CN109378695B - High-average-power mode-locked laser generation system and method based on optical frequency comb locking - Google Patents
High-average-power mode-locked laser generation system and method based on optical frequency comb locking Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a high average power mode-locked laser generation system and method based on optical frequency comb locking, which comprises the following steps: the seed source is continuously laser-seeded to generate single-frequency or narrow-linewidth continuous laser; the laser beam splitting unit is used for splitting the seed laser into a plurality of paths of lasers with equal power; the optical frequency comb laser unit is used for generating optical frequency comb laser comb teeth with equal intervals of multiple carrier frequencies and phases meeting a mode locking relation; the carrier frequency and phase locking unit is used for respectively locking the carrier frequency and the phase of each path of continuous laser to the optical frequency comb laser comb teeth with the same carrier frequency interval; the high-power continuous laser amplification unit consists of high-power continuous laser amplifiers arranged on each path and is used for respectively amplifying the high-power continuous laser of each carrier frequency; and the heterodyne beam synthesis unit performs heterodyne beam synthesis on each path of amplified continuous laser to generate the mode-locked laser with high average power.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a laser mode locking technology, in particular to a high average power mode locking laser generation system and method based on optical frequency comb locking.
Background
The laser mode locking technology is the main technical means for generating ultrashort ultrastrong laser at present, and the created ultrashort pulse width enables the ultrashort pulse width to have ultrahigh time resolution, so the laser mode locking technology is widely applied to the detection of ultrafast phenomena, such as the detection of ultrafast processes of electronic transition and relaxation, atomic nucleus movement, chemical bond formation and the like. The ultra-high peak power brought by the ultra-short pulse width enables the mode-locked laser to be used not only for material damage and processing, but also for creating extreme physical environments, such as a laser particle accelerator, laser controlled nuclear fusion, excitation of positive and negative electrons, and the like.
Due to the fact that the ultrahigh peak power of the mode-locked laser easily causes the nonlinear effect and even damage of a laser working medium, the improvement of the average power of the mode-locked laser faces a great technical problem. At present, chirp amplification technology, pulse accumulation amplification technology, mode-locked coherent synthesis technology, etc. are usually adopted to improve the pulse energy or average power of mode-locked laser.
The chirped pulse amplification technology is that mode-locked laser pulses are firstly broadened to reduce peak power so as to reduce nonlinear effect in the amplification process, and then pulse width compression is carried out on the pulses after energy amplification. Although the chirped pulse amplification technique can greatly increase the pulse energy of the mode-locked laser, it usually sacrifices the repetition frequency, so that the average power of the mode-locked laser is increased very limitedly, and the average power of the most advanced beat laser, such as the BELLA of the lawrence berkeley national laboratory in the united states, is usually only tens of watts.
The pulse accumulation and amplification technology is that pulses are expanded into a series of pulse trains in time so as to effectively reduce peak power, and the pulse trains are accumulated into high-energy pulses after being amplified. The pulse accumulation amplification technology can disperse pulse energy in a wider time range, reduce nonlinear effects and obtain higher pulse energy, but also has very limited improvement on average power.
The mode-locked coherent synthesis technology is to amplify the multiple modes of mode-locked lasers respectively, and then to superpose the multiple channels of coherent signals through the spectrum and phase control technology, so as to obtain larger pulse energy and higher average power. The disadvantage of this technique is that the lasers involved in the synthesis are still mode-locked lasers, so the average power that can be provided by a single mode-locked laser is limited. The mode locking laser with high average power needs to be synthesized in a large number of paths, the system is very large, the coherent synthesis technology of the mode locking laser is complex, the control precision is high, the realization difficulty is very large when the number of paths is too large, and at present, 8 optical fibers are just synthesized into 1kW and 1mJ in experiments.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a high-average-power mode-locked laser generation system and method based on optical frequency comb locking, which can greatly improve the average power of mode-locked laser.
