CN1092845C - 光电发电装置 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种光电发电装置,其所用的太阳电池阵列覆盖相当大的室外安装面积,并且在太阳电池阵列与地之间存在相当大的对地电容Ca。很小泄漏电流流过对地电容Ca,而对地电容Ca会引起置于变换器与工业用交流电力系统之间的对地泄漏断路器不希望有的操作。因此,通过对其进行设计,以便对地电容Ca[μF]与对地泄漏断路器的泄漏电流检测灵敏度EL[mA]之间的关系为Ca<EL/3,则防止由于泄漏电流所引起的对地泄漏断路器不希望有的操作。
Description
本发明涉及一种光电发电装置,以及其设计和安装。
供住房使用的光电发电装置开始推广,并且积极进行了目的在于降低装置费用的各种研究。作为降低费用的最后手段,正在考虑使一种太阳电池模件实用,这种太阳电池模件与不需要支架的屋顶材料及非绝缘式变换器,即所谓无变压器的变换器相结合。无变压器的变换器效率高,并且价格便宜,因此,无变压器的变换器最近得到广泛地使用。
图1是一个方块图,说明一种可以与普通电力系统连接的光电发电装置的布置。通过变换器2供电,电功率从太阳电池阵列1供给工业用交流电力系统3和/或用户负荷6。在变换器2与工业用交流电力系统3之间,设有对地泄漏断路器4a和4b,并且在用户的住房或建筑物中发生漏电时,使工业用交流电力系统3完全断开。
然而,太阳电池阵列1要求相当大的室外安装面积,例如,3kW发电能力的太阳电池阵列1要求约30m2的面积,因此太阳电池阵列1有相当大的对地电容5。因此,正如Furukawa等人在1996年日本工业应用学会电气工程师协会(Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan,IndustryApplication Society)的全国会议上所指出(文章编号No.77),存在小泄漏电流流过对地电容5,并且可能不必要地使对地泄漏断路器4a或4b动作(即断开电路)的危险。在对地泄漏断路器4a响应通过对地电容5的泄漏电流而动作情况下,负荷6与工业用交流电力系统3断开,并且发生断电。此外,在对地泄漏断路器4b动作情况下,光电电源被断开,因此,太阳电池阵列1产生的功率被浪费。
上述问题为使用无变压器的变换器的情况所特有,该无变压器的变换器直接把太阳电池阵列1连接到工业用交流电力系统3而不用绝缘变压器。此外,在与屋顶材料结合的太阳电池模件中(在下文称为“屋顶太阳电池模件”),它按这样方式构成,即用树脂使具有金属衬底的太阳电池封装到作为屋顶材料的金属增强板上,金属增强板则接地;因此,在金属衬底与金属增强板之间存在相当大的电容。因此,如上所述易于引起对地泄漏断路器不希望有的操作(断开电路)。
在Furukawa等人的文章中,叙述了泄漏(接地)电流的原因及其电流值,然而,在该文章中没有提及对地电容5多大电容值会引起对地泄漏电路动作。因此,在安装太阳电池阵列1时不清楚应该使对地电容5定界在多大电容。
本发明是在考虑到上述情况下实现的,并且其目的是提供一种光电发电装置,以及设计和安装该装置,这种装置能够防止对地泄漏断路器的不希望有的操作。
按照本发明,上述目的是通过提供一种与工业用交流电力系统连接使用的光电发电装置来实现,该装置包括:一个太阳电池阵列;一个非绝缘式变换器,以把太阳电池阵列输出的直流功率变换成交流功率;以及一个对地泄漏断路器,装设在非绝缘式变换器与工业用交流电力系统之间,其中太阳电池阵列相对于地电位的杂散电容Ca[μF]和对地泄漏断路器的断路器断路额定值EL[mA]具有关系Ca<EL/3。
本发明的其他特点和优点将从以下连同附图所作的叙述变得显而易见,其中在所有图中相同标号表示同样或类似部件。
附图结合在本说明书之中,并且构成本说明书的一部分,它们说明本发明的实施例,并且与叙述一起用作说明本发明的原理。
图1是说明光电发电装置的系统互连的布置的方块图;
图2是表示太阳电池模件的结构的断面图;
图3是表示太阳电池的示例结构的断面图;
图4是表示测量太阳电池模件的对地电容的一种方法的视图;
图5是表示测量太阳电池阵列的对地电容的一种方法的视图;
图6是说明用于实验2的光电发电装置的布置的方块图;
图7是表示泄漏电流的测量结果与对地电容之间关系的曲线图;
图8A至图8C是表示屋顶太阳电池模件的透视图;
图9是表示实验1结果的表;以及
图10是供光电发电装置的设计者或安装者所使用的设计图表。
