳米燃油并未显示出对颗粒物排放的改善作用。
目前亟待开发一种可以提高纳米燃油稳定性、具有节能、减排(特别是降低颗粒物排放)效果的纳米燃料乳化剂。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种纳米燃料乳化剂及纳米乳化燃料。
为达到上述目的,本发明采用了以下技术方案:
一种纳米燃料乳化剂,该乳化剂包括乳化助剂以及纳米颗粒,所述纳米颗粒(例如,10~30nm)为具有光催化活性的纳米金属氧化物,乳化助剂为正辛醇与选自OP-10、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)、油酸中的任意一种或多种物质组成的复配物,纳米颗粒:CTAB:油酸:OP-10:正辛醇的质量比为1:(0~1):(0~1600):(0~800):(400~7300)。
优选的,所述金属氧化物选自Fe2O3、Al2O3、CuO、ZnO、TiO2中的一种或多种。
优选的,所述乳化助剂选自正辛醇与CTAB的复配物,其中,正辛醇:CTAB的质量比为400~7300:1,该复配物与纳米颗粒的质量比约为400~7300:1,或者,乳化助剂选自油酸、OP-10与正辛醇的复配物,其中,OP-10:油酸:正辛醇的质量比为1:(1.5~2.5):(2.5~3.5),该复配物与纳米颗粒的质量比为800~4300:1。
优选的,所述乳化剂按照每80~100mL基础燃油添加2~10mg的纳米TiO2颗粒的用量比例与所述基础燃油混合。
优选的,所述乳化剂按照每80~100mL基础燃油添加5~17.5mL的正辛醇及2~10mg的CTAB的用量比例与所述基础燃油混合。
上述纳米燃料乳化剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将正辛醇与选自OP-10、CTAB、油酸中的任意一种或多种物质混合,得到混合液A,将混合液A超声震荡,得到乳化助剂;
2)将乳化助剂与所述纳米颗粒混合,得到混合液B,将混合液B超声震荡,得到纳米燃料乳化剂。
优选的,所述步骤1)具体包括以下步骤:在5~17.5mL正辛醇中加入2~10mg CTAB后搅拌,得混合液A;将混合液A放入超声波震荡器,在超声波震荡器的温度设置为40~60℃、超声频率设置为30~50kHz,及功率设置为350~450kW的条件下,将混合液A震荡10~20min;所述步骤2)具体包括以下步骤:在超声震荡后的混合液A中加入2~10mg纳米TiO2颗粒,得混合液B;将混合液B放入超声波振荡器,在超声波震荡器的温度设置为40~60℃、超声频率设置为30~50kHz,及功率设置为350~450kW的条件下,将混合液B震荡40~50min。
一种纳米乳化燃料,该乳化燃料包括上述纳米燃料乳化剂(乳化剂包括乳化助剂以及纳米颗粒)及基础燃油,所述纳米颗粒的浓度为50~100mg/L。
优选的,所述乳化燃料是将所述纳米燃料乳化剂添加到基础燃油中并经超声乳化而制成的。
优选的,所述添加是指将纳米燃料乳化剂加入基础燃油(例如,按照每80~100mL基础燃油加入5~17.5mL正辛醇、2~10mg CTAB以及2~10mg的纳米TiO2颗粒)中后高速(2000r/min~3000r/min)搅拌10min~15min。
优选的,所述超声乳化是指将添加有纳米燃料乳化剂的基础燃油置于超声波振荡器中,在超声波震荡器的温度设置为40~60℃、超声频率设置为30~50kHz,及功率设置为350~450kW的条件下,震荡5~10min,即可配制得到均匀稳定的纳米乳化燃料。
优选的,所述基础燃油选自石化柴油或其它柴油机的替代燃料(如:生物柴油、FT柴油、甲醇柴油等代用燃料)。
本发明的有益效果体现在:
本发明利用添加入燃油(例如柴油、甲醇柴油)的一定量的具有光催化活性的纳米金属氧化物作为增加热传导、改善空气与燃油接触程度的添加剂,并同时优化了可以提高该纳米金属氧化物在燃油中的稳定性的乳化助剂,最终获得了性质稳定的纳米燃料乳化剂,将其用于配制纳米燃料,不仅有效提高了纳米燃料的稳定性,而且改善了发动机动力性、经济性,降低碳烟及颗粒物排放,实现了发动机内燃油的清洁、高效燃烧。
进一步的,本发明将纳米TiO2颗粒作为添加剂,利用CTAB和正辛醇复配形成的乳化助剂,使得纳米燃料中表面活性剂添加量减少,且提高了纳米燃料稳定性、燃烧排放性能。
附图说明
图1为电控高压共轨六缸柴油机燃用FT柴油、含纳米金属氧化物TiO2质量体积浓度为50mg/L和100mg/L的纳米乳化燃料的有效功率对比。