The technical scheme for realizing the aim of the invention is as follows: a high average power mode-locked laser generating system based on optical frequency comb locking comprises a continuous laser seed source, a laser beam splitting unit, a plurality of parallel carrier frequency shifting units, a plurality of parallel phase locking units, a plurality of parallel high-power continuous laser amplifying units, a heterodyne beam synthesizing unit and an optical frequency comb laser unit; the laser beam splitter splits the continuous laser emitted by the laser seed source into multiple paths of laser with equal success rate; the carrier frequency shifting unit shifts the frequency of each path of split laser to obtain laser with carrier frequency in arithmetic progression distribution, wherein the frequency tolerance is the frequency interval of comb teeth of the laser of the optical frequency comb to be locked; each phase locking unit locks the phase of each path of laser to the phase of the corresponding optical frequency comb laser comb teeth; each high-power continuous laser amplification unit amplifies laser with a carrier frequency in a high-power mode; the heterodyne beam combination unit performs heterodyne beam combination on each path of amplified laser; the optical frequency comb laser emitted by the optical frequency comb laser unit is split into multiple paths which are the same as the continuous laser, comb teeth to be locked by the laser of each path are extracted, and the carrier frequency shift unit and the phase locking unit are controlled in a feedback mode according to the interference effect of the laser of each path and the corresponding comb teeth, so that the frequency and the phase of the laser of each path are locked on the corresponding comb teeth.
By adopting the system, the narrow-band filtering device is used for extracting the optical frequency comb laser comb teeth to be locked.
By adopting the system, the photoelectric detector is used for detecting the interference signals of each path of continuous laser and the corresponding comb teeth.
By adopting the system, the laser emitted by the laser seed source is single-frequency or narrow-linewidth continuous laser.
With the above system, the carrier frequency spacing of each laser beam is typically on the order of KHz to GHz.
The method for generating high average power mode-locked laser in the system comprises the following steps: performing multi-path beam splitting on single-frequency or narrow-line-width continuous seed laser; carrying out independent high-power continuous laser amplification on the laser of each path of carrier frequency; splitting the optical frequency comb laser into a plurality of beams with the same number as that of the continuous laser paths, and extracting optical frequency comb laser comb teeth to be locked by each path of laser by using a corresponding narrow-band filtering device, so that the carrier frequencies of the extracted optical frequency comb laser comb teeth are distributed in an arithmetic progression; splitting a weaker path of laser from each path of amplified continuous laser to interfere with the corresponding optical frequency comb laser comb teeth, detecting interference signals by using a photoelectric detector, filtering, feeding back and controlling a carrier frequency shift unit and a phase locking unit of each path, and accurately locking the frequency and the phase of each path of laser to the corresponding optical frequency comb laser comb teeth; and carrying out heterodyne beam combination on each path of laser with locked frequency and phase and amplified power to generate the mode-locked laser with high average power.
By adopting the method, the following operations are carried out on each path of laser before power amplification: controlling the optical path of the corresponding laser to enable the optical path of each laser to be equal; and controlling the polarization state of the corresponding path of laser light to keep the polarization state of each path of laser light consistent.
The invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the fiber optic path of the system of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the spatial light path of the system of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic flow chart of the method of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the selection of the laser longitudinal mode of the resonant cavity, wherein (a) is a schematic diagram of the longitudinal mode of the resonant cavity, (b) is a schematic diagram of the laser gain and loss spectrum, and (c) is a schematic diagram of the longitudinal mode which makes one round trip in the resonant cavity and has a gain greater than the loss.
Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of vertical mode random superposition, where (a) is a schematic diagram of each vertical mode carrier and superimposed light intensity of 5 optical vertical mode random phase stacks, (b) is a schematic diagram of each vertical mode carrier and superimposed light intensity of 7 optical vertical mode random phase stacks, and (c) is a schematic diagram of each vertical mode carrier and superimposed light intensity of 9 optical vertical mode random phase stacks.
Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of superposition of longitudinal modes locked to a zero phase, where (a) is a schematic diagram of each longitudinal mode carrier and superimposed optical intensity of 5 optical longitudinal modes locked to the zero phase, (b) is a schematic diagram of each longitudinal mode carrier and superimposed optical intensity of 7 optical longitudinal modes locked to the zero phase, and (c) is a schematic diagram of each longitudinal mode carrier and superimposed optical intensity of 9 optical longitudinal modes locked to the zero phase.
