CN109406570A - A kind of composite insulator aging optical heat radiation detection system based on unmanned plane - Google Patents
A kind of composite insulator aging optical heat radiation detection system based on unmanned plane Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention discloses a kind of composite insulator aging optical heat radiation detection system based on unmanned plane, including the airborne end 9 being made of unmanned plane body 1, power plant module 2, winged control module 3, satellite positioning module 4, holder 5, optical heat radiation detection module 6, airborne wireless transmission module 7 and airborne information processing centre 8 and the ground surface end 14 being made of ground-based wireless transmissions module 10, ground unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) control module 11, image procossing and display module 12, terrestrial information processing center 13.Temperature profile time variation or space distribution situation of the system using UAV flight's optical heat radiation detection module detection composite insulator upon laser irradiation, by analyzing the thermal conduction characteristic of composite insulator and the relationship of degree of aging, realize the online telemetering assessment of high-altitude composite insulator ageing state optical heat radiation, system has many advantages, such as method and easy to operate, non-contact, lossless, highly sensitive, efficient, online, telemetering assessment degree of aging.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to power domains, and in particular to a kind of composite insulator aging optical heat radiation detection based on unmanned plane
System.
Background technique
Insulator is the important component that current potential difference electric conductor is mechanically connected in electric system, and composite insulator is with high temperature sulphur
SiClx rubber is outer insulating material, has many advantages, such as that light-weight, resistance to soiling is good, hydrophobicity is strong, high mechanical strength, easy to maintain,
It is widely used in high pressure, super-pressure, in extra-high voltage AC and DC transmission system, is the key that ensure electric property.When with operation
Between increase, there is aging phenomenon in composite insulator, lead to the factor for aging occur mainly and have light aging, heat ageing, voltage ageing,
Environmental aging (acid etching, contamination, air-flow, husky erosion, salt, mechanically stressed etc.), composite insulator aging will cause full skirt Surface hardened layer,
Dusting embrittlement, cracks, falls off, and essence is that the macromolecular chain (or network structure) of silastic material occurs chemical bond rupture and produces
Raw low molecule group, this will reduce the creepage distance of insulator chain, drastically reduce electric property and mechanical property, direct result
It is insulator surface hydrophobicity loss, the degradation of resistance to pollution flashover leads to the reliability decrease of insulation, threatens the peace of electric system
Entirely.
Currently, the Aging Assessment of composite insulator is mainly to the physical characteristic of silastic material, electrology characteristic, mechanical spy
Property, material microscopic characteristics tested to assess its performance, main detection method of assessing has hydrophobicity detection method, electrical quantities detection
Method, optical detection etc., these methods realize effective assessment of composite insulator current material degree of aging, but some methods
It is influenced seriously by subjective factor, some tests damage, some are unable to quantitative test, some system complex, at high cost, low efficiency
Under, and big multi-method cannot make on-line checking or telemetering.Currently, the online test method of composite insulator is mainly surface observation
Method and hydrophobicity method of testing mainly use manual type, and being climbed by testing staff's Portable device carries out close-range electrified and operate, right
Insulator carries out surface observation and water spray test, then carries out Image Acquisition, and the photo of acquisition is finally carried out image procossing, is sentenced
Disconnected insulator ageing level, this mode is time-consuming and laborious, and detection efficiency is low, and accuracy is low, and safety is poor, and by human factor
It is affected.
Therefore, the ageing state for scientificlly and effectively assessing composite insulator, develops advanced ageing state and quantitatively comments online
Estimate technology, to raising detection efficiency, ensures that the safe operation of electric system is most important.
Summary of the invention
Problem to be solved by this invention is: how to provide a kind of composite insulator aging optical heat radiation based on unmanned plane
Detection system overcomes the shortcomings of existing composite insulator degree of aging assessment and online test method, utilizes unmanned aerial vehicle platform band
Carry optical heat radiation detection system detection composite insulator temperature profile time variation characteristic upon laser irradiation or spatial distribution
Characteristic realizes lossless, accurate, efficient, the online telemetering assessment of high-altitude composite insulator ageing state.
