CN109430168A - 一种肉鸡低污染高产出立体养殖方法 - Google Patents
一种肉鸡低污染高产出立体养殖方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109430168A CN109430168A CN201811595576.1A CN201811595576A CN109430168A CN 109430168 A CN109430168 A CN 109430168A CN 201811595576 A CN201811595576 A CN 201811595576A CN 109430168 A CN109430168 A CN 109430168A
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种肉鸡低污染高产出立体养殖方法，包括以下步骤：S1、选地搭建肉鸡立体养殖系统与预处理；S2、营建池底水草种植区；S3、营建池中鱼类养殖区；S4、营建池上肉鸡养殖区；S5、体系循环与收获及再生产。本发明通过构建水上养鸡、水中养鱼、水下种草的立体循环养殖系统，通过将养殖肉鸡产生的粪便用来养鱼肥草，在节约养殖成本的同时减少了肉鸡养殖的生态污染，增加了体系综合产出。通过创新肉鸡饲料管理方案，饲喂适合肉鸡不同生长阶段的营养饲料，满足了肉鸡的成长需求，降低了肉鸡料肉比，提高了肉鸡产量和鸡肉品质。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及农业畜禽养殖领域，尤其涉及一种肉鸡低污染高产出立体养殖方法。
背景技术
肉鸡是世界上主要的肉类消费品之一，也是人们在生活中的重要肉类食物来源，因为其产品种类多、味道鲜美的特点越来越受到消费者青睐。肉鸡产业近几年来的快速发展, 使得肉鸡业成为了我国畜牧业中发展最快的产业和推动我国畜牧业发展的有生力量。我国肉鸡产业经过三十年的持续快速发展，已成为畜牧业中产业化、市场化和规模化程度最高的行业，在解决农村劳动力就业，增加农民收入，改善居民膳食结构，调整优化畜牧业产业结构等方面发挥着十分重要的作用。然而，诸如疫病频发，复杂程度和控制难度加大，养殖成本高涨，药残超标或含违禁药物导致鸡肉出口常被拒之门外等等问题，成为了我国肉鸡业面临的问题和挑战。同时，随着人们生活水平不断提高，国内鸡肉消费需求呈刚性增长，大量质优价廉的鸡肉产品涌入国内市场，贸易逆差越来越大。因此，在肉鸡产业内外部环境不利情况下，我国肉鸡业能否适应新形势，保护国内市场，增强国际竞争力已成为当前产业发展亟待解决的关键问题，而降低肉鸡生产成本、提高生产效率，乃成为现阶段发展具有国际竞争力肉鸡业的重要任务。
肉鸡养殖户分散，养殖户缺乏科学管理经验，管理水平较低，养殖技术落后，依然停留在传统养殖水平中，导致饲养量和出栏量增长过慢，生产加工水平也落后于国内同行业，制约着肉鸡产业的发展，在饲养过程中卫生防御体系不够完善，饲养疫病影响肉鸡食品的质量，由于疫病的传播速度快、周期长，导致消费者对肉鸡行业信心的缺失，从而导致肉鸡销量的降低。
肉鸡立体化养殖是近年快速发展起来的一项养殖技术，由于其能够很好地为肉鸡提供所需要的舒适环境，同时具有便于管理、节省人工、节约土地、提高劳动率等优点，正逐步被行业所关注和接纳。作为一种新型的肉鸡养殖技术模式，规模化、高标准、自动化养殖体系已成为商品肉鸡养殖的未来发展方向。
