CN109378696B - High-average-power mode-locked laser generation system and method based on parallel frequency shift - Google Patents
High-average-power mode-locked laser generation system and method based on parallel frequency shift Download PDFInfo
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- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/10—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
- H01S3/11—Mode locking; Q-switching; Other giant-pulse techniques, e.g. cavity dumping
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- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/10—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
- H01S3/11—Mode locking; Q-switching; Other giant-pulse techniques, e.g. cavity dumping
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Abstract
The invention provides a high average power mode-locked laser generating system and method based on parallel frequency shift, which comprises the following steps: a laser seed source for generating single-frequency/narrow-linewidth continuous laser; the laser beam splitting unit is used for carrying out multi-path beam splitting on the laser emitted by the laser seed source; carrying out parallel frequency shift on the split laser to obtain laser carrier frequency shift units with carrier frequencies distributed in an arithmetic progression; a high-power continuous light amplification unit for performing high-power continuous light amplification on the laser light of each carrier frequency; and a heterodyne beam combining unit for performing heterodyne beam combining on the amplified multiple paths of laser light.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a laser mode locking technology, in particular to a high average power mode locking laser generation system and method based on parallel frequency shift.
Background
The laser mode locking technology is the main technical means for generating ultrashort ultrastrong laser at present, and the created ultrashort pulse width enables the ultrashort pulse width to have ultrahigh time resolution, so the laser mode locking technology is widely applied to the detection of ultrafast phenomena, such as the detection of ultrafast processes of electronic transition and relaxation, atomic nucleus movement, chemical bond formation and the like. The ultra-high peak power brought by the ultra-short pulse width enables the mode-locked laser to be used not only for material damage and processing, but also for creating extreme physical environments, such as a laser particle accelerator, laser controlled nuclear fusion, excitation of positive and negative electrons, and the like.
Due to the fact that the ultrahigh peak power of the mode-locked laser easily causes the nonlinear effect and even damage of a laser working medium, the improvement of the average power of the mode-locked laser faces a great technical problem. At present, chirp amplification technology, pulse accumulation amplification technology, mode-locked coherent synthesis technology, etc. are usually adopted to improve the pulse energy or average power of mode-locked laser.
The chirped pulse amplification technology is that mode-locked laser pulses are firstly broadened to reduce peak power so as to reduce nonlinear effect in the amplification process, and then pulse width compression is carried out on the pulses after energy amplification. Although the chirped pulse amplification technique can greatly increase the pulse energy of the mode-locked laser, it usually sacrifices the repetition frequency, so that the average power of the mode-locked laser is increased very limitedly, and the average power of the most advanced beat laser, such as the BELLA of the lawrence berkeley national laboratory in the united states, is usually only tens of watts.
The pulse accumulation and amplification technology is that pulses are expanded into a series of pulse trains in time so as to effectively reduce peak power, and the pulse trains are accumulated into high-energy pulses after being amplified. The pulse accumulation amplification technology can disperse pulse energy in a wider time range, reduce nonlinear effects and obtain higher pulse energy, but also has very limited improvement on average power.
The mode-locked coherent synthesis technology is to amplify the multiple modes of mode-locked lasers respectively, and then to superpose the multiple channels of coherent signals through the spectrum and phase control technology, so as to obtain larger pulse energy and higher average power. The disadvantage of this technique is that the lasers involved in the synthesis are still mode-locked lasers, so the average power that can be provided by a single mode-locked laser is limited. The mode locking laser with high average power needs to be synthesized in a large number of paths, the system is very large, the coherent synthesis technology of the mode locking laser is complex, the control precision is high, the realization difficulty is very large when the number of paths is too large, and at present, 8 optical fibers are just synthesized into 1kW and 1mJ in experiments.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a high average power mode-locked laser generation system and method based on parallel frequency shift, which can greatly improve the average power of mode-locked laser.
The technical scheme for realizing the aim of the invention is as follows: the high average power mode-locked laser generating system based on parallel frequency shift comprises a single-frequency or narrow-linewidth continuous laser seed source, a laser beam splitting unit, a plurality of parallel carrier frequency shift units, a plurality of parallel high-power continuous laser amplifying units and a heterodyne beam synthesizing unit; the laser beam splitting unit splits the single-frequency or narrow-linewidth continuous laser emitted by the laser seed source into multiple paths of laser with equal success rate; the carrier frequency shifting unit shifts the frequency of each path of split laser to obtain a plurality of paths of laser with carrier frequencies distributed in an arithmetic progression; each high-power continuous laser amplification unit amplifies the power of laser with a carrier frequency; and the heterodyne beam combining unit performs heterodyne beam combining on each path of amplified laser.