按照附图将详细地叙述本发明的光电发电装置的优选实施例。参考图1,在本发明的光电发电装置中,确定构成太阳电池阵列1的太阳电池模件的数目,及/或对地泄漏断路器4a和4b的断路器断路额定值,以便太阳电池阵列1相对于地电位的杂散电容Ca[μF](在下文称为“对地电容”)和对地泄漏断路器4a和4b的泄漏电流检测灵敏度EL[mA]具有关系Ca<EL/3。于是,本发明的光电发电装置根据该确定结果构成。
如图5所示,例如通过把太阳电池阵列1的阳极31和阴极32短路,并且在阳极31和阴极32之间的短路点与作为屋顶材料的金属增强板之间连接一个阻抗计30,可以测量太阳电池阵列1的对地电容Ca。
以下将说明构成本发明的光电发电装置的各个元件。
太阳电池阵列1包括多个串联和/或并联连接的太阳电池模件。对于太阳电池模件,优选地使用用树脂封装并密封在作为屋顶材料的增强板上的元件。
对于太阳电池,可以使用结晶硅太阳电池,多晶硅太阳电池,以及非晶硅太阳电池,或化合物半导体太阳电池,例如铜铟硒化物太阳电池。特别是,有利地使用通过化学汽相淀积而在长金属衬底上形成的非晶硅太阳电池,以降低制造费用。
对于增强板材料,例如可以使用金属,玻璃,塑料,以及纤维增强塑料(FRP)。
对于用来封装和密封的树脂,可以使用聚烯烃树脂,例如乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA),乙烯-丙烯酸甲酯共聚物(EMA),乙烯-丙烯酸乙酯共聚物(EEA),以及丁酰树脂,氨基甲酸乙酯树脂,以及硅树脂。太阳电池模件表面涂有透明树脂膜,例如氟树脂膜和丙烯酸树脂膜,以作为保护层。对于用来封装和密封的树脂及膜树脂,优选那些具有高阳光透射特性的树脂。
当在太阳电池模件中使用金属增强板时,通过弯曲处理金属增强板,可以使太阳电池模件用作建筑材料,例如墙壁材料和屋顶材料。图8A至图8C表示结合式屋顶太阳电池模件的例子。图8A表示具有脊啮合部分81和檐啮合部分82的屋顶材料,它们向相对方向弯曲;图8B表示其啮合部分83通过固定在屋顶板85上的固定部件84插入并啮合的屋顶材料;以及图8C表示其邻接对屋顶材料的啮合部分86通过盖87保持在一起的屋顶材料。在图8A至图8C所示的各屋顶材料的接收表面,设置太阳电池模件80。
当在太阳电池模件中用玻璃作加强板时,优选地周围用金属框加强。
变换器2为无变压器的变换器,它在直流侧(太阳电池阵列1侧)与交流侧(工业用交流电力系统3和负荷6侧)之间不用绝缘变压器。由于不用变压器,所以无变压器的变换器具有变换效率高,重量轻,以及费用低的显著优点。然而,因为工业用交流电力系统3接地,所以不能使直流侧的无变压器的变换器与工业用交流电力系统3绝缘。
此外,为了使无变压器的变换器与工业用交流电力系统3连接,需要对变换器2提供一系列保护功能,它们符合由运输部(Ministry of Transport)制定的“发电机与电力系统电气互连技术导则”(Technical Guideline forElectric Interconnection of Generators with Power System)。
对地泄漏断路器4a和4b检测零相序电流,它是流过构成电路的多条电线的电流总计,并且当零相序电流超过断路器断路额定值(泄漏电流检测灵敏度)EL时,对地泄漏断路器断开电路。此外,当零相序电流小于非操作电流额定值,即在对地泄漏断路器的死区时,那么对地泄漏断路器不断开电路。一般地,使非操作电流额定值的值设定为断路器断路额定值EL的一半值。市场上有各种各样的对地泄漏断路器,它们的断路器断路额定值EL设定在15mA与100mA之间,并且可以根据待连接的电气设备来选择一种具有适当断路器断路额定值EL的对地泄漏断路器。此外,许多对地泄漏断路器具有过电流保护功能。
对地电容Ca与对地泄漏断路器4a和4b的断路器断路额定值EL之间的关系由下述实验结果来确定。
(实验1)
条件1
在图1所示光电发电装置中,太阳电池阵列1是通过连接100个太阳电池模件9(图2)而构成。太阳电池阵列1以30度倾斜角面朝南安装在地上的金属支架上。
图2是太阳电池模件9的断面图,并且非晶太阳电池11用树脂12,例如EVA树脂封装并密封在金属增强板10上。太阳电池模件表面涂有保护膜13,例如乙烯-四氟乙烯(ETFE)膜。太阳电池模件9背面的金属板10接地。
图3是非晶太阳电池11的断面图,它按这样方式构成,即在金属衬底20上层叠金属层21,透明导电层22,光电转换层23,透明电极24,以及集电极25。光电转换层23是通过层叠三层非晶硅的pin结构成。
对于变换器2,使用无变压器式变换器(可从Toshiba Corp.买得,产品型号PVUL0035)。
