CN109339787A - Coal stope drift active workings Reasonable Arrangement method is abandoned in the compound residual exploiting field middle layer of formula that is caving of one kind - Google Patents
Coal stope drift active workings Reasonable Arrangement method is abandoned in the compound residual exploiting field middle layer of formula that is caving of one kind Download PDFInfo
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- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
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- E21C41/16—Methods of underground mining; Layouts therefor
- E21C41/18—Methods of underground mining; Layouts therefor for brown or hard coal
Abstract
Coal stope drift active workings Reasonable Arrangement method is abandoned in the compound residual exploiting field middle layer of formula that is caving of one kind, belong to technical field of coal exploitation, especially belong to " residual coal second mining " technical field, can solve the problems, such as the determination method of stope drift active workings rational position when the exploitation of traditional coal seam group's upstream or downstream have been unable to meet it is compound be caving that flood in the middle part of the residual exploiting field of formula abandons that coal stope drift active workings reason installation position determines need, the present invention comprehensively considers middle part flood caused by upper the next seam mining disturbance and abandons coal and its roof and floor stress distribution, three factors of cranny development and surrounding rock failure, carry out " Trinity " i.e. stress distribution, cranny development and surrounding rock failure critical-path analysis and differentiation, so that it is determined that compound be caving flood abandoning coal stope drift active workings Reasonable Arrangement position in the middle part of the residual exploiting field of formula, and then it is caving flood abandoning coal safe working in the middle part of the residual exploiting field of formula to be compound technical guarantee and theory is provided Foundation realizes the compound safety coal extraction for being caving flood in the middle part of the residual exploiting field of formula and abandoning coal.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of coal exploitation, and in particular to coal back production lane is abandoned in the compound residual exploiting field middle layer of formula that is caving of one kind
Road Reasonable Arrangement method, be primarily adapted for use in be caving under the multiple mining influence of formula up and down middle part flood abandon the feasible sex determination of coal mining and
" Trinity " of stope drift active workings Reasonable Arrangement position determines method.
Background technique
Within considerably long one coal mining period in past, many coal mines are imitated to pursue short-term high yield and high economy
Benefit crosses girdle direct high seam mining when to coal seam group mining, cross occurrence condition difference directly exploitation occurrence condition compared with
The case where good coal seam, leading to many mining areas in China, there are a large amount of flood to abandon coal resource (such as Shanxi Xishan mine, Datong Mine Area
Deng).Energy foundation stone of the coal as China, long-term extensive, intensive, irregular exploitation, leads to the limited recoverable reserves of coal
Contradiction becomes increasingly conspicuous between unlimited consumption.Residual coal second mining is to realize that accurate coal, green, the effective of high-recovery exploitation arrange
It applies, is to alleviate limited resources effective means contradictory with unlimited consumption demand.It is compound to be caving flood abandoning coal work in the middle part of the residual exploiting field of formula
For a kind of typical underground flood Remanent coal resources, it is widely distributed in the close or ultra close distance coal seam group in the major mining area of China,
Reserves are considerable, coal quality is superior, great extraction value.
It is compound to be caving the flood abandoning great extraction value of coal in the middle part of the residual exploiting field of formula, it is difficult to meet permanent consumption in coal resources
Under reality, vast coal mine technological staff and researchers' focus of attention are increasingly becomed.It is compound to be caving the residual exploiting field of formula
Middle part flood abandons coal mining, does not call only in response to the policy of the residual coal mining of national encouragement, also declines to raising mine yield, extension
The old mine length of service and promotion sustainable economic development play great positive effect.
However, the compound residual exploiting field middle part flood of formula that is caving that is determined as of stope drift active workings rational position abandons the first of coal mining
A step and foundation engineering are directly affected to the compound judgement and peace for being caving flood in the middle part of the residual exploiting field of formula and abandoning coal mining feasibility
What standard-sized sheet was adopted goes on smoothly.Due to the combined influence disturbed by upper and lower seam mining, middle part flood abandons coal stress distribution, top bottom
Plate cranny development and surrounding rock failure situation are extremely complex.Stope drift active workings rational position when traditional coal seam group's upstream or downstream are exploited
The method of determination has been unable to meet the need that the compound Reasonable Arrangement position for being caving flood abandoning coal stope drift active workings in the middle part of the residual exploiting field of formula determines
It wants.