Technical problem proposed by the invention solves in this way: proposing a kind of composite insulator aging based on unmanned plane
Optical heat radiation detection system, including by unmanned plane body 1, power plant module 2, winged control module 3, satellite positioning module 4, holder 5, light
Airborne end 9 that heat radiation detection module 6, airborne wireless transmission module 7 and airborne information processing centre 8 form and by terrestrial wireless
Transmission module 10, ground unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) control module 11, image procossing and display module 12, terrestrial information processing center 13 form
Ground surface end 14, it is characterised in that: the UAV system being made of airborne end 9 and ground surface end 14 carries light by the remote control of ground surface end 14
Heat radiation detection module 6 detects composite insulator temperature profile time variation upon laser irradiation or space distribution situation and passes
Ground surface end 14 is returned, is detected by image procossing in ground surface end 14 and the analysis processing optical heat radiation detection module 6 of display module 12
To thermal-induced imagery time domain and space distribution information obtain the degree of aging information of compound inslation subsample.
Composite insulator aging optical heat radiation detection system provided by the present invention based on unmanned plane, by airborne 9 He of end
Ground surface end 14 forms.The airborne end 9 is by unmanned plane body 1, power plant module 2, winged control module 3, satellite positioning module 4, holder
5, optical heat radiation detection module 6, airborne wireless transmission module 7 and airborne information processing centre 8 form, wherein the unmanned plane
Body 1 is the basis of unmanned aerial vehicle platform and entire detection system, provides flying platform and article carrying platform;The power plant module 2 is
Unmanned aerial vehicle platform provides power, while providing required power supply for module each on platform operation;The winged control module 3 is believed based on GPS
It number carries out flight positioning and controls aircraft flight, remote control distributor and autonomous flight both of which, including flight path control are provided
Unit, flight avoidance obstacle unit and flight attitude control unit processed;The satellite positioning module 4 is to fly control module 3 to provide GPS
Information;The holder 5 is used for band load optical heat radiation detection module 6 and carries out horizontal, vertical movement;The optical heat radiation detection module
6 are, with the mission payload system carried, temperature profile time of the progress composite insulator after laser irradiation becomes on unmanned aerial vehicle platform
Change or space distribution situation detects;The airborne wireless transmission module 7 is used to receive the flight control of ground surface end sending, holder
And the various orders of detection module operation, while end sends unmanned plane location status to the ground and optical heat radiation detection module 6 is examined
The thermal-induced imagery measured;The airborne information processing centre 8 swaps for each module information in airborne end, transfer,
The operation such as processing.The ground surface end 14 is by ground-based wireless transmissions module 10, ground unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) control module 11, image procossing and shows
Show that module 12, terrestrial information processing center 13 form, wherein the ground-based wireless transmissions module 10 is for sending unmanned aerial vehicle platform
The various orders that flight control, holder 5 and optical heat radiation detection module 6 are run, while receiving unmanned plane location status and photo-thermal
Radiation detection modules 6 detect obtained thermal-induced imagery;The ground unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) control module 11 is for controlling unmanned aerial vehicle platform
Realize remote control distributor and autonomous flight;Described image processing and display module 12 be used for analyze processing thermal-induced imagery time domain with
Space distribution information, and then obtain the degree of aging information of compound inslation subsample;The terrestrial information processing center 13 is used for
The operations such as each module information of ground surface end swaps, transfer, processing.
Composite insulator aging optical heat radiation detection system provided by the present invention based on unmanned plane, the optical heat radiation
Detection system 6 is occurred by laser, autofocus system, thermal infrared imager, automatic focusing module, image capture module, signal
Module, information processing and controlling module composition, signal generating module provide modulated signal, information processing and controlling mould for laser
Block control signal occur module make laser generate different time irradiation laser, laser irradiation composite insulator for a period of time,
Composite insulator absorbs light energy and temperature is caused to rise, different moments insulator after the irradiation of thermal infrared imager recording laser stops
The two-dimensional spatial distribution of surface temperature simultaneously gives thermal-induced imagery to airborne information processing by information processing and controlling module transfer
Center 8, airborne information processing centre 8 sends ground surface end 14 for thermal-induced imagery by airborne wireless transmission module 7, by ground
After holding time domain and the space distribution information of image procossing and the analysis processing thermal-induced imagery of display module 12, finally obtain compound exhausted
The degree of aging information of edge subsample: the temperature diffusion rate that laser irradiation generates is smaller, and composite insulator aging is more serious.Its
In, the laser can be repetitive frequency pulsed laser or continuous laser;The laser beam is in surface of composite insulator
Spot size adjusted by autofocus system;The laser irradiation time controls Laser Power Devices or light by signal generating module
Switch control, can be pulse or train of pulse irradiation or continuous laser irradiation, Continuous irradiation time are usually no more than 10 seconds;
The thermal infrared imager should have sufficiently high temperature sensitivity and spatial resolution;The temperature diffusion rate can be by swashing
The halfwidth size that light irradiation stops the figure of two-dimension temperature distribution after a certain period of time is determining, or by maximum temperature or mean temperature
Time response determine;The composite insulator degree of aging is spread by measuring the temperature of different degree of aging composite insulators
Rate determines.