对于对地泄漏断路器4a和4b,使用那些泄漏电流检测灵敏度EL为15mA,非操作电流额定值小于7.5mA,以及额定电流为30A的断路器(可从Matsusita Electric Works,Ltd.买得,产品型号BJJ330225K)。这些对地泄漏断路器连接到工业用交流电力系统3(60Hz,200V),以形成供实验用的光电发电装置。
如图4所示,各太阳电池模件9的电容Cx由阻抗计30(可从Hioki E.E.Corp.买得,产品型号3620LCR-Hi-TESTER)测量,它连接在阳极14和阴极15之间的短路点与金属增强板10之间。太阳电池模件9(宽:45cm,长:130cm)的测量电容Cx为20nF。对于测量频率,选择120Hz,这个频率为变换器2的脉动频率。
其次,在太阳电池阵列1的阳极31和阴极32如图5所示被短路下,测量太阳电池阵列1的对地电容Ca,为2μF,它刚好比各太阳电池模件9的电容Cx大100倍。
因此,在使用太阳电池模件的具有金属框,例如金属增强板10的太阳电池阵列中,可以在接地金属框与太阳电池阵列的电输出端之间短路点之间测量太阳电池阵列的对地电容Ca。
使上述那样安装的光电发电装置运行一个月,在这段时间期间对地泄漏断路器没有动作。
条件2
对上述光电发电装置布置添加200个太阳电池模件9。在光电发电装置运行期间的一周内,观察到三次对地泄漏断路器不希望有的操作。在这些次所测量的对地电容Ca为6μF。
条件3
其次,使构成太阳电池阵列1的太阳电池模件的数目减少到100,于是在阳极31与地之间及阴极32与地之间形成1.5μF的薄膜电容器,形成总计3μF的电容。在这种布置下,太阳电池阵列1的对地电容Ca为5μF。在实验的四周期间,对地泄漏断路器不希望有地动作一次。
条件4
其次,使所添加的电容器的电容降低到1μF,以使太阳电池阵列1的总对地电容Ca等于4μF。在这样条件下,在实验的一个月期间没有观察到对地泄漏断路器不希望有的操作。
结果
实验1的结果示于图9。参考图9,可知当太阳电池阵列1的对地电容Ca[μF]设定约为对地泄漏断路器的灵敏度EL(15mA)的三分之一,即EL[mA]/3=5[μF]时,不发生对地泄漏断路器不希望有的操作。
上述关系适用于大多数用无变压器的变换器作变换器2的光电发电装置,而与太阳电池阵列1和对地泄漏断路器4a和4b的型号无关。
(实验2)
在实验2中,太阳电池阵列1设置在建筑物的屋顶上,并且通过改变太阳电池阵列的额定发电功率,即改变构成太阳电池阵列1的太阳电池模件9的数目,来改变对地电容Ca。于是,对于不同数目的太阳电池模件9,测量泄漏电流,以根据实验1的结果通过设计光电发电装置,澄清泄漏电流落在一个对地泄漏死区之内(一般地,小于泄漏电流检测灵敏度EL的50%。当泄漏电流检测灵敏度EL为30mA时,死区保持小于15mA)。对于变换器2,选择不同于实验1所使用型号的变换器,以便证明本发明的光电发电装置提供基本相同的效果,而与变换器的型号无关。
图6是一个方块图,说明实验2中所使用的光电发电装置的布置。从Japan Storage Battery Co.,Ltd.可买到的产品名为LINEBACK-EX的无变压器的变换器用作变换器2。
太阳电池阵列1有696个集成的屋顶太阳电池模件,各如图8A所示,它们排列成58个串,各串包括12个串联连接的模件,并且这些串并联连接。除光电转换层是通过压凹结合两层非晶硅的pin结构成外,太阳电池80的布置与实验1所用布置相同。各屋顶太阳电池模件的电容Cx大约与实验1所用太阳电池模件9的电容相同。使用上述屋顶太阳电池模件的太阳电池阵列1的面积约为300m2。一串太阳电池模件(即12个串联连接的模件)的测量对地电容Cs为240nF。
对于对地泄漏断路器4,选择额定电流50A,泄漏电流检测灵敏度30mA,以及非操作电流额定值15mA的断路器(可从Matsusita ElectricWorks,Ltd.买得,产品型号BJ35025K1),并且通过绝缘变压器7连接到60Hz及200V的工业用交流电力系统3。使用绝缘变压器7的理由是使得有可能在绝缘变压器7的二次侧(即太阳电池阵列1侧)用泄漏安培计8测量泄漏电流,而且对本发明的实施例无影响。换句话说,对于实际操作本发明的光电发电装置,则不用绝缘变压器7。
使太阳电池阵列1的额定发电功率增加10串,即对地电容Ca增加2.4μF,并且记录相应的泄漏电流(频率等于或小于1kHz)。设定频率范围等于或小于1kHz来测量泄漏电流的理由是由于对地泄漏断路器的灵敏度的频率范围设定等于或小于1kHz。图7是一个曲线图,表示如上述获得的泄漏电流相对于对地电容Ca的测量结果。注意,在曲线图中直线上由方块点标写的数字表示太阳电池模件的连接串的数目。
