CN109337192A - A kind of PP composite material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
A kind of PP composite material and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN109337192A CN109337192A CN201810846696.8A CN201810846696A CN109337192A CN 109337192 A CN109337192 A CN 109337192A CN 201810846696 A CN201810846696 A CN 201810846696A CN 109337192 A CN109337192 A CN 109337192A
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- basalt fibre
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- polypropylene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
- C08L23/12—Polypropene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K7/00—Use of ingredients characterised by shape
- C08K7/02—Fibres or whiskers
- C08K7/04—Fibres or whiskers inorganic
- C08K7/10—Silicon-containing compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K9/00—Use of pretreated ingredients
- C08K9/02—Ingredients treated with inorganic substances
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K9/00—Use of pretreated ingredients
- C08K9/04—Ingredients treated with organic substances
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K9/00—Use of pretreated ingredients
- C08K9/04—Ingredients treated with organic substances
- C08K9/06—Ingredients treated with organic substances with silicon-containing compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K9/00—Use of pretreated ingredients
- C08K9/08—Ingredients agglomerated by treatment with a binding agent
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K2201/00—Specific properties of additives
- C08K2201/002—Physical properties
- C08K2201/003—Additives being defined by their diameter
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
- C08L2205/03—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing three or more polymers in a blend
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
- C08L2205/03—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing three or more polymers in a blend
- C08L2205/035—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing three or more polymers in a blend containing four or more polymers in a blend
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Reinforced Plastic Materials (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of PP composite materials, the PP composite material is made of treated basalt fiber, polypropylene, compatilizer, toughener, processing aid and silica, by being modified processing to basalt fibre surface, the interface binding power of basalt fibre and polypropylene matrix is enhanced；The invention also discloses a kind of preparation methods of PP composite material, preparation process, which is infiltrated, by extrusion process and LFT fiber combines the long basalt fibre PP composite material prepared fiber and retain length length, the PP composite material as made from the method, its fibre length is 10 ~ 15mm, so that the comprehensive performances such as the stretching of PP composite material obtained, bending and impact are improved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to polymeric material fields, and in particular to a kind of PP composite material and preparation method thereof.
Background technique
Polypropylene (PP) is the widely used high molecular material of one kind as prepared by propylene polymerization, usually translucent
Colorless solid, odorless nontoxic, the highly crystallized due to compound with regular structure, therefore fusing point may be up to 167 DEG C.It is heat-resisting, corrosion-resistant, have
Good mechanical property, electrical property, chemistry and physical mechanical property and excellent moulding processability.Density is small, is most light
General-purpose plastics.But simple polypropylene material has the shortcomings that cryogenic property is crisp, surface energy is low and filler poor compatibility, limit
Polyacrylic application field is made.
Basalt fibre can degrade in the soil because it is safe from harm to human body, be a kind of environmentally protective mineral fibres.
Relative to traditional glass fibre and carbon fiber, the acquisition of the mineral sources of basalt fibre has received more and more extensive
Concern, application field are also gradually expanded.Basalt fibre has elasticity modulus high, and heat resistance is good, incompressible intensity and
Shear strength is high, is a kind of to meet infrastructural industry for the national economy development also with excellent acoustics resistance and isolation vibrant characteristic
Demand new basic material and high technical fibre.The method of basalt fibre reinforced polypropylene common at present is mostly to be directly added into
Reinforcing filler squeezes out to obtain reinforced polypropylene compound material, but the basalt fibre that this mode obtains by extruder side feed
Reinforced polypropylene compound material, fiber reservation length is short, only 0.2mm or so, causes its stretching, bending and impact etc. comprehensive
It is poor to close performance.
Summary of the invention
A kind of PP composite material in order to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, the present invention provides, by basalt
Fiber surface modification processing infiltrates preparation process by extrusion process and LFT fiber and combines, PP composite material obtained
It overcomes basalt fibre fiber in polypropylene material in the prior art and retains the short problem of length.
The present invention to achieve the goals above, using following technical scheme:
A kind of PP composite material is made of by weight following components:
Further scheme, melt flow rate (MFR) of the polypropylene under 230 DEG C, 2.16kg loading condition be 30~
100g/10min。
Further scheme, the treated basalt fiber be by basalt fibre in acid solution immersion treatment, after taking-up
Drying obtains the basalt fibre that surface is tentatively modified；Then it will be prepared by epoxy resin, graphene oxide and silane coupling agent
At the basalt fibre tentatively modified coated in surface of hybrid size on, dry obtained treated basalt fiber.