Composite insulator aging optical heat radiation detection system provided by the present invention based on unmanned plane, the system detection
Method the following steps are included: first, ground surface end 14 by remote control or autonomous control mode, the starting of control unmanned aerial vehicle platform,
It flies, hover near overhead insulation;Second, airborne end 9 is obtained in real time by the infrared camera in optical heat radiation detection system 6
It takes insulation subgraph and passes ground surface end 14 back, to find suitable isolator detecting position;Third, ground surface end 14 pass through real-time
Analysis insulation subgraph slowly adjusts unmanned aerial vehicle platform hovering position in real time, starts the three-dimensional adjustment of holder 5 simultaneously, makes to be installed on
Optical heat radiation detection system 6 on holder 5 is in insulator optimum detection position;4th, start photo-thermal in optimum detection position
Radiation detection system 6 obtains composite insulator temperature profile time variation upon laser irradiation or space distribution situation and passes
Return ground surface end 14;Finally, time domain and space distribution information of the ground surface end 14 by analysis processing thermal-induced imagery, obtain compound exhausted
The temperature diffusion rate of edge, and then obtain the degree of aging information of compound inslation subsample.
The beneficial effects of the present invention are: overcoming existing composite insulator degree of aging assessment and online test method not
Foot establishes the relationship between composite insulator thermal conduction characteristic and degree of aging by optical heat radiation detection technique, realizes compound
The Ageing of Insulators state is lossless, accurate, quantitative detection, while utilizing unmanned machine testing, and complicated geographical conditions etc. can be overcome to limit,
Manpower and material resources have been saved, operational security and detection efficiency are improved, the online telemetering of composite insulator ageing state has been realized and comments
Estimate, improves the safety and reliability of power grid.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is system structure diagram of the invention.
Wherein, 1, unmanned plane body, 2, power plant module, 3, winged control module, 4, satellite positioning module, 5, holder, 6, photo-thermal
Radiation detection modules, 7, airborne wireless transmission module, 8, airborne information processing centre, 9, airborne end, 10, ground-based wireless transmissions mould
Block, 11, ground unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) control module, 12, image procossing and display module, 13, terrestrial information processing center, 14, ground surface end.
Fig. 2 is 6 system structure diagram of optical heat radiation detection module described in present system.
Wherein, 61, module is by laser, 62, autofocus system, 63, thermal infrared imager, 64, automatic focusing module,
65, image capture module, 66, signal generating module, 67, information processing and controlling module.
Fig. 3 is the temperature profile time of the composite insulator of optical heat radiation detection module record of the present invention upon laser irradiation
Variation characteristic.
Fig. 4 be optical heat radiation detection module of the present invention record composite insulator upon laser irradiation 5 seconds when two dimension temperature
Spend distribution character.