Summary of the invention
The determination method of stope drift active workings rational position cannot when the present invention is exploited for traditional coal seam group upstream or downstream
Meet the compound residual exploiting field middle part flood of formula that is caving and abandon the problem of needs of coal stope drift active workings Reasonable Arrangement position determination, one kind is provided
Coal stope drift active workings Reasonable Arrangement method is abandoned in the compound residual exploiting field middle layer of formula that is caving.
The present invention adopts the following technical scheme:
Coal stope drift active workings Reasonable Arrangement method is abandoned in the compound residual exploiting field middle layer of formula that is caving of one kind, is included the following steps:
The first step, arranges, the original geology of analysis mine, production technique data, and exploration finds out that coal is left in the compound residual exploiting field of formula that is caving
Column and the distributing position and range for being caving region draw the compound residual exploiting field of formula that is caving and leave coal column and the distributional pattern for being caving region
Figure fully understands the compound residual exploiting field middle part flood of formula that is caving and abandons coal and upper and lower interlayer rock stratum preservation situation, and unites to each rock stratum
One is divided and is numbered;
Second step determines the caving zone height H formed after the next seam mining1With fissure zone height H2And it caving zone and splits
Gap band distribution;
The interlamellar spacing △ H that third step, relatively middle part flood abandon coal and the next coal seamz-xWith H1, compare △ Hz-xWith H2;
Along orebody strike, as △ Hz-x> H2When, the next seam mining, which abandons coal to middle part flood, does not influence or influences small, back production
Tunnel installation position routinely seam mining when selection method determine;Work as H2> △ Hz-x> H1When, middle part flood is abandoned coal and is in
In the fissure zone formed after the next seam mining, outside caving zone, middle part flood abandons coal and bottom plate wrecks, and integrality reduces,
But still have mining feasibility, stope drift active workings installation position routinely seam mining when selection method determine, but branch need to be increased
Protect intensity;As △ Hz-x< H1When, middle part flood is abandoned coal and is in the caving zone formed after the next seam mining, and middle part flood is abandoned
Coal and coal seam floor failure, do not have mining feasibility;
4th step determines upper seam mining to the collapse dept H of bottom plate3And destruction area distribution;
5th step, relatively middle part flood abandon coal and the upper interlamellar spacing △ H for coal seamz-sWith H3;
Cigarette orebody strike, as △ Hz-s> H3When, upper seam mining, which abandons coal to middle part flood, does not influence or influences small, back production
Selection method when tunnel installation position is according to conventional seam mining determines;As △ Hz-s< H3When, middle part coal seam abandons coal and is in upper
In the seam mining damage envelope of position, middle part flood abandons coal and cap rock layer wrecks, and integrality reduces, at this point, middle part flood
It abandons coal and does not have mining feasibility;
6th step leaves stress of coal pillar concentration zones range after determining upper coal seam and the next seam mining, while considering low stress
The influence of area's stress non-uniform Distribution, identified sign rate of change K;
7th step, middle part flood abandons coal and is left coal column by upper coal seam and the next coal seam and influenced, along bearing different location
The stress intensity at place is different, compares the stress distribution and stress changes rate K of different location;
Region is divided along bearing, low stress area is selected, while considering the influence of low stress area stress non-uniform Distribution, passes through
It calculates, judges stress changes rate K low area, lay stope drift active workings in the low region of stress changes rate simultaneously in low stress area;
8th step judges upper and lower interlayer rock fractured situation;
Along bearing, comparative analysis upper and lower interlayer rock fractured situation marks off crack close quarters, due to by it is upper,
The next seam mining disturbing influence, middle part flood, which abandons coal and upper and lower interlayer rock stratum, different degrees of cranny development, especially
It is along bearing, cranny development is in apparent zoned phenomenon, by marking off crack compact district, in this way in selection and reasonably
When stope drift active workings installation position, it is necessary to avoid crack compact district.
The first step is explored using three-dimensional laser scanner finds out that the compound residual exploiting field of formula that is caving is left the geometric dimension of coal column, divided
The case where cloth region and its stable case, understanding is caving distribution and the relative position in goaf, pass through prospecting by boring and object
The method that reason exploration combines investigates the compound preservation feelings for being caving the residual exploiting field middle layer flood of formula and abandoning coal and upper and lower interlayer rock stratum
Condition, and using the natural level in rock mass as the line of demarcation of layer thickness division.