图2为电控高压共轨六缸柴油机燃用FT柴油、含纳米金属氧化物TiO2质量体积浓度为50mg/L和100mg/L的纳米乳化燃料的有效热效率对比。
图3为电控高压共轨六缸柴油机燃用FT柴油、含纳米金属氧化物TiO2质量体积浓度为50mg/L和100mg/L的纳米乳化燃料的碳烟排放对比。
图4为电控高压共轨六缸柴油机燃用FT柴油、含纳米金属氧化物TiO2质量体积浓度为50mg/L和100mg/L的纳米乳化燃料的超细颗粒物排放对比。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明做详细说明。所述实施例仅用于解释本发明,而不是对本发明保护范围的限制。
纳米金属氧化物TiO2、CuO、ZnO、Fe2O3、Al2O3具有较高的比表面积、较高的热传导能力,但在光照条件下,产生光生电子的能力不同,导致其催化活性不同,其催化活性由强到弱依次为:TiO2>CuO>ZnO>Fe2O3>Al2O3,本发明据此分别以TiO2、Al2O3作为纳米燃料添加剂,对这类纳米金属氧化物的光催化活性对发动机动力、燃烧和排放性能影响进行了实验,并综合考查了添加剂在燃油中的稳定性。
实施例1
1)基于FT柴油的纳米燃料乳化剂配方,每90mL FT柴油中加入以下组分:
正辛醇:10mL(8.3g)
CTAB:5mg
纳米TiO2(10nm):5mg(TiO2浓度为50mg/L,即实施例1为图1~图4中的TiO250组)
2)纳米燃料乳化剂的配制,各组分均取配方量:
在10mL正辛醇中加入5mg CTAB,搅拌1min,放入超声波清洗仪,温度设置为50℃,超声频率为40kHz,功率为400kW,震荡15min以上,得到均匀混合溶液为止。在震荡后的CTAB和正辛醇均匀混合溶液中加入5mg纳米TiO2,在同样的条件下震荡45min以上,得到均匀的纳米燃料乳化剂为止。
将上述纳米燃料乳化剂加入90mL FT柴油中,以2000r/min~3000r/min高速搅拌10~15min后置于超声波清洗仪,同样条件下震荡5min,即可配制得均匀稳定的纳米乳化燃料。
实施例2
基于FT柴油的纳米燃料乳化剂配方,每90mL FT柴油中加入以下组分:
正辛醇:10mL(8.3g)
CTAB:10mg
纳米TiO2(10nm):10mg(TiO2浓度为100mg/L,即实施例2为图1~图4中的TiO2100组)
纳米燃料乳化剂、纳米乳化燃料配制工序与实施例1相同。
由图1可知,FT柴油中添加含纳米TiO2的乳化剂后,发动机不同转速下的有效功率升高,动力性增强。由图2可知,在FT柴油中添加含纳米TiO2的乳化剂后,可以明显提高发动机的有效热效率,改善发动机的燃油经济性。由图3可知,FT柴油中添加含纳米TiO2的乳化剂后,能够明显降低发动机的碳烟排放。由图4可知,FT柴油中添加含纳米TiO2的乳化剂后,能够明显减少发动机的超细颗粒物排放数量浓度。
实施例3
基于甲醇/柴油混合燃料的纳米燃料乳化剂配方,每62.5mL柴油及20mL甲醇混合液中加入以下组分:
正辛醇:17.5mL(14.5g)
CTAB:5mg
纳米TiO2(10nm):5mg
纳米燃料乳化剂、纳米乳化燃料配制工序与实施例1相同。
实施例4
基于甲醇/柴油混合燃料的纳米燃料乳化剂配方,每62.5mL柴油及20mL甲醇混合液中加入以下组分:
正辛醇:17.5mL(14.5g)
CTAB:10mg
纳米TiO2(10nm):10mg
纳米燃料乳化剂、纳米乳化燃料配制工序与实施例1相同。
参见表1,以上实施例公开的纳米燃料乳化剂成分简单、性质稳定,用于配制纳米燃料,可显著提高纳米燃料稳定性,稳定时间达到72h以上。
表1.纳米乳化燃料稳定性试验
编号 | 实施例1 | 实施例2 | 实施例3 | 实施例4 |
稳定时间/h | >72 | >72 | >72 | >72 |
参见表2,加入纳米燃料乳化剂的燃料,如FT柴油纳米乳化燃料,与未添加纳米燃料乳化剂的基础燃料(FT柴油,即图1~图4中的FT组)相比,其有效功率和有效热效率提高,碳烟及超细颗粒物排放明显下降。
表2.纳米乳化燃料发动机性能试验
实施例1 | 实施例2 | 实施例3 | 实施例4 | |
有效功率 | +3.27% | +2.43% | +7.4% | +4.3% |
有效热效率 | +2.25% | +1.65% | +2.1% | +2.4% |
碳烟排放 | -27.68% | -25.21% | -12.6% | -13.4% |