Specific embodiment
Embodiment of the present invention is described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawing, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited to
It is as described below:
Composite insulator aging optical heat radiation detection system provided by the present invention based on unmanned plane, wherein core is light
Heat radiation detection module carries out the detection of composite insulator degree of aging with optical heat radiation technology, and testing principle and system are shown
Be intended to it is as follows: as shown in Fig. 2, optical heat radiation detection module by laser 61, autofocus system 62, thermal infrared imager 63, oneself
Dynamic focusing module 64, image capture module 65, signal generating module 66, information processing and controlling module 67 form.Laser 61
Controllable high recurrent frequency pulse laser or continuous wave laser between when to go out light, signal generating module 66 are that laser 61 provides light tune
Signal processed.Thermal infrared imager 63 has sufficiently high sensitivity and spatial resolution, and automatic focusing module 64 is thermal infrared imager
63 provide automatic focusing functions, information processing and controlling module 67 control automatic focusing module 64 make 63 focal length of thermal infrared imager and
Field of detection is in best.Controlling signal generating module 66 by information processing and controlling module 67 makes 61 shoot laser of laser,
Laser irradiates 68 surface of composite insulator for a period of time after autofocus system 62, and wherein spot size is by information processing and control
Molding block 67 controls autofocus system 62 and is adjusted, and irradiation time controls signal by information processing and controlling module 67
Module 66 determines.Composite insulator absorbs light energy and temperature is caused to rise, when laser stops irradiating by information processing and control
Molding block 66 controls image capture module 64 and acquires the two dimension sky that thermal infrared imager 63 records different moments insulator surface temperature
Between be distributed.Simultaneously thermal-induced imagery by information processing and controlling module 66 be transferred to the follow-up system of airborne end and ground surface end into
Row processing, aftertreatment systems determine that laser irradiation is multiple by the time domain and space distribution information of analysis thermal-induced imagery data
The temperature diffusion rate that insulator generates is closed, temperature diffusion rate can be stopped two-dimension temperature after a certain period of time by laser irradiation and is distributed
The halfwidth size of figure determines, or is determined by the time response of maximum temperature or mean temperature.Two-dimension temperature is distributed figure
Halfwidth it is smaller, then temperature diffusion rate is smaller;Maximum temperature or mean temperature change over time it is slower, then temperature diffusion speed
Rate is smaller.Temperature diffusion rate is smaller, and composite insulator aging is more serious, temperature diffusion rate and composite insulator degree of aging
Quantitative relationship determined by measuring the temperature diffusion rate of different degree of aging composite insulators.
Based on the above composite insulator degree of aging optical heat radiation core detection technique and system, the present invention uses unmanned plane
Platform establishes the composite insulator aging optical heat radiation detection system based on unmanned plane, realizes high-altitude composite insulator aging shape
The online telemetering assessment of state, as shown in Figure 1, system is made of airborne end 9 and ground surface end 14, system carrying out practically implementation steps are such as
Under:
First, by the ground unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) control module 11 in operation ground surface end 14, through terrestrial information processing center 13, by
Ground-based wireless transmissions module 10 sent to airborne end 9 include insulator GPS location flight control instruction, it is airborne in airborne end 9
Wireless transport module 7 receives the flight control instruction that ground surface end is sent and is transferred to airborne information processing centre 8, at airborne information
Control unmanned aerial vehicle platform flies and hovers near insulator after reason center 8 and winged control module 3 carry out information processing, and keeps pacifying
Full distance.
Second, by ground surface end 14 in step 1 to airborne end 9 send control instruction in a manner of, send open optical heat radiation detection
Thermal infrared imager instructs in module 6, and insulator and its surrounding enviroment image are opened and acquired to thermal infrared imager, and infrared image is through machine
After load information processing centre 8 ground surface end 14 is passed back by airborne wireless transmission module 7 in real time, is received through ground-based wireless transmissions module 10
After be transferred to terrestrial information processing center 13 and image procossing and display module 12 carries out handling display in real time, ground surface end 14 passes through
The image of analysis shooting in real time sends instruction mode, real-time slowly adjustment unmanned plane to airborne end 9 by ground surface end 14 in step 1
Platform hovering position, starting holder 5 in airborne end 9 carries out three-dimensional adjustment simultaneously, detects the optical heat radiation being installed on holder 5
Module 6 is in insulator optimum detection position.
Third, after heat radiation detection module 6 is in optimum detection position, airborne information processing centre 8 starts photo-thermal spoke
It penetrates detection module 6 to be detected, obtains the temperature profile time variation or spatial distribution of composite insulator upon laser irradiation
After infrared image, infrared image is passed back ground surface end in such a way that 14 transmission images are held at end 9 airborne in step 2 to the ground.