鸡粪是一种营养全面、蛋白质含量较高的有机肥料，还含有丰富的氮磷钾、铜铁锌和锰等微量元素，鸡粪作为肥料肥水养鱼是降低生产成本的有效途径。鸡粪中残留大量的营养物质，矿物质含量高且品种齐全。用鸡粪养鱼，不仅节省了商品饲料，能提高养鸡，养鱼的经济效益，减少环境污染，促进生态平衡。鸡粪可以配合有益菌使用，有益菌能吸收氨氮、转化亚硝酸盐、改变藻相、分解有机质并释放营养物质等；也可以配合无机肥使用，充分利用各种营养成分，使各种营养能保持平衡，促进浮游生物保持健康旺盛生长，同时能使藻相达到优化，水质能长期保持“肥、活、嫩、爽”。
莕菜又称水荷叶，是荇菜科、莕菜属多年生草本水生草本植物，性强健，耐寒又耐热，适应性强，多生于池塘当中。相关研究发现，莕菜叶中含有芸香甙，槲皮素-35-巢菜糖甙，莕菜还含熊果酸，β-谷甾醇，β-香树脂醇，槲皮素，白桦脂酸，齐墩果酸等有效成分，具有清热解毒，利尿消肿的作用，且莕菜营养价值丰富，柔嫩多汁，适合作为青饲料使用。千屈菜，是千屈菜科千屈菜属多年生草本植物，喜水湿，在深厚、富含腐殖质的土壤上生长发育的更好，其茎叶具有杀菌功效，能治疗泄泻，痢疾等肉鸡常见疾病。
发明内容
为解决背景技术中存在的问题，本发明提出了一种肉鸡低污染高产出立体养殖方法，通过构建水上养鸡、水中养鱼、水下养草的立体养殖方法，节约了养殖成本，减少了肉鸡养殖污染，增加了体系综合产出。
为实现上述养殖目标，本发明提出的一种肉鸡低污染高产出立体养殖方法，解决方法具体如下：
一种肉鸡低污染高产出立体养殖方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
S1、选地搭建肉鸡立体养殖系统与预处理：选择交通便利、水源充足且周边无工业污染的池塘作为肉鸡立体养殖系统搭建区，池塘使用前进行清淤及消毒操作，每亩池塘撒施60-80kg生石灰消毒，其后晒塘一周，备用；
S2、营建池底水草种植区：在上述准备好的池塘中种植莕菜和千屈菜，具体规划步骤为：将莕菜、千屈菜种子进行消毒破休眠后，按每亩4-5kg的播种量在塘内条播莕菜种子，按每亩1-1.2kg的播种量沿池塘边四周条播千屈菜种子；其后放水50-60cm，常规管理莕菜、千屈菜；
S3、营建池中鱼类养殖区：每年3月中下旬，每亩池塘投放鱼苗120-150kg，其中鲢鱼占总放养量的60-65%，鳙鱼占总放养量15-20%，鲤鱼占总放养量7-10%，鲫鱼占总放养量3-4%，余量为罗非鱼；鱼苗下塘前，用3-5%的食盐水浸浴鱼苗体表5分钟，其后常规管理鱼类养殖区；
S4、营建池上肉鸡养殖区：在池塘上方，按每220m2作为一个养殖单元搭建肉鸡养殖区，养殖区离水面0.8-1m，底部使用木板搭建，每块木板间留有2-3cm缝隙以便鸡粪下落；养殖单元四周用围网按1：3的面积比分为雏鸡养殖区及成鸡养殖区，分别饲喂相应规格的肉鸡；雏鸡期、成鸡期的肉鸡按以下方案饲喂营养饲料：雏鸡期肉鸡饲喂基础饲料搭配壮雏型饲料添加剂，两者之间的重量比为8-10：1，饲喂量为肉鸡重的10-12%；成鸡期饲喂基础饲料搭配育大型饲料添加剂，两者之间的重量比为8-10：1，饲喂量为肉鸡重的8-10%；疫病及其他管理方法同一般无公害肉鸡养殖方法；
S5、系统循环与收获及再生产：将S2中种植的莕菜收获后，按S4中的饲料配比方案饲喂肉鸡；将S2中种植的千屈菜收获后按S4中的方法步骤制备千屈菜提取物；将肉鸡产生的粪便直接饲喂池塘中的鱼类；按每养殖五批肉鸡的同时养殖一批鱼的种养殖规划进行收获及再生产。