In second step,,, wherein m1For under
Portion's working face of coal seam mining height.
In 4th step,, wherein x0Plastic zone for mined out area edge coal body is wide
Degree, φ is internal friction angle.
In 6th step, differential of the stress changes rate K according to stress along the stress distribution function of bearing is obtained:, wherein σ is (x) the stress distribution function along bearing, and x is the horizontal distance away from coal column edge.
Beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows:
Compound the present invention provides set of system is caving the feasible sex determination of flood abandoning coal mining and back production lane in the middle part of the residual exploiting field of formula
The method that road Reasonable Arrangement position determines;Stope drift active workings reasonable cloth when this method compensates for coal seam group legacy upstream or working from top down
If the selection method of position can be evaluated scientifically in the compound deficiency being caving when flood in the middle part of the residual exploiting field of formula abandons coal mining application
The influence degree of coal is abandoned in upper bottom seam mining disturbance to middle part flood, so to middle part flood abandon coal mining can Dingxing make and sentencing
Determine and scientific selection is made to stope drift active workings Reasonable Arrangement position;Flood abandoning coal stope drift active workings in the middle part of the residual exploiting field of formula are caving to be compound
The selection of Reasonable Arrangement position provides theoretical foundation, realizes the compound safety coal extraction for being caving flood in the middle part of the residual exploiting field of formula and abandoning coal.
It is compound to be caving that formula is residual to adopt compared with coal seam group legacy upstream or working from top down stope drift active workings Reasonable Arrangement position select
When flood abandons the selection of coal stope drift active workings Reasonable Arrangement position in the middle part of area, it should comprehensively consider in caused by upper the next seam mining disturbance
Portion's flood abandons coal and its three roof and floor stress distribution, cranny development and surrounding rock failure factors, carries out " Trinity " i.e. stress
Distribution, cranny development and surrounding rock failure critical-path analysis and differentiation, so that it is determined that compound be caving flood abandoning coal time in the middle part of the residual exploiting field of formula
Adopt tunnel Reasonable Arrangement position, so for it is compound be caving flood in the middle part of the residual exploiting field of formula and abandon coal safe working technical guarantee and reason are provided
By foundation.
Under the combined influence for fully considering upper and lower seam mining disturbance, abandoning coal mining to flood in the middle part of compound residual exploiting field can
Row and stope drift active workings installation position make reasonable selection, finally provide for the compound safe working for being caving flood abandoning coal in the middle part of formula
Advantage achievees the purpose that improve the coal resources rate of extraction, extend mine service-life and promote Business Economic Benefit.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1, which is that the embodiment of the present invention is compound, is caving flood abandoning coal distributional pattern figure in the middle part of the residual exploiting field of formula;
Fig. 2 is that upper and lower of embodiment of the present invention working face of coal seam and middle part flood abandon coal relative position relation figure;
Fig. 3 is the technology of the present invention route map;
Wherein: upper No. 9 coal seams 1-;No. 10 abandoning coals of flood in the middle part of 2-;No. 12 coal seams in the bottom 3-;Upper 6213 work of No. 9 coal seams of 4-
Goaf is caving as face;The upper interlayer rock stratum 5-;The bottom 6- interlayer rock stratum;No. 12 8213 working faces of coal seam in the bottom 7- are caving mined out
Area;6213 material lane of the coal seam 8-9;6213 transportation roadway of the coal seam 9-9;Stop coal mining column on the left of 6213 working face of the coal seam 10-9;
Stop coal mining column on the right side of 6213 working face of the coal seam 11-9;8213 material lane of the coal seam 12-12;8213 transportation roadway of the coal seam 13-12;
Stop coal mining column on the left of 8213 working face of the coal seam 14-12;Stop coal mining column on the right side of 8213 working face of the coal seam 15-12.