By adopting the system, the laser emitted by the laser seed source is single-frequency or narrow-linewidth continuous laser.
With the above system, the carrier frequency spacing of each laser beam is typically on the order of ten KHz to ten GHz.
By adopting the system, the carrier frequency shift unit comprises a plurality of acousto-optic frequency shifters, and the frequency shift quantity of each path of acousto-optic frequency shifter is distributed in an arithmetic progression.
By adopting the system, the high-power continuous laser amplification unit comprises narrow-linewidth high-power laser amplifiers which are connected in series in each path of laser and are used for improving the average power of each path of laser.
By adopting the system, the heterodyne beam synthesis unit comprises an optical delay line, a phase modulator, a polarization controller and a high-power beam synthesizer which are connected in series in front of each narrow-line-width high-power laser amplifier; the optical delay line controls the optical path of the corresponding path of laser light to ensure that the optical path of each path of laser light is equal; the phase modulator locks the phase of each path of laser to a set value; the polarization controller controls the polarization state of the corresponding path of laser to keep the polarization state of each path of laser consistent, and the high-power beam synthesizer performs heterodyne beam combination on the high-power continuous laser with each path of carrier frequency distributed in an arithmetic progression.
The method for generating high average power mode-locked laser in the system comprises the following steps: splitting multiple paths of laser with equal continuous laser beam splitting power; respectively carrying out frequency shift on each path of split laser to obtain a plurality of paths of laser with carrier frequencies distributed in an arithmetic progression; carrying out independent high-power continuous laser amplification on the laser of each path of carrier frequency; and carrying out heterodyne beam combination on the amplified multi-path laser.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages: the technical scheme of the invention is that each path of single-frequency or narrow-linewidth continuous laser is subjected to independent high-power continuous laser amplification, so that the restriction of various nonlinear effects and laser medium damage on energy improvement in the mode-locked laser pulse amplification process can be effectively avoided, each path of single-frequency continuous laser can easily realize KW-level amplification, and high-average-power mode-locked laser pulse output with the level of more than ten thousand watts can be realized after heterodyne synthesis. The complexity and the realization difficulty of the system are far less than those of other technical schemes.
The invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the system of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the fiber optic path of the system of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the spatial light path of the system of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic flow chart of the method of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the selection of the laser longitudinal mode of the resonant cavity, wherein (a) is a schematic diagram of the longitudinal mode of the resonant cavity, (b) is a schematic diagram of the laser gain and loss spectrum, and (c) is a schematic diagram of the longitudinal mode which makes one round trip in the resonant cavity and has a gain greater than the loss.
Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of vertical mode random superposition, where (a) is a schematic diagram of each vertical mode carrier and superimposed light intensity of 5 optical vertical mode random phase stacks, (b) is a schematic diagram of each vertical mode carrier and superimposed light intensity of 7 optical vertical mode random phase stacks, and (c) is a schematic diagram of each vertical mode carrier and superimposed light intensity of 9 optical vertical mode random phase stacks.
Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of superposition of longitudinal modes locked to a zero phase, where (a) is a schematic diagram of each longitudinal mode carrier and superimposed optical intensity of 5 optical longitudinal modes locked to the zero phase, (b) is a schematic diagram of each longitudinal mode carrier and superimposed optical intensity of 7 optical longitudinal modes locked to the zero phase, and (c) is a schematic diagram of each longitudinal mode carrier and superimposed optical intensity of 9 optical longitudinal modes locked to the zero phase.
Detailed Description
The continuous laser and laser mode locking techniques of the present invention are explained as follows.
1. Continuous laser
The laser seed source adopted in the invention is different from the laser with shorter pulse width in the prior art, but adopts the continuous laser with the spectrum of the output laser having the characteristic of single frequency or narrow line width.
The working principle of the continuous laser is as follows: under the action of an external excitation source, light waves generated by the gain medium can be reflected back and forth between the front cavity mirror and the rear cavity mirror of the resonant cavity. When the laser emits laser, in the transverse direction (the direction perpendicular to the laser transmission direction), only the light wave with the propagation direction parallel to the resonant cavity direction can repeatedly pass through the gain medium and be continuously amplified, and the light in other directions gradually deviates out of the cavity mirror after being reflected for multiple times, is finally lost and cannot stably exist. The cavity thus acts to laterally select the spatial mode of the beam, i.e. the transverse mode. Secondly, in the longitudinal direction (parallel to the direction of laser transmission), only the light wave satisfying the standing wave condition can exist stably, and therefore, the resonant cavity also plays a role of selecting a mode in the longitudinal direction, i.e., selecting a longitudinal mode, as shown in fig. 5 (a).