Detailed Description
The laser and laser mode locking techniques described in the present invention are explained as follows.
1. Continuous laser
The laser seed source adopted in the invention is different from the laser with shorter pulse width in the prior art, but adopts the continuous laser with the spectrum of the output laser having the characteristic of single frequency or narrow line width.
The working principle of the continuous laser is as follows: under the action of an external excitation source, light waves generated by the gain medium can be reflected back and forth between the front cavity mirror and the rear cavity mirror of the resonant cavity. In the transverse direction (the direction perpendicular to the laser transmission direction), only the light wave with the propagation direction parallel to the resonant cavity direction can repeatedly pass through the gain medium and be continuously amplified, and the light in other directions gradually deviates out of the cavity mirror after being reflected for multiple times, is finally lost and cannot stably exist. The cavity thus acts to laterally select the spatial mode of the beam, i.e. the transverse mode. Secondly, in the longitudinal direction (parallel to the direction of laser transmission), only the light wave satisfying the standing wave condition can exist stably, and therefore, the resonant cavity also plays a role of selecting a mode in the longitudinal direction, i.e., selecting a longitudinal mode, as shown in fig. 4 (a).
The longitudinal mode in the cavity that can eventually start to oscillate is also related to the bandwidth of the gain medium and the loss of the cavity. The gain medium has a certain gain bandwidth, and only the longitudinal mode within the gain bandwidth can be amplified, as shown by the solid line in fig. 4 (b). The longitudinal mode with gain greater than loss, which makes one round trip in the cavity, can be gradually amplified to finally form the laser, as shown in fig. 4 (c).
The light field of any one longitudinal mode can be expressed as
Wherein E ism、fm、km、
Respectively the amplitude, frequency, wave loss and initial phase of the mth longitudinal mode, L is the length of the resonant cavity, c is the speed of light, km＝2πnmfm/c，nmIs the refractive index of the mth longitudinal mode.
The light field output by the laser is the superposition of longitudinal mode light fields of all oscillation starts and is expressed as
Wherein f ism＝f0+mΔf，f0For carrier center frequency, kmThe expression is substituted by formula (2)
The initial phases of the longitudinal mode light fields of a common laser are independent and randomly distributed, the longitudinal mode light fields cannot form effective coherent superposition, and finally output laser energy is continuously distributed in time, so the laser is called as continuous laser. As shown in fig. 5, the random distribution of the phases results in disorder of the vibration direction of the carrier, and continuous coherent enhancement or attenuation cannot be formed. The continuous laser light intensity will have some random fluctuation locally. The random undulations gradually decrease as the number of longitudinal modes increases. The light intensity of the continuous light is the superposition of the light intensity of each longitudinal mode, and if the light intensity of each longitudinal mode is equal, the average light intensity of the final continuous laser is NI0Wherein N is the number of longitudinal modes, I0Is the longitudinal mode light intensity.
2. Laser mode-locking
When a special modulation means is adopted for the laser to enable each longitudinal mode to have a determined phase relationship, coherent superposition can be generated between each longitudinal mode to generate an ultrashort laser pulse, and the technology is called as a laser mode locking technology.
Assuming that the initial phase of each longitudinal mode is locked to zero phase, i.e.