超细颗粒物排放(数量浓度) | -15.74% | -21.66% | -12.1% | -9.2% |
从表1、表2中数据可以看出,本发明通过实验获得的纳米燃料乳化剂,可以提高纳米燃料稳定性,改善发动机动力性、经济性及排放特性。
实施例5
基于FT柴油的纳米燃料乳化剂配方,每90mL FT柴油中加入以下组分:
正辛醇:10mL(8.3g)
采用油酸、OP-10与正辛醇复配(例如,OP-10:油酸:正辛醇的复配质量比为1:2:3),形成的乳化助剂与纳米TiO2(10nm)混合、震荡。
纳米TiO2浓度为50~100mg/L。
可以看出,采用实施例5的乳化助剂,燃油中的表面活性剂添加量较大,且试验表明,燃料稳定性也不如前者(正辛醇与CTAB复配的乳化助剂)。
总之,通过发动机台架试验,本发明所述纳米燃料乳化剂能够提高柴油机的动力性和经济性,降低柴油机的碳烟和超细颗粒物排放。另外,添加纳米TiO2的燃油在发动机动力、燃烧和排放性能上明显优于添加纳米Al2O3的燃油。
Claims (10)
1.一种纳米燃料乳化剂,其特征在于:该乳化剂包括乳化助剂以及纳米颗粒,所述纳米颗粒为具有光催化活性的纳米金属氧化物,乳化助剂为正辛醇与选自OP-10、CTAB、油酸中的任意一种或多种物质组成的复配物,纳米颗粒:CTAB:油酸:OP-10:正辛醇的质量比为1:(0~1):(0~1600):(0~800):(400~7300)。
2.根据权利要求1所述一种纳米燃料乳化剂,其特征在于:所述金属氧化物选自Fe2O3、Al2O3、CuO、ZnO、TiO2中的一种或多种。
3.根据权利要求1所述一种纳米燃料乳化剂,其特征在于:所述乳化助剂选自正辛醇与CTAB的复配物,该复配物中正辛醇:CTAB的质量比为400~7300:1,或者,乳化助剂选自油酸、OP-10与正辛醇的复配物,该复配物中OP-10:油酸:正辛醇的质量比为1:(1.5~2.5):(2.5~3.5)。
4.根据权利要求1所述一种纳米燃料乳化剂,其特征在于:所述乳化剂按照每80~100mL基础燃油添加2~10mg的纳米TiO2的用量比例与所述基础燃油混合。
5.根据权利要求1或4所述一种纳米燃料乳化剂,其特征在于:所述乳化剂按照每80~100mL基础燃油添加5~17.5mL的正辛醇及2~10mg的CTAB的用量比例与所述基础燃油混合。
6.一种如权利要求1所述的纳米燃料乳化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:
1)将正辛醇与选自OP-10、CTAB、油酸中的任意一种或多种物质混合,得到混合液A,将混合液A超声震荡,得到乳化助剂;
2)将乳化助剂与所述纳米颗粒混合,得到混合液B,将混合液B超声震荡,得到纳米燃料乳化剂。
7.根据权利要求6所述的纳米燃料乳化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤1)具体包括以下步骤:在5~17.5mL正辛醇中加入2~10mg CTAB后搅拌,得混合液A;将混合液A放入超声波震荡器,在超声波震荡器的温度设置为40~60℃、超声频率设置为30~50kHz,及功率设置为350~450kW的条件下,将混合液A震荡10~20min;所述步骤2)具体包括以下步骤:在超声震荡后的混合液A中加入2~10mg纳米TiO2,得混合液B;将混合液B放入超声波振荡器,在超声波震荡器的温度设置为40~60℃、超声频率设置为30~50kHz,及功率设置为350~450kW的条件下,将混合液B震荡40~50min。
8.一种纳米乳化燃料,其特征在于:该乳化燃料包括纳米燃料乳化剂及基础燃油,所述纳米燃料乳化剂包括乳化助剂以及纳米颗粒,纳米颗粒为具有光催化活性的纳米金属氧化物,乳化助剂为正辛醇与选自OP-10、CTAB、油酸中的任意一种或多种物质组成的复配物;乳化燃料中,纳米颗粒:CTAB:油酸:OP-10:正辛醇的质量比为1:(0~1):(0~1600):(0~800):(400~7300),所述纳米颗粒的浓度为50~100mg/L。
9.根据权利要求8所述一种纳米乳化燃料,其特征在于:所述乳化燃料是将所述纳米燃料乳化剂添加到基础燃油中并经超声乳化而制成的。
10.根据权利要求8所述一种纳米乳化燃料,其特征在于:所述基础燃油选自石化柴油或其它柴油机的替代燃料。
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