Specific embodiment
Embodiment
Datong Coal Group Company Jin Hua palace coal mine as the typical old mine of resource scarcity type, face underground leave coal reserves increase,
Coal recovery rate is improved, coal production is stablized and promotes many problems such as business economic.Phase at the end of the 20th century, the palace Jin Hua coal mine in order to
It pursues short-term high yield and high benefit crosses No. 9 coal seams and No. 10 coal seams, preferentially exploited that thickness is larger, and mining conditions are preferable
No. 12 coal seams, No. 12 8213 working faces of coal seam are exploited using mining height workface longwell caving method;It 2009, is opened to improve mine
Adopt potentiality, and Upward mining No. 9 coal seams, No. 9 6213 working faces of coal seam are exploited using longwell caving method.It is whole so as to cause middle part
It is that No. 9 6213 working faces of coal seam are caving goaf above No. 10 abandoning coal of floor, lower section is caving mined out for No. 12 8213 working faces of coal seam
Area.Therefore, the coal seam of middle part 10 becomes to be located at the compound middle part flood for being caving the residual exploiting field of formula and abandon coal.
Coal mine No. 10 coal seam reserves in the palace Jin Hua are considerable, and coal quality is superior, have good extraction value, in recent years increasingly at
For numerous researchers and engineering technology worker focus of attention.Compound residual exploiting field middle part 10 flood of formula that are caving abandon opening for coal
It adopts, the palace the Jin Hua coal resource rate of extraction not only can be improved, stablize coal production, promote Business Economic Benefit, also to extension mine
The well length of service promotes Sustainable Development of Enterprises to be of great significance.However, being caving formula by superjacent and underlying seam are multiple
The overlaying influence of exploitation, it is tired that flood abandoning coal mining in middle part faces many technologies in terms of the position selection of stope drift active workings Reasonable Arrangement
It is difficult.
Using method of the invention, the specific steps are as follows:
The first step, original geology, production technique data in conjunction with the palace Jin Hua coal mine are found out multiple using three-dimensional laser scanner exploration
Conjunction is caving the residual exploiting field of formula and leaves coal column and the distributing position and range that are caving region, draws the compound residual exploiting field of formula that is caving and leaves coal column
With the distributional pattern figure for being caving region, fully understands the compound residual exploiting field middle part flood of formula that is caving and abandon coal and upper and lower interlayer rock stratum
Preservation situation, and each rock stratum is uniformly divided and numbered;The result shows that: upper No. 9 coal seams 6213 work of the palace Jin Hua coal mine
Face is caving goaf between 6213 material lane of No. 9 coal seams and No. 9 6213 transportation roadways of coal seam, and 6213 material lane of No. 9 coal seams is left
Side is to stop coal mining column on the left of No. 9 6213 working faces of coal seam, right for No. 9 6213 working faces of coal seam on the right side of No. 9 6213 transportation roadways of coal seam
Stop coal mining column 11 in side;The next No. 12 8213 working faces of coal seam are caving goaf and are located at 8213 material lane of No. 12 coal seams and No. 12 coal seams
Between 8213 transportation roadways, stop coal mining column, No. 12 coals on the left of No. 12 8213 working faces of coal seam on the left of 8213 material lane of No. 12 coal seams
Stop coal mining column on the right side of 8213 transportation roadway of floor for No. 12 coal seams 8213 working faces right side;Above-mentioned coal column is all basicly stable.
Second step detects the method combined according to original geologic information and exploratory trephination and physics and detects the palace Jin Hua coal mine
The compound middle part flood for being caving the residual exploiting field of the formula 10 preservation situations for abandoning coal, upper interlayer rock stratum and the next interlayer rock stratum, are detected
As a result know: No. 10 abandoning coals of the compound middle part flood for being caving the residual exploiting field of formula of the palace Jin Hua coal mine are with a thickness of 1.5m;Upper interlayer rock stratum
Thickness △ Hz-s=14.8m is from top to bottom the fine sand rock stratum of 3.4m thickness, the middle sandstone layer of 3.6m thickness, the coarse sand of 5.4m thickness respectively
Rock stratum and the fine sand rock stratum of 2.4m;The next interlayer depth of stratum △ Hz-x=37.5m is from top to bottom the chiltern of 5.2m thickness respectively
Shale, No. 11 coal seams of 1.0m thickness, the arenaceous shale of 5.2m thickness, the packsand of 1.6m thickness, the arenaceous shale of 3.1m thickness, 9.2m are thick
Middle sandstone, the gritstone of 9.0m thickness, the packsand of 2.2m thickness, the arenaceous shale of 1.0m thickness.