Then equation (3) can be written as
Making the amplitudes of the longitudinal modes equal, i.e. Em＝E0Cos (x) ═ Re [ exp (jx)]Where j is an imaginary symbol and Re is an operator taking the real part of the complex number, equation (4) can be written as
Summation formula using geometric progression
Amplitude expression for light field
The light intensity is the flat placement of the amplitude mode of the optical wave electric field, and for a specific position of the laser resonant cavity, if z is 0, the light intensity is
As shown in fig. 6, when the plurality of longitudinal modes are locked at zero phase, the light intensity waveform is a periodic pulse sequence. The pulse period being the inverse of the longitudinal mode spacing, i.e. Tr1/Δ f 2L/c, i.e. the time required for the laser to make one round trip inside the cavity. The pulse width decreases with the number of longitudinal modes, and t is obtained by equation (7)p＝1/NΔf＝Trand/N, namely the pulse width is the reciprocal of the total bandwidth of the longitudinal mode of the laser and is also 1/N of the period of the laser pulse. The peak intensity of the pulse being N2I0N times higher than the average intensity of the continuous light. It can be seen that the larger the number of longitudinal laser modes, the shorter the pulse width and the higher the peak value.
With reference to fig. 1, a high average power mode-locked laser generation system based on optical frequency comb locking includes a continuous laser seed source, a laser beam splitting unit, a plurality of parallel carrier frequency shift units, a plurality of parallel phase locking units, a plurality of parallel high power continuous laser amplification units, a heterodyne beam combining unit, and an optical frequency comb laser unit. The laser beam splitting unit divides continuous laser emitted by the laser seed source into multiple paths of laser with equal power; the carrier frequency shifting unit shifts the frequency of each path of split laser to obtain laser with carrier frequency in arithmetic progression distribution, wherein the tolerance of the laser is the frequency interval of comb teeth of the optical frequency comb laser to be locked; each phase locking unit locks the phase of each path of laser to the phase of the corresponding optical frequency comb laser comb teeth; each high-power continuous laser amplification unit amplifies laser with a carrier frequency in a high power; the heterodyne beam combination unit performs heterodyne beam combination on the amplified laser; the optical frequency comb laser emitted by the optical frequency comb laser unit is split into multiple paths which are the same as the continuous laser, comb teeth to be locked by the laser of each path are extracted, and the carrier frequency shift unit and the phase locking unit are controlled in a feedback mode according to the interference effect of the laser of each path and the corresponding comb teeth, so that the frequency and the phase of the laser of each path are locked on the corresponding comb teeth.
The laser seed source adopted in the invention is different from the laser with shorter pulse width in the prior art, but adopts the continuous laser with the spectrum of the output laser having the characteristic of single frequency or narrow line width. The single-frequency or narrow-linewidth continuous laser can effectively reduce the limitation of the nonlinear effect and damage of a laser medium on power improvement, can provide relatively pure frequency components and relatively long laser coherence length, and is convenient for subsequent high-efficiency heterodyne synthesis.
The method is characterized in that single-frequency or narrow-linewidth continuous seed laser is split and shifted to obtain continuous laser with multiple paths of carrier frequencies distributed in an arithmetic progression, the continuous laser is similar to a plurality of longitudinal modes of a traditional mode-locked laser, but is different in essence, the main difference is that the continuous laser with different frequencies can be separated from each other, and the possibility of carrying out high-power amplification on subsequent branches is provided.
The heterodyne beam synthesis adopted in the invention has similarities with the existing coherent synthesis and spectrum synthesis, but has different essence. Firstly, the carrier frequencies of all paths of laser participating in heterodyne beam combination are different, and the carrier frequencies of all paths of laser of coherent beam combination are the same; secondly, the carrier frequency interval of each path of laser participating in heterodyne synthesis is relatively small and is far smaller than the frequency interval corresponding to each path of wavelength interval of the spectrum combined beam. The frequency spacing for heterodyne synthesis is typically on the order of KHz to GHz, while the wavelength spacing for spectral synthesis techniques is on the order of sub-nm to nm, and the frequency spacing for spectral synthesis is typically on the order of sub-THz to THz.