所述S4中基础饲料的配置方法为：按重量份取发酵豆粕35-45、莕菜40-50、花生饼15-20、葵花秆15-25、米麸8-14、甘薯藤叶20-30、红曲4-8、稻壳8-14、竹屑2-4、木薯渣3-6、次粉3-5、蚕沙2-3、粗制骨粉4-6、苜蓿酵素2-3、食盐0.6-0.8，将上述成分粉碎后，加入千屈菜提取物6-10，混合均匀后用圆球造粒机造粒，即得所述的基础饲料。
所述S4中壮雏饲料添加剂的的成分按重量计：维生素A5-9、维生素B2-3、维生素E3-5、腐殖酸钠6-8、氟石粉4-6、蛭石粉3-4、酵母粉2-3、饲料级复硝酚钠1-2、饲料级亚硒酸钠0.1-0.2。
所述S4中育大型饲料添加剂成分按重量计：土豆蛋白粉5-8、硅藻土10-20、海藻泥4-5、发酵棉粕4-5、鱼粉30-40、白木粉2-3、维生素A2-5、维生素B5-8、维生素C2-5、海藻酸钠1-2、杜仲绿原酸0.4-0.5。
所述S4中千屈菜提取物的制备方法为：将S2中收获的千屈菜茎叶，烘干后磨碎，然后按照1：3-5的重量比混合60%的乙醇溶液进行回流提取3-4次，合并滤液，真空干燥后，即得所述的千屈菜提取物。
本发明的有益效果：
1、通过构建水上养鸡、水中养鱼、水下种草的立体循环养殖模式节约了养殖成本，通过养殖肉鸡产生的鸡粪来养鱼，通过水草来净化水体环境并可作为饲料来降低养殖成本；达到了减少肉鸡养殖生态污染，增加体系综合产出的目标。
2、通过创新肉鸡饲喂方法，饲喂符合肉鸡不同生长阶段的营养饲料，满足了肉鸡的营养需求，降低了肉鸡料肉比，从而使得肉鸡育肥时间缩短，提高了肉鸡鸡肉品质。
3、通过在饲料中添加千屈菜提取物，充分利用千屈菜的杀菌消毒治疗泄泻、痢疾的作用，提高肉鸡免疫力及健康度，且由于所用千屈菜为体系自产，从而进一步降低了饲料成本。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明做解释说明，需要指出的是，以下实施例仅用于解释说明本发明的步骤方法，而不用于限制本发明。
实施例1
1.一种肉鸡低污染高产出立体养殖方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
S1、选地搭建肉鸡立体养殖系统与预处理：选择交通便利、水源充足且周边无工业污染的池塘作为肉鸡立体养殖系统搭建区，池塘使用前进行清淤及消毒操作，每亩池塘撒施70kg生石灰消毒，其后晒塘一周，备用；
S2、营建池底水草种植区：在上述准备好的池塘中种植莕菜和千屈菜，具体规划步骤为：将莕菜、千屈菜种子进行消毒破休眠后，按每亩4.5kg的播种量在塘内条播莕菜种子，按每亩1.1kg的播种量沿池塘边四周条播千屈菜种子；其后放水55cm，并常规管理莕菜、千屈菜；
S3、营建池中鱼类养殖区：每年3月中下旬，每亩池塘投放鱼苗135kg，其中鲢鱼占总放养量的62%，鳙鱼占总放养量18%，鲤鱼占总放养量9%，鲫鱼占总放养量3%，罗非鱼8%；鱼苗下塘前，用4%的食盐水浸浴鱼苗体表5分钟，其后常规管理鱼类养殖区；