Preferably, the acid solution is aqueous acetic acid；The epoxy resin is glycidyl ether type epoxy resin,
The silane coupling agent is one of KH550, KH560, KH570；Wherein, the mass fraction of the aqueous acetic acid is
2%~10%, basalt fibre is 2~6 hours in soaking time wherein；The mass ratio of each component is in the hybrid size
Epoxy resin: graphene oxide: silane coupling agent=(98~88): (1~6): (1~6).
Further scheme, the compatilizer are at least one of PP grafted maleic anhydride, POE grafted maleic anhydride；
The toughener is at least one of POE, PE；
The processing aid is the mixed aid of lubricant and antioxidant.
Preferably, the lubricant is calcium stearate, and addition parts by weight are 0.2~0.5 part；The antioxidant is
At least one of antioxidant 1010, irgasfos 168, addition parts by weight are 0.2~0.6 part.
Further scheme, the silica partial size are 1~100 μm.
It is a further object to provide a kind of preparation methods of PP composite material, comprising the following steps:
High mixed pot height is added in polypropylene, compatilizer, toughener, processing aid and silica according to the proportion to mix, then
By extruder extruding pelletization at polymer, infiltration apparatus is imported；Treated basalt fiber is imported into infiltration apparatus simultaneously, it is modified
Basalt fibre exports, through cooling wind in infiltration apparatus and after polymer infiltration cladding from the circular hole bore of infiltration apparatus
PP composite material is made in dry, pelletizing.
Preferably, the processing temperature of the infiltration apparatus is 200~300 DEG C, and the length of the pelletizing is 10~15mm.
Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) surface modification treatment is carried out to basalt fibre, enhances the interface cohesion of basalt fibre and polypropylene matrix
Power；Basalt fibre surface is modified by aqueous acetic acid first, microstructure becomes coarse by smooth, is conducive to miscellaneous
Organic matrix epoxy infiltration in slurrying material is in fiber surface, and furthermore material can be improved in the graphene oxide in hybrid size
Intensity；And the compatibility between fiber and PP matrix is improved using silane coupling agent, further increase the strength of materials.
(2) LFT fiber infiltration preparation process is applied in basalt fibre modified polypropylene material, so that fibre length
Retain 10~15mm, i.e. reservation length of the fiber in polyolefin substrate is longer, to improve the mechanical strength of product.
Specific embodiment
Below with reference to specific embodiment, technical solution of the present invention is clearly and completely described, it is clear that retouched
The embodiment stated is only a part of the embodiment of the present invention, instead of all the embodiments.Based on the embodiment of the present invention, ability
Domain those of ordinary skill every other embodiment obtained without making creative work, belongs to of the invention
Protection scope.
Embodiment 1
PP composite material in the present embodiment is made of by weight following components:
Wherein, polypropylene melt flow rate is 60g/10min (230 DEG C of loading condition, 2.16kg), silica partial size
It is 1 μm, the above raw material is commercial product.
Specific preparation process is as follows:
(1) modification of basalt fibre: by basalt fibre mass fraction be 2% aqueous acetic acid in immersion treatment
3h, drying obtains the basalt fibre that surface is tentatively modified after taking-up；It is glycidyl ether type epoxy resin by mass ratio: oxidation
Graphene: it on the basalt fibre that the hybrid size that KH550=96:2:2 is configured to tentatively is modified coated in surface, dries obtained
Treated basalt fiber；
(2) preparation of PP composite material: according to the proportion by polypropylene, PP grafted maleic anhydride, POE, calcium stearate,
Antioxidant 1010, irgasfos 168 and silica are added height in high mixed pot and mix, then by extruder extruding pelletization at polymerization
Object imports infiltration apparatus；10 parts of treated basalt fibers are imported into infiltration apparatus simultaneously, wherein the processing temperature of infiltration apparatus is
300 DEG C, treated basalt fiber exports, through cooling wind in infiltration apparatus and after polymer infiltration cladding from circular hole bore
It is dry, 10mm long particle is cut, PP composite material is made.