Referring to fig. 1, ISO is an optical isolator, 1 × N is a multi-path splitter, FS is an acoustic-optical frequency shifter, DL is an optical delay line, PM is a phase modulator, PC is a polarization controller, Amp is an optical amplifier, BC is a beam combiner, BS is a beam splitter, BP is a narrow-band optical filter, PD is a photodetector, and CCD is a CCD camera. The optical isolator is located on the optical path of the laser light emitted by the single frequency laser (single frequency laser). The multi-path beam splitter is positioned on the light path at the rear end of the optical isolator. The carrier frequency shift unit is an acousto-optic frequency shifter, N acousto-optic frequency shifters are located on different light paths at the rear end of the multi-path beam splitter, an optical delay line, a phase modulator, a polarization controller and an optical amplifier are sequentially arranged on the light path at the rear end of each acousto-optic frequency shifter, and the N optical amplifiers combine the laser after power amplification in the beam combiner. The optical delay line controls the optical path of the corresponding laser to enable the optical path of each laser to be equal; the phase modulator locks the phase of each path of laser to a set value; the polarization controller controls the polarization state of the corresponding path of laser to keep the polarization state of each path of laser consistent; the optical amplifier amplifies the power of the corresponding laser. The method comprises the steps of splitting optical frequency comb Laser emitted by an optical frequency comb Laser (frequency comb Laser) into multiple paths which are the same as continuous Laser, extracting comb teeth to be locked by each path of Laser, and controlling a carrier frequency shift unit and a phase locking unit in a feedback mode according to interference signals of each path of continuous Laser and corresponding optical frequency comb Laser comb teeth so that the frequency and the phase of each path of Laser are locked on the corresponding comb teeth.
Each path of comb teeth to be locked are extracted by using a narrow-band filtering device with a specific waveband, then the comb teeth are interfered with the laser after carrier frequency shift, phase modulation and power amplification of each path of comb teeth respectively, a photoelectric detector is used for detecting interference signals, filtering and other signal processing are carried out on the detection signals, and the processing results are used for feedback control of the frequency shifter and the phase modulator of each path of comb teeth.
In order to monitor and optimize the laser mode locking effect, a weaker laser beam is separated from the generated high-average-power mode locking laser, and the waveform of the laser beam is measured by a photoelectric detector and used for feedback control of an optical fiber delay line, a phase modulator, a polarization controller and the like, so that the effect of the external difference interference beam combination is optimized. The spatial coincidence of the beams can also be monitored with a CCD camera.
With reference to fig. 2, the multi-path beam splitter comprises a plurality of beam splitters and reflectors, wherein the rear end of the optical isolator is provided with a first beam splitter, continuous laser is divided into two beams, the first beam is refracted to the first acousto-optic frequency shifter through the first reflector, other beams are refracted through the subsequent beam splitter and enter the acousto-optic frequency shifter except the last beam, and the last beam enters the acousto-optic frequency shifter which is the last beam after being refracted through the second reflector. And a beam splitter is arranged behind the beam combiner, a small part of laser is split for optimized detection, a lens is arranged behind the beam splitter to focus the laser, one part of the focused laser passes through the beam splitter, and the other part of the focused laser is transmitted to the CCD camera and the photoelectric detector. The photoelectric detector measures the waveform of the synthesized mode-locked laser pulse, and is used for feedback control of an optical fiber delay line, a phase modulator, a polarization controller and the like, so that the effect of heterodyne interference beam combination is optimized; the CCD camera monitors the spatial coincidence of the beams.
With reference to fig. 3, a method for generating a mode-locked laser with high average power based on optical frequency comb locking includes the following steps:
step 1, dividing continuous single-frequency or narrow-linewidth laser emitted by a single-frequency or narrow-linewidth laser into N paths with equal success rate by a laser beam splitter, enabling each path of laser to respectively pass through an acousto-optic frequency shifter to adjust carrier frequency, controlling equal optical path of each path by an optical delay line, controlling phase by a phase modulator, enabling polarization directions of each path of laser to be consistent by a polarization controller, and improving power of each path of laser by a high-power narrow-linewidth laser amplifier.
And 2, respectively separating a laser beam with lower power from each path of high-power narrow-linewidth continuous laser obtained in the step 1 by using a beam splitter for carrying out frequency and phase locking with corresponding comb teeth of the optical frequency comb laser.