S4、营建池上肉鸡养殖区：在池塘上方，按每220m2作为一个养殖单元搭建肉鸡养殖区，养殖区离水面0.9m，底部使用木板搭建，每块木板间留有3cm缝隙以便鸡粪下落；养殖单元四周用围网按1：3的面积比分为雏鸡养殖区及成鸡养殖区，分别饲喂相应规格的肉鸡；雏鸡期、成鸡期的肉鸡按以下方案饲喂营养饲料：雏鸡期肉鸡饲喂基础饲料搭配壮雏型饲料添加剂，两者之间的重量比为9：1，饲喂量为肉鸡重的11%；成鸡期饲喂基础饲料搭配育大型饲料添加剂，两者之间的重量比为9：1，饲喂量为肉鸡重的11%；疫病及其他管理方法同一般无公害肉鸡养殖方法；基础饲料的配置方法为：按重量份取发酵豆粕40、莕菜45、花生饼17、葵花秆20、米麸11、甘薯藤叶25、红曲6、稻壳11、竹屑3、木薯渣4.5、次粉4、蚕沙2.5、粗制骨粉4-6、苜蓿酵素2-3、食盐0.6-0.8，将上述成分粉碎后，加入千屈菜提取物8，混合均匀后用圆球造粒机造粒，即得所述的基础饲料。千屈菜提取物的制备方法为：将S2中收获的千屈菜茎叶，烘干后磨碎，然后按照1：4的重量比混合60%的乙醇溶液进行回流提取4次，合并滤液，真空干燥后，即得所述的千屈菜提取物。壮雏饲料添加剂的的成分按重量计：维生素A7、维生素B2.5、维生素E4、腐殖酸钠7、氟石粉5、蛭石粉3.5、酵母粉2.5、饲料级复硝酚钠1.5、饲料级亚硒酸钠0.15。育大型饲料添加剂成分按重量计：土豆蛋白粉6.5、硅藻土15、海藻泥4.5、发酵棉粕4.5、鱼粉35、白木粉2.5、维生素A3.5、维生素B6.5、维生素C3.5、海藻酸钠1.5、杜仲绿原酸0.45；
S5、系统循环与收获及再生产：将S2中种植的莕菜收获后，按S4中的饲料配比方案饲喂肉鸡；将S2中种植的千屈菜收获后按S4中的方法步骤制备千屈菜提取物；将肉鸡产生的粪便直接饲喂池塘中的鱼类；按每养殖五批肉鸡的同时养殖一批鱼的种养殖规划进行收获及再生产，将符合商品规格的肉鸡和鱼统一收获。
实施例2 （不同饲料管理方案对肉鸡鸡肉品质及营养成分的影响）
采用实施例1中S1-S3中的方法，构建好立体养殖生态系统，其后将S4中的饲料管理按以下方案设置对比例：
对比例1：雏鸡期同实施例1，成鸡期为章丘市科鑫饲料厂生产的549肉中鸡颗粒全价饲料；
对比例2：雏鸡期饲喂章丘市科鑫饲料厂生产的548肉小鸡颗粒全价饲料，成鸡同实施例1；
对比例3：雏鸡期548肉小鸡颗粒全价饲料，成鸡期饲喂章丘市科鑫饲料厂生产的549肉中鸡颗粒全价饲料。
将实施例1与各对比例养殖出栏的成鸡，随机选取两只，屠宰干净后，取鸡胸肉按以下方法做相关品质检测。
肉色检测：取新鲜鸡胸肉5g，剪碎后置于匀浆管中，立即加蒸馏水10ml，匀浆10min，随后将全部匀浆物移入离心管中，3000r/min离心10min，取离心后的上清液采用SMY2000系列测色色差仪测进行肉色检测。
pH值测定：用pH酸度计测定pH值。
嫩度测定：取新鲜鸡胸肉10g，修成宽厚长条肉，随即用C-LM2型肌肉嫩度仪测量剪切力值。
蒸煮损失率测定方法：选取新鲜鸡胸肉样，去掉表面上的下脂肪和筋络，准确称取10g肉样，置于烧杯中，在80℃的温度中水浴30 min 后，用20℃流动水冷却肉样，用吸水纸吸收表面水分并称其质量。蒸煮损失计算方法：蒸煮损失=(蒸煮前肉的质量－蒸煮后肉的质量) /(蒸煮前肉的质量)。
所得结果如表1所述。
分析表1中的数据，我们发现相比于其他对比例来说，肉鸡养殖的各时期全程采用本发明路线的实施例1在肉鸡品质上均略有领先，产生这一有益效果的原因可能在于本发明的饲料方案在各时期均能较佳的适应肉鸡营养发育的需要，从而提高了肉鸡的摄食量，特别的，由于饲料方案中添加的有益物质提取物，能够起到灭菌消毒的作用，从而大大提高了肉鸡的健康度，肉鸡患病率大大降低，2018年养殖场养殖过程我们进行了相关统计，采用本发明技术路径，肉鸡患病率仅1.2%，而采用实施例2对比例1养殖方案中，肉鸡患病率为4.8%，因此可以发现，本发明的养殖方案里，抗病饲料添加剂的使用，可以显著降低饲养肉鸡患病率，进而造成了肉鸡品质的提升。