Third step substitutes into data and obtains according to caving zone height and fissure zone height calculation formula, H1For 14.65m, H2For
50.41m。
The bottom interlayer rock thickness △ H known to second stepz-x=37.5m, because of H1< △ Hz-x< H2, so, middle part flood
It abandons coal to be caving outside the caving zone under formula mining effect in the next coal seam, in fissure zone.
4th step, according to upper seam mining to the collapse dept calculation formula of bottom plate, actual measurement obtains the modeling of the palace Jin Hua coal mine
Property sector width x0It is 35 ° for 5.5m, φ, substitutes into data, obtain H3For 13m;
By second step it is found that △ Hz-s=14.8m, because of H3< △ Hz-s, so, flood abandoning coal in middle part is in upper coal seam and is caving
Under formula mining effect outside area.
It can determine that by the first step to the 4th step, the coal mine compound residual No. 10 abandoning coals in exploiting field middle part of formula that are caving in the palace Jin Hua have exploitation
Condition.
5th step, according to the calculation formula of stress changes rate K, calculating is learnt, No. 10 abandoning coal vertical stress edges of middle part flood
Its central axes is symmetric substantially, is left and is stopped between coal mining column at left and right sides of upper No. 9 coal seams and the next No. 12 coal seams
Mistake stops coal mining column 20m including No. 10 abandoning coals of middle part flood and outer mistake stops coal mining column 15m range and stress concentration phenomenon occurs, and inside
Mistake stops regional stress rate of change within coal mining column 20m and substantially remains in 0.3, and mistake is stopped regional stress other than coal mining column 15m and changed outside
Variability also substantially remains in 0.3;Therefore the stope drift active workings installation position that can tentatively select the flood 10 abandoning coals in middle part is interior mistake
Stop coal mining column 20m or outer mistake stops coal mining column 15m.
6th step abandons the crack of coal according to upper No. 9 coal seams and the next No. 12 coal seam repeated minings to middle part flood 10
Development impact analysis is learnt: after the next No. 12 coal seams are mined out, directly pushing up in a certain range and larger absciss layer occurs and periodically breaks
Disconnected, cranny development, intersection and perforation form caving zone, this range country rock is more broken;Development upwards again, cranny development degree
Lower, opening width is smaller.Country rock is relatively complete, forms fissure zone;Know that middle part No. 10 abandoning coals of flood are in bottom by step 3
In the fissure zone formed after No. 12 seam minings;After the next No. 12 coal seam goafs rock stratum is caving stabilization, upper No. 9 coal seams are carried out
Exploitation cause rock stratum above upper No. 9 coal seams to increase new mining induced fissure;Known according to analysis: upper interlayer rock stratum and lower layer
Between the crack of rock stratum concentrate on that 6213 working face of upper No. 9 coal seams is caving goaf and the next No. 12 8213 working faces of coal seam are caving
Above the both sides of edges of goaf, 6213 working face of upper No. 9 coal seams is caving goaf and the next No. 12 8213 working faces of coal seam collapse
It falls crack and absciss layer in the middle part of goaf and is substantially at closed state, it is whole that the distribution of " eight " word is presented;No. 10 abandoning coal institutes of middle part flood
Stop coal mining column on the left of No. 9 6213 working faces of coal seam in floor position, stop coal mining column, No. 12 coal seams on the right side of No. 9 6213 working faces of coal seam
Stop coal mining column on the left of 8213 working faces, stop mistake 5~20m range in coal mining column edge on the right side of No. 12 8213 working faces of coal seam to be crack
Compact district, therefore stope drift active workings should be laid in and stop in coal mining column edge at mistake 20m.
In conclusion coal mine compound residual exploiting field middle part No. 10 abandoning coals of flood of formula that are caving in the palace Jin Hua have mining feasibility, return
Adopting tunnel Reasonable Arrangement position is at interior wrong coal column 20m.