Embodiment 2
PP composite material in the present embodiment is made of by weight following components:
Wherein, polypropylene melt flow rate is 30g/10min (230 DEG C of loading condition, 2.16kg), silica partial size
It is 25 μm, the above raw material is commercial product.
Specific preparation process is as follows:
(1) modification of basalt fibre: by basalt fibre mass fraction be 5% aqueous acetic acid in immersion treatment
2h, drying obtains the basalt fibre that surface is tentatively modified after taking-up；It is glycidyl ether type epoxy resin by mass ratio: oxidation
Graphene: it on the basalt fibre that the hybrid size that KH550=92:4:4 is configured to tentatively is modified coated in surface, dries obtained
Treated basalt fiber；
(2) preparation of PP composite material: according to the proportion by polypropylene, POE grafted maleic anhydride, PE, calcium stearate,
Antioxidant 1010, irgasfos 168 and silica are added height in high mixed pot and mix, then by extruder extruding pelletization at polymerization
Object imports infiltration apparatus；20 parts of treated basalt fibers are imported into infiltration apparatus simultaneously, wherein the processing temperature of infiltration apparatus is
270 DEG C, treated basalt fiber exports, through cooling wind in infiltration apparatus and after polymer infiltration cladding from circular hole bore
It is dry, 15mm long particle is cut, PP composite material is made.
Embodiment 3
PP composite material in the present embodiment is made of by weight following components:
Wherein, polypropylene melt flow rate is 90g/10min (230 DEG C of loading condition, 2.16kg), compatible agent composition
For the mixture of PP grafted maleic anhydride and POE grafted maleic anhydride, silica partial size is 75 μm, and the above raw material is commercially available
Product.
Specific preparation process is as follows:
(1) modification of basalt fibre: by basalt fibre mass fraction be 7% aqueous acetic acid in immersion treatment
6h, drying obtains the basalt fibre that surface is tentatively modified after taking-up；It is glycidyl ether type epoxy resin by mass ratio: oxidation
Graphene: it on the basalt fibre that the hybrid size that KH560=88:6:6 is configured to tentatively is modified coated in surface, dries obtained
Treated basalt fiber；
(2) polypropylene, PP grafted maleic anhydride and POE the preparation of PP composite material: are grafted Malaysia according to the proportion
Mixture, POE, calcium stearate, antioxidant 1010, irgasfos 168 and the silica of acid anhydrides are added height in high mixed pot and mix, then
By extruder extruding pelletization at polymer, infiltration apparatus is imported；25 parts of treated basalt fibers are imported into infiltration apparatus simultaneously,
Wherein the processing temperature of infiltration apparatus is 260 DEG C, and treated basalt fiber infiltrates after coating in infiltration apparatus with polymer, from
It is exported in circular hole bore, through cooling air-drying, cuts 12mm long particle, PP composite material is made.
Embodiment 4
PP composite material in the present embodiment is made of by weight following components:
Wherein, polypropylene melt flow rate is 100g/10min (230 DEG C of loading condition, 2.16kg), titanium dioxide silicon grain
Diameter is 100 μm, and the above raw material is commercial product.
Specific preparation process is as follows:
(1) modification of basalt fibre: by basalt fibre in the aqueous acetic acid that mass fraction is 10% at immersion
4h is managed, drying obtains the basalt fibre that surface is tentatively modified after taking-up；It is glycidyl ether type epoxy resin: oxygen by mass ratio
Graphite alkene: on the basalt fibre that the hybrid size that KH570=98:1:1 is configured to tentatively is modified coated in surface, the system of drying
Obtain treated basalt fiber；
(2) preparation of PP composite material: according to the proportion by the mixing of polypropylene, PP grafted maleic anhydride, POE and PE
Object, calcium stearate, antioxidant 1010, irgasfos 168 and silica are added height in high mixed pot and mix, and are then squeezed out by extruder
It is granulated into polymer, imports infiltration apparatus；Simultaneously 30 parts of treated basalt fibers are imported into infiltration apparatus, wherein infiltration apparatus
Processing temperature is 200 DEG C, and treated basalt fiber is led from circular hole bore in infiltration apparatus and after polymer infiltration cladding
Out, through cooling air-drying, 11mm long particle is cut, PP composite material is made.