如从测量结果清楚所见,把对地电容Ca限制在小于泄漏电流检测灵敏度EL的三分之一,即EL/3=30/3=10μF,则泄漏电流落在对地泄漏电流的死区之内(小于15mA)。因此,证明了当改变变换器2和安装位置时,由实验1获得的知识适用。因此,在根据实验1获得的知识设计的本发明的光电发电装置中,可能防止由于太阳电池阵列的对地电容而引起对地泄漏断路器不希望有地动作。
根据实验1和2获得的知识设计的光电发电装置提供下列效果。
(1)把由于太阳电池阵列的对地电容所引起的泄漏电流限制在对地泄漏断路器的死区之内,则可能防止由于太阳电池阵列的对地电容所引起的对地泄漏断路器不希望有的操作。
(2)在安装光电发电装置的地方,可能防止由于太阳电池阵列的对地电容引起对地泄漏断路器不希望有的操作而造成的对用户的断电。
(3)由于(2)中所说明的断电通常同时造成光电发电装置中断操作,所以通过防止断路,可能避免浪费发电功率。
因此,本发明光电发电装置所提供的效果非常显著,并且工业实用价值非常高。
显然,本发明光电发电装置的对地泄漏断路器的泄漏电流检测灵敏度EL和/或非操作电流额定值是根据实验1和2的结果,按照图7所示曲线图(设计图表)来设计的。此外,图10设计图表表示太阳板中所用太阳电池模件的数目或额定发电功率与泄漏电流之间的关系。通过测量或估计太阳板的对地电容,或根据太阳电池模件的希望数目或太阳板的希望额定发电功率,光电发电装置的设计者或安装者能够由图7或图10所示设计图表来确定待设计或安装的光电发电装置的泄漏电流。于是,设计者或安装者能够根据所获得的泄漏电流来设定泄漏电流检测灵敏度EL和/或非操作电流额定值,以便不发生由于太阳电池阵列的对地电容所引起的不希望有的断路,并且可能使设计者或安装者选择具有上述泄漏电流灵敏度EL和/或非操作电流额定值的对地泄漏断路器。换句话说,图7和图10中设计图表的例子表示太阳板对地电容或太阳电池模件的数目或额定发电功率与泄漏电流之间的关系,它们构成本发明。
注意,图7和图10设计图表并不总是以记录在媒介例如纸上的可见形式提供。为了适应用计算机设计或安装光电发电装置情况,可能以表示太阳板的对地电容或太阳电池模件的数目或额定发电功率与泄漏电流之间关系的信息,以表格或数学函数,按照计算机中所用磁记录媒介或光记录媒介上记录的或通过通信媒介交换的程序码或数据形式,提供本发明。更具体地说,在媒介带有程序码或数据情况下,这些媒介也构成本发明,这里媒介可以由计算机用作上述测量媒介,而程序码或数据则表示太阳板的对地电容或太阳电池模件的数目或额定发电功率与泄漏电流之间的关系。
注意,图7和图10所示设计图表以工业用交流电力系统的电压和频率作为参数。此外,对本领域技术人员来说显而易见,还可以包括太阳电池模件的产品名或型号作为参数。
本发明不限于上述实施例,而是在本发明的精神和范围内可以作出种种改变和变更。因此,为了公布本发明的范围,提出如下权利要求。
Claims (6)
1.一种与工业用交流电力系统连接使用的光电发电装置,所述装置包括:
一个太阳电池阵列;
一个非绝缘式变换器,以把所述太阳电池阵列输出的直流功率变换成交流功率;以及
一个对地泄漏断路器,装设在所述非绝缘式变换器与工业用交流电力系统之间,
其中所述太阳电池阵列相对于地电位的杂散电容Ca[μF]和所述对地泄漏断路器的断路器断路额定值EL[mA]具有关系Ca<EL/3。
2.按照权利要求1的光电发电装置,其中所述太阳电池阵列包括多个太阳电池模件,各有多个固定在一个增强板上的太阳电池。
3.按照权利要求2的光电发电装置,其中所述增强板由金属制成。
4.按照权利要求2的光电发电装置,其中所述太阳电池在金属衬底上构成。
5.按照权利要求2的光电发电装置,其中所述太阳电池具有非晶体半导体。
6.按照权利要求2的光电发电装置,其中所述太阳电池模件构成建筑材料。
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DE102017129083A1 (de) | 2017-12-06 | 2019-06-06 | Sma Solar Technology Ag | Fehlabschaltsicheres Betriebsverfahren für eine dezentrale Energieerzeugungsanlage |
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JPH08149843A (ja) * | 1994-11-18 | 1996-06-07 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | 系統連系インバータの保護装置 |