Claims (5)
1. coal stope drift active workings Reasonable Arrangement method is abandoned in a kind of compound residual exploiting field middle layer of formula that is caving, it is characterised in that: including walking as follows
It is rapid:
The first step, arranges, the original geology of analysis mine, production technique data, and exploration finds out that coal is left in the compound residual exploiting field of formula that is caving
Column and the distributing position and range for being caving region draw the compound residual exploiting field of formula that is caving and leave coal column and the distributional pattern for being caving region
Figure fully understands the compound residual exploiting field middle part flood of formula that is caving and abandons coal and upper and lower interlayer rock stratum preservation situation, and unites to each rock stratum
One is divided and is numbered;
Second step determines the caving zone height H formed after the next seam mining1With fissure zone height H2And caving zone and crack
Band distribution;
The interlamellar spacing △ H that third step, relatively middle part flood abandon coal and the next coal seamz-xWith H1, compare △ Hz-xWith H2;
Along orebody strike, as △ Hz-x> H2When, the next seam mining, which abandons coal to middle part flood, does not influence or influences small, back production lane
Road installation position routinely seam mining when selection method determine;Work as H2> △ Hz-x> H1When, middle part flood is abandoned coal and is in down
In the fissure zone formed after the seam mining of position, outside caving zone, middle part flood abandons coal and bottom plate wrecks, and integrality reduces, but
Still have a mining feasibility, stope drift active workings installation position routinely seam mining when selection method determine, but supporting need to be increased
Intensity;As △ Hz-x< H1When, middle part flood is abandoned coal and is in the caving zone formed after the next seam mining, and middle part flood abandons coal
And coal seam floor failure, do not have mining feasibility;
4th step determines upper seam mining to the collapse dept H of bottom plate3And destruction area distribution;
5th step, relatively middle part flood abandon coal and the upper interlamellar spacing △ H for coal seamz-sWith H3;
Cigarette orebody strike, as △ Hz-s> H3When, upper seam mining, which abandons coal to middle part flood, does not influence or influences small, back production lane
Selection method when road installation position is according to conventional seam mining determines;As △ Hz-s< H3When, middle part coal seam abandons coal and is in upper
In seam mining damage envelope, middle part flood abandons coal and cap rock layer wrecks, and integrality reduces, at this point, middle part flood is abandoned
Coal does not have mining feasibility;
6th step leaves stress of coal pillar concentration zones range after determining upper coal seam and the next seam mining, while considering low stress
The influence of area's stress non-uniform Distribution, identified sign rate of change K;
7th step, middle part flood abandons coal and is left coal column by upper coal seam and the next coal seam and influenced, along bearing different location
The stress intensity at place is different, compares the stress distribution and stress changes rate K of different location;
Region is divided along bearing, low stress area is selected, while considering the influence of low stress area stress non-uniform Distribution, passes through
It calculates, judges stress changes rate K low area, lay stope drift active workings in the low region of stress changes rate simultaneously in low stress area;
8th step judges upper and lower interlayer rock fractured situation;
Along bearing, comparative analysis upper and lower interlayer rock fractured situation marks off crack close quarters, selection and
When reasonable stope drift active workings installation position, crack compact district is avoided.
2. coal stope drift active workings Reasonable Arrangement method is abandoned in the compound residual exploiting field middle layer of formula that is caving of one kind according to claim 1,
Be characterized in that: the first step using three-dimensional laser scanner exploration find out it is compound be caving the residual exploiting field of formula leave coal column geometric dimension,
Distributed areas and its stable case, understanding the case where being caving distribution and the relative position in goaf, by prospecting by boring and
The method that physical prospecting combines investigates the compound preservation feelings for being caving the residual exploiting field middle layer flood of formula and abandoning coal and upper and lower interlayer rock stratum
Condition, and using the natural level in rock mass as the line of demarcation of layer thickness division.
3. coal stope drift active workings Reasonable Arrangement method is abandoned in the compound residual exploiting field middle layer of formula that is caving of one kind according to claim 1,
It is characterized in that: in second step,,, wherein m1For under
Portion's working face of coal seam mining height.
4. coal stope drift active workings Reasonable Arrangement method is abandoned in the compound residual exploiting field middle layer of formula that is caving of one kind according to claim 1,
It is characterized in that: in the 4th step,, wherein x0Plastic zone for mined out area edge coal body is wide
Degree, φ is internal friction angle.
5. coal stope drift active workings Reasonable Arrangement method is abandoned in the compound residual exploiting field middle layer of formula that is caving of one kind according to claim 1,
Be characterized in that: in the 6th step, differential of the stress changes rate K according to stress along the stress distribution function of bearing is obtained:, wherein σ is (x) the stress distribution function along bearing, and x is the horizontal distance away from coal column edge.
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