The longitudinal mode in the cavity that can eventually start to oscillate is also related to the bandwidth of the gain medium and the loss of the cavity. The gain medium has a certain gain bandwidth, and only the longitudinal mode within the gain bandwidth can be amplified, as shown by the solid line in fig. 5 (b). Only the longitudinal mode with gain greater than loss going back and forth in the cavity can be gradually amplified to finally form the laser, as shown in fig. 5 (c).
The light field of any one longitudinal mode can be expressed as
Wherein E ism、fm、km、
Respectively the amplitude, frequency, wave loss and initial phase of the mth longitudinal mode, L is the length of the resonant cavity, c is the speed of light, km＝2πnmfm/c，nmIs the refractive index of the mth longitudinal mode.
The light field output by the laser is the superposition of longitudinal mode light fields of all oscillation starts and is expressed as
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,fm＝f0+mΔf，f0for carrier center frequency, kmThe expression is substituted by formula (2)
The initial phases of the longitudinal mode light fields of a common laser are independent and randomly distributed, the longitudinal mode light fields cannot form effective coherent superposition, and finally output laser energy is continuously distributed in time, so the laser is called as continuous laser. As shown in fig. 6, the random distribution of the phases leads to disorder of the vibration direction of the carrier, and continuous coherent enhancement or attenuation cannot be formed. The continuous laser light intensity will have some random fluctuation locally. The random undulations gradually decrease as the number of longitudinal modes increases. The light intensity of the continuous light is the superposition of the light intensity of each longitudinal mode, and if the light intensity of each longitudinal mode is equal, the average light intensity of the final continuous laser is NI0Wherein N is the number of longitudinal modes, I0Is the longitudinal mode light intensity.
2. Laser mode-locking
When a special modulation means is adopted for the laser to enable each longitudinal mode to have a determined phase relationship, coherent superposition can be generated between each longitudinal mode to generate an ultrashort laser pulse, and the technology is called as a laser mode locking technology.
Assuming that the initial phase of each longitudinal mode is locked to zero phase, i.e.
Then equation (3) can be written as
Making the amplitudes of the longitudinal modes equal, i.e. Em＝E0Cos (x) ═ Re [ exp (jx)]Where j is an imaginary symbol and Re is an operator taking the real part of the complex number, equation (4) can be written as
Summation formula using geometric progression
Amplitude expression for light field
The light intensity is the square of the amplitude mode of the optical wave electric field, and for a specific position of the laser resonant cavity, if z is 0, the light intensity is
As shown in fig. 7, when the plurality of longitudinal modes are locked at zero phase, the light intensity waveform is a periodic pulse sequence. The pulse period being the inverse of the longitudinal mode spacing, i.e. Tr1/Δ f 2L/c, i.e. the time required for the laser to make one round trip inside the cavity. The pulse width decreases with the number of longitudinal modes, and t is obtained by equation (7)p＝1/NΔf＝Trand/N, namely the pulse width is the reciprocal of the total bandwidth of the longitudinal mode of the laser and is also 1/N of the period of the laser pulse. The peak intensity of the pulse being N2I0N times higher than the average intensity of the continuous light. It can be seen that the larger the number of longitudinal laser modes, the shorter the pulse width and the higher the peak value.
With reference to fig. 1, the present invention uses continuous laser as seed laser to perform laser beam splitting, carrier frequency shift, multi-path continuous laser high power amplification and heterodyne synthesis to obtain a high average power mode-locked laser pulse sequence. F in FIG. 10Δ f is the minimum frequency shift interval for the seed laser carrier frequency. A high average power mode-locked laser generation system based on parallel frequency shift comprises a continuous laser seed source, a laser beam splitting unit, a carrier frequency shift unit, a plurality of high-power continuous laser amplification units and a heterodyne beam synthesis unit which are connected in parallel. The laser beam splitting unit splits the continuous laser emitted by the laser seed source into multiple paths of laser with equal success rate; carrier waveThe frequency shift unit shifts the frequency of the split laser to obtain laser with carrier frequency in arithmetic progression distribution; each high-power continuous laser amplification unit carries out independent high-power continuous laser amplification on laser with a carrier frequency; and the heterodyne beam combining unit performs heterodyne beam combining on each path of amplified laser.