采用抽提法测定鸡肉中脂肪含量；采用凯氏定氮法测定鸡肉中蛋白质含量；采用OPA FMOC联用自动分析法测定鸡肉中氨基酸含量。所得结果如表2所示。
分析表2中的数据，我们发现相比于其他对比例来说，肉鸡养殖的各时期全程采用本发明路线的实施例1在肉鸡品质上均略有领先，原因可能在于不同营养配比的饲料充分满足了肉鸡各生长发育时期的不同需求，从而使得鸡肉中的营养价值更高，商品性更优。
实施例3（饲料配置比例优化试验）
根据实施例1步骤S4中的方法步骤制备雏鸡期及成鸡期饲料，按以下方案做饲料配置比例优化试验：雏鸡期基础饲料搭配壮雏型饲料添加剂的配比分别取8：1、9：1、10：1的成分配比配置饲料；成鸡期基础饲料搭配壮雏型饲料添加剂的配比分别取8：1、9：1、10：1的成分比配置饲料。将各配置好的饲料分别饲喂20只同实施例1中相同来源的相应生长阶段的肉鸡，饲喂期结束后分别折算其饲料成本及统计增重，所得结果如表3所示。
分析表3中的数据，我们发现在雏鸡期基础饲料搭配壮雏型饲料添加剂及成鸡期基础饲料搭配壮雏型饲料添加剂的配比均为为9：1时，饲料成本及肉鸡增重达到最佳比例，此时的料肉比在整个方案中最低，即饲喂较少的饲料，但肉鸡增重更高，从而实现了肉鸡的低成本高产量养殖目标。
实施例4（常规养殖肉鸡）
采用笼养方法养殖100只肉鸡，其中肉鸡所用饲料为雏鸡期饲喂章丘市科鑫饲料厂生产的548肉小鸡颗粒全价饲料，中鸡和大鸡期饲喂549肉中鸡颗粒全价饲料；肉鸡出栏后统计产量并折算收益。
实施例5（常规饲料养鱼）
采用常规方法养鱼220m2，鱼苗种类和放养规格数量同实施例1，期间饲喂通威股份生产的通威5A鱼料，成鱼收获后统计产量并计算收益。
将实施例1、4、5中收获的肉鸡和成鱼，分别统计养殖成本及产量，所得结果如表4所示。
分析表4中的数据，我们可以看出，相比于传统方法养殖肉鸡，本发明虽然在成本上有所增加，但在收益上有较大的提升，原因可能在于较为合理的饲料方案，提升了肉鸡重量，从而获得较高的收益，且本发明同时产出的成鱼，由于采用肉鸡粪便喂食，使得成鱼成本较低，虽然在成鱼收益上略逊于常规养鱼，但在成鱼净收益上略优于常规养鱼；最终本发明路线在净收益上较常规方案有较大提升。
以上所述，仅为本发明较佳实施例，对于本领域内的普通技术人员来说，可以理解在不脱离本发明的原理和精神的情况下可以对这些实施例进行多种变化、修改、替换和变型，本发明的范围由所附权利要求极其等同物限定。
Claims (5)
1.一种肉鸡低污染高产出立体养殖方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
S1、选地搭建肉鸡立体养殖系统与预处理：选择交通便利、水源充足且周边无工业污染的池塘作为肉鸡立体养殖系统搭建区，池塘使用前进行清淤及消毒操作，每亩池塘撒施60-80kg生石灰消毒，其后晒塘一周，备用；
S2、营建池底水草种植区：在上述准备好的池塘中种植莕菜和千屈菜，具体规划步骤为：将莕菜、千屈菜种子进行消毒破休眠后，按每亩4-5kg的播种量在塘内条播莕菜种子，按每亩1-1.2kg的播种量沿池塘边四周条播千屈菜种子；其后放水50-60cm，常规管理莕菜、千屈菜；