Comparative example 1
Polypropylene, 4 parts of POE that 75 parts of melt flow rate (MFR)s are 30g/10min (230 DEG C of loading condition, 2.16kg) are connect
Branch maleic anhydride, 3 parts of PE, 0.2 part of calcium stearate, 0.1 part of antioxidant 1010,0.1 part of irgasfos 168 and 1 part of partial size are 25 μm
After height is mixed in the high mixed pot of silica addition, it is placed in extruder；Basalt fibre enters in extruder screw through side feed hopper,
Conventional polypropylene composite material is made in melting extrusion.
The PP composite material prepared in Examples 1 to 4 and comparative example 1 is subjected to tensile strength, bending strength, bending
Modulus and notch impact strength test, examination criteria and testing result are as follows:
| Test item | Test method | Unit | Test condition | Embodiment 1 | Embodiment 2 | Embodiment 3 | Embodiment 4 | Comparative example 1 |
| Tensile strength | ISO 527 | MPa | 50mm/min | 52 | 75 | 86 | 100 | 45 |
| Bending strength | ISO 178 | MPa | 2mm/min | 65 | 95 | 115 | 156 | 57 |
| Bending modulus | ISO 178 | MPa | 2mm/min | 2950 | 4600 | 5200 | 6050 | 2675 |
| Notch impact strength | ISO 180 | kJ/m2 | / | 12 | 15 | 16 | 18 | 10 |
According to data comparison in table, it can be seen that embodiment 2 is compared with comparative example 1, by basalt fibre modification,
Treated basalt fiber is entered into infiltration unit, its drawing of the PP composite material of the method preparation by LFT preparation process simultaneously
Intensity, bending strength are stretched, bending modulus and notch impact strength are superior to the polypropylene material in comparative example 1, it can be seen that, it is profound
Military rock fiber carries out surface modification treatment, enhances the interface binding power of basalt fibre and polypropylene matrix.Pass through acetic acid water
Solution modifies basalt fibre surface, and microstructure is by the smooth organic group for becoming coarse, being conducive in hybrid size
Body epoxy infiltration is in fiber surface, and furthermore the strength of materials can be improved in the graphene oxide in hybrid size；And utilize silane
Coupling agent improves the compatibility between fiber and PP matrix, further increases the strength of materials.It will be by LFT Technology application
Into basalt fibre modified polypropylene material, so that fibre length retains 10~15mm, the synthesis of material is further improved
Performance.
This hair can be understood and applied the above description of the embodiments is intended to facilitate those skilled in the art
It is bright.Person skilled in the art obviously easily can make various modifications to these embodiments, and described herein
General Principle is applied in other embodiments without having to go through creative labor.Therefore, the present invention is not limited to implementations here
Example, those skilled in the art's announcement according to the present invention, improvement and modification made without departing from the scope of the present invention all should be
Within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. a kind of PP composite material, it is characterised in that: be made of by weight following components:
60 ~ 80 parts of polypropylene,
10 ~ 30 parts of treated basalt fiber,
2 ~ 10 parts of compatilizer,
2 ~ 5 parts of toughener,
0.4 ~ 1.1 part of processing aid,
0.5 ~ 2 part of silica.
2. PP composite material as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that: for the polypropylene at 230 DEG C, 2.16kg is negative
Melt flow rate (MFR) under the conditions of load is 30 ~ 100g/10min.
3. PP composite material as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that: the treated basalt fiber is by basalt
Fiber immersion treatment in acid solution, drying obtains the basalt fibre that surface is tentatively modified after taking-up；It then will be by asphalt mixtures modified by epoxy resin
On the basalt fibre that the hybrid size that rouge, graphene oxide and silane coupling agent are configured to tentatively is modified coated in surface, dry in the air
It is drying to obtain treated basalt fiber.
4. PP composite material as claimed in claim 3, it is characterised in that: the acid solution is aqueous acetic acid；Institute
The epoxy resin stated is glycidyl ether type epoxy resin, and the silane coupling agent is one in KH550, KH560, KH570
Kind；Wherein, the mass fraction of the aqueous acetic acid is 2% ~ 10%, and basalt fibre is 2 ~ 6 hours in soaking time wherein；
The mass ratio of each component is epoxy resin: graphene oxide: silane coupling agent=(98 ~ 88): (1 ~ 6): (1 in the hybrid size
~ 6).