And 3, dividing optical frequency comb laser generated by the optical frequency comb laser into N paths by using a beam splitter, extracting comb teeth to be locked of each path by using a narrow-band filtering device with a specific waveband for each path, then respectively interfering with the laser beam obtained in the step 2, detecting interference signals by using a photoelectric detector, carrying out signal processing such as filtering on the detection signals, and the like, wherein the processing result is used for feedback control of a frequency shifter and a phase modulator of each path so that the frequency and the phase of each path of laser are simultaneously locked to the corresponding comb teeth.
And 4, enabling each path of high-power single-frequency or narrow-linewidth continuous laser with fixed frequency intervals obtained after the processing in the step 3 to be spatially highly superposed through a beam combining device, and performing multi-beam heterodyne interference to generate a mode-locked laser pulse sequence with high average power.
And 5, separating the high average power mode-locked laser obtained after the processing in the step 4 into a weaker beam by using a laser beam splitter, and monitoring the heterodyne synthesis effect. The waveform of the synthesized mode-locked laser pulse can be measured by a photoelectric detector, and the mode-locked laser pulse is used for feedback control of an optical fiber delay line, a phase modulator, a polarization controller and the like, so that the effect of heterodyne interference beam combination is optimized. The spatial coincidence of the beams can also be monitored with a digital image sensor.
Claims (8)
1. A high average power mode-locked laser generating system based on optical frequency comb locking is characterized by comprising a continuous laser seed source, a laser beam splitting unit, a plurality of parallel carrier frequency shift units, a plurality of parallel phase locking units, a plurality of parallel high-power continuous laser amplifying units, a heterodyne beam synthesizing unit and an optical frequency comb laser unit; wherein
The laser beam splitting unit divides single-frequency or narrow-linewidth continuous laser emitted by the laser seed source into a plurality of beams with equal power;
the carrier frequency and the phase of each frequency comb generated by the optical frequency comb laser unit are highly stable and meet the mode locking condition, and the carrier frequency and the phase are used as the reference standard for locking each path of continuous laser;
each carrier frequency shifting unit and each phase locking unit respectively lock the carrier frequency and the phase of each path of continuous laser to comb teeth with equal carrier frequency intervals of the optical frequency comb laser;
each high-power continuous laser amplification unit carries out high-power continuous laser amplification on laser with a carrier frequency;
the heterodyne beam combination unit performs heterodyne beam combination on each path of amplified laser;
the carrier frequency shift unit comprises acousto-optic frequency shifters, the frequency shift amount of each path of acousto-optic frequency shifter is distributed in an arithmetic progression, and the tolerance is equal to the comb frequency interval of the optical frequency comb laser to be locked.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the narrow-band filtering means is used to extract the corresponding frequency comb in the optical-frequency comb laser.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the photodetector is used to detect the interference signal between one comb of the optical frequency comb laser and the corresponding continuous laser.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the laser emitted by the laser seed source is a single frequency or narrow linewidth continuous laser.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the carrier frequency spacing of each laser is on the order of KHz to GHz.
6. The system of claim 1, further comprising an optical delay line, a polarization control unit, and disposed on an optical path before the high power continuous laser amplifying unit;
the optical delay line controls the optical path of the corresponding path of laser light to ensure that the optical path of each path of laser light is equal;
the polarization control unit controls the polarization state of the corresponding path of laser light to keep the polarization state of each path of laser light consistent.
7. An optical-frequency comb laser comb-locked high average power mode-locked laser generation method based on the system of claim 1, comprising:
splitting multiple paths of laser with equal success rate for single-frequency or narrow-linewidth continuous seed laser;
then, respectively locking the carrier frequency and the phase of each path of laser to comb teeth with equal laser carrier frequency intervals of the optical frequency comb;
then, carrying out high-power continuous laser amplification on the continuous laser of each carrier frequency;
finally, heterodyne beam combination is carried out on the amplified continuous laser with each carrier frequency to generate the mode-locked laser with high average power.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the following operations are performed on each laser prior to power amplification:
controlling the optical path of the corresponding laser to enable the optical path of each laser to be equal;
and controlling the polarization state of the corresponding path of laser light to keep the polarization state of each path of laser light consistent.
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