S3、营建池中鱼类养殖区：每年3月中下旬，每亩池塘投放鱼苗120-150kg，其中鲢鱼占总放养量的60-65%，鳙鱼占总放养量15-20%，鲤鱼占总放养量7-10%，鲫鱼占总放养量3-4%，余量为罗非鱼；鱼苗下塘前，用3-5%的食盐水浸浴鱼苗体表5分钟，其后常规管理鱼类养殖区；
S4、营建池上肉鸡养殖区：在池塘上方，按每220m2作为一个养殖单元搭建肉鸡养殖区，养殖区离水面0.8-1m，底部使用木板搭建，每块木板间留有2-3cm缝隙以便鸡粪下落；养殖单元四周用围网按1：3的面积比分为雏鸡养殖区及成鸡养殖区，分别饲喂相应规格的肉鸡；雏鸡期、成鸡期的肉鸡按以下方案饲喂营养饲料：雏鸡期肉鸡饲喂基础饲料搭配壮雏型饲料添加剂，两者之间的重量比为8-10：1，饲喂量为肉鸡重的10-12%；成鸡期饲喂基础饲料搭配育大型饲料添加剂，两者之间的重量比为8-10：1，饲喂量为肉鸡重的8-10%；疫病及其他管理方法同一般无公害肉鸡养殖方法；
S5、系统循环与收获及再生产：将S2中种植的莕菜收获后，按S4中的饲料配比方案饲喂肉鸡；将S2中种植的千屈菜收获后按S4中的方法步骤制备千屈菜提取物；将肉鸡产生的粪便直接饲喂池塘中的鱼类；按每养殖五批肉鸡的同时养殖一批鱼的种养殖规划进行收获及再生产。
2.根据权利要求1所述的肉鸡低污染高产出立体养殖方法，其特征在于，所述S4中基础饲料的配置方法为：按重量份取发酵豆粕35-45、莕菜40-50、花生饼15-20、葵花秆15-25、米麸8-14、甘薯藤叶20-30、红曲4-8、稻壳8-14、竹屑2-4、木薯渣3-6、次粉3-5、蚕沙2-3、粗制骨粉4-6、苜蓿酵素2-3、食盐0.6-0.8，将上述成分粉碎后，加入千屈菜提取物6-10，混合均匀后用圆球造粒机造粒，即得所述的基础饲料。
3.根据权利要求1所述的肉鸡低污染高产出立体养殖方法，其特征在于，所述S4中壮雏饲料添加剂的的成分按重量计：维生素A5-9、维生素B2-3、维生素E3-5、腐殖酸钠6-8、氟石粉4-6、蛭石粉3-4、酵母粉2-3、饲料级复硝酚钠1-2、饲料级亚硒酸钠0.1-0.2。
4.根据权利要求1所述的肉鸡低污染高产出立体养殖方法，其特征在于，所述S4中育大型饲料添加剂成分按重量计：土豆蛋白粉5-8、硅藻土10-20、海藻泥4-5、发酵棉粕4-5、鱼粉30-40、白木粉2-3、维生素A2-5、维生素B5-8、维生素C2-5、海藻酸钠1-2、杜仲绿原酸0.4-0.5。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的肉鸡低污染高产出立体养殖方法，其特征在于，所述S4中千屈菜提取物的制备方法为：将S2中收获的千屈菜茎叶，烘干后磨碎，然后按照1：3-5的重量比混合60%的乙醇溶液进行回流提取3-4次，合并滤液，真空干燥后，即得所述的千屈菜提取物。
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| CN112586451A (zh) * | 2021-01-13 | 2021-04-02 | 四川省畜牧科学研究院 | 用于禽类小规模养殖的半循环交替养殖方法 |
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