4th, the time domain and sky of the thermal-induced imagery that image procossing and 12 analysis of display module processing are passed back in ground surface end 14
Between distributed intelligence (such as Fig. 3 and 4), the temperature diffusion rate of composite insulator is obtained, according to temperature diffusion rate and compound inslation
The quantitative relationship of sub- degree of aging, and then obtain appearing again and close the degree of aging information of insulation subsample.
5th, after heat radiation detection system 6 detects, hold 14 transmission information to the ground by end 9 airborne in step 2
Mode, sends the information such as each state parameter of unmanned aerial vehicle platform, position, ground surface end 14 receive information and with it is obtained in step 4 old
Change degree information to carry out integrating processing and record.
6th, step 1 is repeated to five, is completed more in single shaft tower the Ageing of Insulators degree detecting or line walking completion route
A shaft tower the Ageing of Insulators degree detecting sends control instruction to airborne end 9 by ground surface end 14 in step 1 after the completion of detection
Mode controls unmanned aerial vehicle platform withdrawal.
Present system using UAV flight's optical heat radiation detection module detection composite insulator upon laser irradiation
Temperature profile time variation or space distribution situation, establish the thermal conduction characteristic of composite insulator and the relationship of degree of aging, real
Existing non-contact, lossless, highly sensitive, accurate, efficient, safe, the online telemetering of high-altitude composite insulator ageing state is quantitatively evaluated, and is
Ensure that the safe operation of electric system provides advanced means.
The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to described herein
Form should not be regarded as an exclusion of other examples, and can be used for other combinations, modifications, and environments, and can be at this
In the text contemplated scope, modifications can be made through the above teachings or related fields of technology or knowledge.And those skilled in the art institute into
Capable modifications and changes do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention, then all should be in the protection scope of appended claims of the present invention
It is interior.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of composite insulator aging optical heat radiation detection system based on unmanned plane, including by unmanned plane body (1), power
Module (2) flies control module (3), satellite positioning module (4), holder (5), optical heat radiation detection module (6), airborne wireless transmission
Module (7) and airborne information processing centre (8) composition airborne end (9) and by ground-based wireless transmissions module (10), ground nobody
The ground surface end (14) of machine control module (11), image procossing and display module (12), terrestrial information processing center (13) composition,
It is characterized in that: being remotely controlled in airborne end (9) by the UAV system that airborne end (9) and ground surface end (14) form by ground surface end (14)
Unmanned aerial vehicle platform carries the temperature profile time variation of optical heat radiation detection module (6) detection composite insulator upon laser irradiation
Or space distribution situation and pass back ground surface end (14), pass through image procossing in ground surface end (14) and display module (12) analysis processing
The time domain and space distribution information for the thermal-induced imagery that optical heat radiation detection module (6) detection obtains obtain compound inslation subsample
Degree of aging information.
2. the composite insulator aging optical heat radiation detection system according to claim 1 based on unmanned plane, feature exist
In: the airborne end (9) is by unmanned plane body (1), power plant module (2), winged control module (3), satellite positioning module (4), holder
(5), optical heat radiation detection module (6), airborne wireless transmission module (7) and airborne information processing centre (8) composition.Wherein, institute
The basis that unmanned plane body (1) is unmanned aerial vehicle platform and entire detection system is stated, flying platform and article carrying platform are provided;It is described dynamic
Power module (2) provides power for unmanned aerial vehicle platform, while providing required power supply for module each on platform operation;The winged control module
(3) it carries out flight positioning based on GPS signal and controls aircraft flight, remote control distributor and autonomous flight both of which are provided, wrap
Include flight path control unit, flight avoidance obstacle unit and flight attitude control unit;The satellite positioning module (4) is winged
It controls module (3) and GPS information is provided;The holder (5) is used for band and carries optical heat radiation detection module (6) progress level, vertical movement;
The optical heat radiation detection module (6) is to carry out composite insulator in laser with the mission payload system carried on unmanned aerial vehicle platform
Temperature profile time variation or space distribution situation detection after irradiation;The airborne wireless transmission module (7) is for receiving
The various orders of flight control, holder and detection module operation that ground surface end issues, while end sends unmanned plane position to the ground
State and optical heat radiation detection module (6) detect obtained thermal-induced imagery;The airborne information processing centre (8) is used for machine
Carry each module information in end swap, transfer, the operation such as processing.