EP0768721A2 (en) * | 1995-10-11 | 1997-04-16 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Solar cell module and manufacturing method thereof |
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GB8906885D0 (en) * | 1989-03-28 | 1989-05-10 | Raychem Ltd | Monitoring electric cables |
US5111127A (en) * | 1990-06-25 | 1992-05-05 | Woodward Johnson | Portable power supply |
GB2258095B (en) * | 1991-07-26 | 1995-02-08 | Paul Victor Brennan | Residual current device |
JPH07264873A (ja) * | 1994-03-18 | 1995-10-13 | Toshiba Corp | 電力変換装置 |
US5677833A (en) * | 1995-05-16 | 1997-10-14 | Raytheon Company | Power conditioning system for a four quadrant photovoltaic array with an inverter for each array quadrant |
-
1997
- 1997-05-14 JP JP9123989A patent/JPH10322885A/ja active Pending
-
1998
- 1998-05-01 US US09/071,299 patent/US6107560A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-05-07 EP EP98108351A patent/EP0878850A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-05-13 AU AU65927/98A patent/AU724559B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-05-13 KR KR1019980017144A patent/KR100316132B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-05-14 CN CN98108476A patent/CN1092845C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH08149843A (ja) * | 1994-11-18 | 1996-06-07 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | 系統連系インバータの保護装置 |
EP0768721A2 (en) * | 1995-10-11 | 1997-04-16 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Solar cell module and manufacturing method thereof |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0878850A2 (en) | 1998-11-18 |
EP0878850A3 (en) | 2000-05-10 |
AU6592798A (en) | 1998-11-26 |
KR100316132B1 (ko) | 2002-01-16 |
CN1200589A (zh) | 1998-12-02 |
US6107560A (en) | 2000-08-22 |
JPH10322885A (ja) | 1998-12-04 |
AU724559B2 (en) | 2000-09-28 |
KR19980087002A (ko) | 1998-12-05 |
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