The laser seed source adopted in the invention is different from the laser with shorter pulse width in the prior art, but adopts the continuous laser with the spectrum of the output laser having the characteristic of single frequency or narrow line width. The single-frequency or narrow-linewidth continuous laser can provide relatively pure frequency components and relatively long laser coherence length, and is convenient for subsequent high-efficiency heterodyne synthesis.
The method is characterized in that single-frequency or narrow-linewidth continuous seed laser is firstly split and then is subjected to carrier frequency shift to obtain continuous laser with multiple paths of carrier frequencies distributed in an arithmetic progression, the continuous laser is similar to a plurality of longitudinal modes of a traditional mode-locked laser, but has different essence, and the main difference is that the continuous laser with different frequencies can be mutually separated, so that the possibility of respectively carrying out independent high-power laser amplification on each subsequent path is provided.
The heterodyne beam synthesis adopted in the invention has similarities with the existing coherent synthesis and spectrum synthesis, but has different essence. Firstly, the carrier frequencies of all paths of laser participating in heterodyne beam combination are different, and the carrier frequencies of all paths of laser of common coherent beam combination are the same; secondly, the carrier frequency interval of each path of laser participating in heterodyne synthesis is relatively small and is far smaller than the frequency interval corresponding to each path of wavelength interval of the spectrum combined beam. The frequency spacing for heterodyne synthesis is typically on the order of ten KHz to ten GHz, while the wavelength spacing for spectral synthesis techniques is on the order of sub-nm to nm, and the frequency spacing for spectral synthesis is typically on the order of sub-THz to THz.
Referring to fig. 2, ISO is an optical isolator, 1 × N is a multi-path splitter, FS is an acoustic-optical frequency shifter, DL is an optical delay line, PM is a phase modulator, PC is a polarization controller, Amp is an optical amplifier, BC is a beam combiner, BS is a beam splitter, PD is a photodetector, and CCD is a CCD camera. The optical isolator is located on the optical path of the laser light emitted by the single frequency laser (single frequency laser). The multi-path beam splitter is positioned on the light path at the rear end of the optical isolator. The carrier frequency shift unit is an acousto-optic frequency shifter, N acousto-optic frequency shifters are located on different light paths at the rear end of the multi-path beam splitter, an optical delay line, a phase modulator, a polarization controller and an optical amplifier are sequentially arranged on the light path at the rear end of each acousto-optic frequency shifter, and the N optical amplifiers converge the laser after power amplification into the beam combiner for heterodyne beam combination. The optical delay line controls the optical path of the corresponding laser to enable the optical path of each laser to be equal; the phase modulator locks the phase of each path of laser to a set value; the polarization controller controls the polarization state of the corresponding path of laser to keep the polarization state of each path of laser consistent; the optical amplifier amplifies the corresponding laser power.
In order to monitor and optimize the laser mode locking effect, a control unit is arranged to collect a part of light beams after the beam combiner combines the light beams, and a photoelectric detector is used for measuring the waveform of the synthesized mode locking laser pulse, so that the mode locking laser pulse is used for feedback control of an optical fiber delay line, a phase modulator, a polarization controller and the like, and the effect of the heterodyne interference beam combination is optimized. The spatial coincidence of the beams can also be monitored with a CCD camera.
Referring to fig. 3, the multi-path beam splitter is composed of a plurality of beam splitters and a reflective mirror, wherein a first beam splitter is arranged at the rear end of the optical isolator to divide continuous laser into two beams, the first beam is refracted to the first path of acousto-optic frequency shifter through the first reflective mirror, the second beam is reflected by the subsequent beam splitter to enter and remove the last path of acousto-optic frequency shifter, and the last path of acousto-optic frequency shifter is refracted by the second reflective mirror and then enters the last path of acousto-optic frequency shifter. And a beam splitter is arranged behind the beam combiner, a small part of laser is split for optimized detection, a lens is arranged behind the beam splitter to focus the laser, one part of the focused laser passes through the beam splitter, and the other part of the focused laser is transmitted to the CCD camera and the photoelectric detector. The photoelectric detector measures the waveform of the synthesized mode-locked laser pulse, and is used for feedback control of an optical fiber delay line, a phase modulator, a polarization controller and the like, so that the effect of heterodyne interference beam combination is optimized; the CCD camera monitors the spatial coincidence of the beams.