3. the composite insulator aging optical heat radiation detection system according to claim 1 based on unmanned plane, feature exist
In: the ground surface end (14) is by ground-based wireless transmissions module (10), ground unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) control module (11), image procossing and display
Module (12), terrestrial information processing center (13) composition.Wherein, the ground-based wireless transmissions module (10) is for sending unmanned plane
Platform flight control, holder (5) and optical heat radiation detection (6) operation various orders, while receive unmanned plane location status and
Optical heat radiation detection module (6) detects obtained thermal-induced imagery;The ground unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) control module (11) is for controlling nothing
Man-machine platform realizes remote control distributor and autonomous flight;Described image processing and display module (12) are for analyzing processing infrared chart
The time domain and space distribution information of picture, and then obtain the degree of aging information of compound inslation subsample;The terrestrial information processing
The operations such as center (13) swaps for each module information of ground surface end, transfer, processing.
4. airborne in the composite insulator aging optical heat radiation detection system according to claim 2 based on unmanned plane
End, it is characterised in that: the optical heat radiation detection module (6) is by laser, autofocus system, thermal infrared imager, automatic tune
Burnt module, image capture module, signal generating module, information processing and controlling module composition.Signal generating module is laser
Modulated signal is provided, module, which occurs, for information processing and controlling module control signal makes laser generate swashing for different time irradiation
Light, for a period of time, composite insulator absorbs light energy and temperature is caused to rise laser irradiation composite insulator, thermal infrared imager note
It records the two-dimensional spatial distribution of different moments insulator surface temperature after laser irradiation stops and passes through thermal-induced imagery at information
Reason and control module are transferred to airborne information processing centre (8), and airborne information processing centre (8) passes through airborne wireless transmission module
(7) ground surface end (14) are sent by thermal-induced imagery, infrared heat is handled by ground surface end image procossing and display module (12) analysis
After the time domain and space distribution information of image, finally obtain the degree of aging information of compound inslation subsample: laser irradiation is generated
Temperature diffusion rate it is smaller, composite insulator aging is more serious.
5. optical heat radiation detection module (6) according to claim 4, it is characterised in that: the laser can be repetition
Frequency pulse laser or continuous laser;The laser beam surface of composite insulator spot size by collimation focusing system
It adjusts;The laser irradiation time controls Laser Power Devices or photoswitch by signal generating module and controls, can be pulse or
Train of pulse irradiation or continuous laser irradiation, Continuous irradiation time are usually no more than 10 seconds;The thermal infrared imager should have
Sufficiently high temperature sensitivity and spatial resolution;The temperature diffusion rate can stop after a certain period of time two by laser irradiation
The halfwidth size for tieing up Temperature Distribution figure determines, or is determined by the time response of maximum temperature or mean temperature;It is described multiple
It closes the Ageing of Insulators degree and is determined by measuring the temperature diffusion rate of different degree of aging composite insulators.
6. the composite insulator aging optical heat radiation detection system according to claim 1 based on unmanned plane, feature exist
In: the system detecting method the following steps are included: first, ground surface end (14) passes through remote control or autonomous control mode, control
Unmanned aerial vehicle platform processed starts, flies, hovering near overhead insulation;Second, airborne end (9) passes through optical heat radiation detection system
(6) infrared camera in obtains insulation subgraph in real time and passes ground surface end back, to find suitable isolator detecting position;The
Three, ground surface end (14) starts cloud by the subgraph of analysis insulation in real time, real-time slowly adjustment unmanned aerial vehicle platform hovering position simultaneously
The three-dimensional adjustment of platform (5) makes the optical heat radiation detection system (6) being installed on holder (5) be in insulator optimum detection position;The
Four, start optical heat radiation detection system (6) in optimum detection position, obtains the Temperature Distribution of composite insulator upon laser irradiation
Time change or space distribution situation simultaneously pass ground surface end (14) back;Finally, ground surface end (14) passes through analysis processing thermal-induced imagery
Time domain and space distribution information, obtain the temperature diffusion rate of composite insulator, and then obtain the old of compound inslation subsample
Change degree information.
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