5. PP composite material as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that: the compatilizer is PP grafted maleic
At least one of acid anhydride, POE grafted maleic anhydride；
The toughener is at least one of POE, PE；
The processing aid is the mixed aid of lubricant and antioxidant.
6. PP composite material as claimed in claim 5, it is characterised in that: the lubricant is calcium stearate, is added
Add weight part is 0.2 ~ 0.5 part；The antioxidant is at least one of antioxidant 1010, irgasfos 168, adds weight
Part is 0.2 ~ 0.6 part.
7. PP composite material as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that: the silica partial size is 1 ~ 100 μm.
8. the preparation method of the PP composite material as described in claim 1 ~ 7 is any, it is characterised in that: including following step
It is rapid:
High mixed pot height is added in polypropylene, compatilizer, toughener, processing aid and silica according to the proportion to mix, is then passed through
Extruder extruding pelletization imports infiltration apparatus at polymer；Treated basalt fiber is imported into infiltration apparatus, the modified Black Warrior simultaneously
Rock fiber is exported from the circular hole bore of infiltration apparatus in infiltration apparatus and after polymer infiltration cladding, through cooling air-drying, is cut
PP composite material is made in grain.
9. PP composite material as claimed in claim 8, it is characterised in that: the processing temperature of the infiltration apparatus be 200 ~
300 DEG C, the length of the pelletizing is 10 ~ 15mm.
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| CN201810846696.8A CN109337192A (en) | 2018-07-27 | 2018-07-27 | A kind of PP composite material and preparation method thereof |
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| CN201810846696.8A CN109337192A (en) | 2018-07-27 | 2018-07-27 | A kind of PP composite material and preparation method thereof |
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Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110804250A (en) * | 2019-12-04 | 2020-02-18 | 苏州炜隆灿防静电包装有限公司 | Improved high-strength scratch-resistant polypropylene material and preparation method thereof |
| CN111040299A (en) * | 2019-12-26 | 2020-04-21 | 衡水瑞纤新材料科技有限公司 | High-impact high-toughness composite material and preparation method thereof |
| CN111057369A (en) * | 2019-12-12 | 2020-04-24 | 会通新材料股份有限公司 | Carbon fiber reinforced polyamide composite material pre-soaked basalt fiber cloth and preparation method thereof |
| CN111154181A (en) * | 2019-12-19 | 2020-05-15 | 会通新材料股份有限公司 | Polypropylene composite material with high mechanical strength and low dielectric constant and preparation method thereof |
| CN111875884A (en) * | 2020-07-31 | 2020-11-03 | 海信（山东）空调有限公司 | Filter screen and air conditioner |
| CN114230923A (en) * | 2021-12-29 | 2022-03-25 | 北京玄泽新材料科技有限公司 | Polypropylene plastic mold for concrete member and preparation method thereof |
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Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110804250A (en) * | 2019-12-04 | 2020-02-18 | 苏州炜隆灿防静电包装有限公司 | Improved high-strength scratch-resistant polypropylene material and preparation method thereof |
| CN111057369A (en) * | 2019-12-12 | 2020-04-24 | 会通新材料股份有限公司 | Carbon fiber reinforced polyamide composite material pre-soaked basalt fiber cloth and preparation method thereof |
| CN111154181A (en) * | 2019-12-19 | 2020-05-15 | 会通新材料股份有限公司 | Polypropylene composite material with high mechanical strength and low dielectric constant and preparation method thereof |
| CN111154181B (en) * | 2019-12-19 | 2022-07-08 | 会通新材料股份有限公司 | Polypropylene composite material with high mechanical strength and low dielectric constant and preparation method thereof |
| CN111040299A (en) * | 2019-12-26 | 2020-04-21 | 衡水瑞纤新材料科技有限公司 | High-impact high-toughness composite material and preparation method thereof |
| CN111875884A (en) * | 2020-07-31 | 2020-11-03 | 海信（山东）空调有限公司 | Filter screen and air conditioner |
| CN114230923A (en) * | 2021-12-29 | 2022-03-25 | 北京玄泽新材料科技有限公司 | Polypropylene plastic mold for concrete member and preparation method thereof |
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Application publication date: 20190215 |