With reference to fig. 4, a method for generating a parallel frequency shift-based mode-locked laser with high average power includes the following steps:
step 1, dividing single-frequency or narrow-linewidth continuous laser output by a single-frequency or narrow-linewidth continuous laser into N paths with equal power through a multi-path laser beam splitter;
step 2, carrying out carrier frequency shift on the N paths of single-frequency or narrow-linewidth continuous lasers with equal power obtained through the processing in the step 1 through the acousto-optic frequency shifters of the paths respectively;
step 4, each path of single-frequency or narrow-line-width continuous laser processed in the step 3 passes through each path of high-power continuous laser amplifier respectively to carry out power amplification, and high-power single-frequency or narrow-line-width continuous laser is obtained;
and step 5, overlapping the light beams of each path in space through a light beam combining device by using the high-power single-frequency or narrow-linewidth continuous laser with the carrier frequency distributed in an arithmetic progression obtained after the processing of the step 4, and performing multi-beam heterodyne interference to generate a mode-locked laser pulse sequence with high average power.
And 6, separating a weaker laser beam from the high-average-power mode-locked laser obtained after the processing in the step 5 for monitoring the heterodyne synthesis effect.
In step 2, the frequency shift amount of the acousto-optic frequency shifter of each path is distributed in an arithmetic progression with a tolerance of Δ f, and the carrier frequency of each path of laser is changed into f after passing through the acousto-optic frequency shifter0+Δf,f0+2Δf,...,f0The arithmetic progression of + N Δ f.
The amplifier is placed after the optical delay line, the phase modulator and the polarization controller in the step 4, so that the high-power laser output by the laser amplifier is prevented from damaging the devices.
In step 6, the waveform of the synthesized mode-locked laser pulse can be measured by a photoelectric detector, and the waveform is used for feedback control of an optical fiber delay line, a phase modulator, a polarization controller and the like, so that the effect of external differential beam combination is optimized. The spatial coincidence of the beams can also be monitored with a digital image sensor.
Claims (9)
1. A high average power mode-locked laser generating system based on parallel frequency shift is characterized by comprising a continuous laser seed source, a laser beam splitting unit, a plurality of parallel carrier frequency shift units, a plurality of parallel high-power continuous laser amplifying units and a heterodyne beam synthesizing unit; wherein
The continuous laser seed source emits single-frequency or narrow-linewidth continuous laser;
the laser beam splitting unit splits the continuous laser emitted by the laser seed source into multiple paths of laser with equal success rate;
the carrier frequency shifting unit respectively shifts the frequency of each path of split laser to obtain a plurality of paths of laser with carrier frequencies distributed in an arithmetic progression;
each high-power continuous laser amplification unit amplifies laser with a carrier frequency in a high power;
and the heterodyne beam combining unit performs heterodyne beam combining on the amplified multi-path high-power continuous laser.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the carrier frequency spacing of each laser is on the order of ten KHz to ten GHz.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the carrier frequency shift unit comprises acousto-optic frequency shifters, and the frequency shift amount of each acousto-optic frequency shifter is distributed in an arithmetic progression.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the high power continuous laser amplifying unit comprises narrow linewidth high power laser amplifiers connected in series in each path for narrow linewidth high power amplification of each path of laser light.
5. The system according to claim 1, wherein the heterodyne beam combining unit comprises an optical delay line, a phase modulator, a polarization controller, and a high-power beam combiner, each of which is connected in series, for heterodyne combining of the laser beams, an output end of the polarization controller is connected with an input end of the high-power continuous laser amplifying unit, and an input end of the beam combiner is connected with an output end of the high-power continuous laser amplifying unit; wherein
The optical delay line controls the optical path of the corresponding path of laser light to ensure that the optical path of each path of laser light is equal;
the phase modulator locks the phase of each path of laser to a set value;
the polarization controller controls the polarization state of the corresponding path of laser to keep the polarization state of each path of laser consistent;
the beam synthesizer performs heterodyne beam combination on each path of laser with carrier frequency distributed in an arithmetic progression.
6. A method for generating high average power mode-locked laser light based on the system of claim 1, comprising:
splitting a single-frequency or narrow-linewidth continuous laser into multiple paths of lasers with equal success rate;
shifting the frequency of each path of split laser to obtain a plurality of paths of laser with carrier frequencies distributed in an arithmetic progression;
carrying out independent high-power laser amplification on the laser of each path of carrier frequency;
and carrying out heterodyne beam combination on each path of amplified laser.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the obtained mode-locked laser has a repetition rate on the order of ten KHz to ten GHz.
8. The method of claim 6, wherein multiple lasers are obtained with carrier frequencies distributed in an arithmetic progression.
9. The method of claim 6, wherein the following operations are performed on each laser prior to power amplification:
controlling the optical path of the corresponding laser to enable the optical path of each laser to be equal;
locking the phase of each path of laser to a set value;
and controlling the polarization state of the corresponding path of laser light to keep the polarization state of each path of laser light consistent.
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