CN109254023A - 一种固体废物鉴别的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种固体废物鉴别的方法，包括如下四个步骤：1、X射线荧光检测，2、X射线衍射检测，3、红外光谱检测，4、偏光显微分析检测。本发明所述的一种固体废物鉴别的方法，X射线荧光检测、X射线衍射检测、红外光谱检测以及偏光显微分析检测四种技术的联用，可以将特定固体废物中的物相完全解析出来，同时还可以将不同物相之间的结构关联的细节解析出来，将这些数据归纳总结、提炼，可以形成固体废物指纹识别特征数据，通过这些指纹特征数据的比对，从而达到有效鉴别的目的。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种物质属性的鉴别方法，尤其是一种准确度高的固体废物鉴别的方法。
背景技术
近年来，随着我国改革开放的进一步深化以及对外贸易的不断扩大，进口废物原料作为国民经济持续增长的重要物质基础，对我国经济的持续稳定增长作出了重要贡献，其进口量稳中有升。然而，进口废物原料同时也是高风险的进口商品，直接关系到国门安全和环保安危，与人民群众的生命健康息息相关。因此，把好进口废物原料的检验关，对于保障工业生产的繁荣稳定和对外贸易的发展息息相关，对于人民群众的生命健康安全息息相关。
根据《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》、《控制危险废物越境转移及其处置巴塞尔公约》和有关法律法规，环境保护部、商务部、发展改革委、海关总署、国家质检总局2008年公布了《禁止进口固体废物目录》、《限制进口类可用作原料的固体废物目录》和《自动许可进口类可用作原料的固体废物目录》(以下简称“进口废物管理目录”)，并于2009年进行了修订和增补(环境保护部2009年第36号)。《固体废物进口管理办法》(环保部、商务部、国家发改委、海关总署、国家质检总局第12号部令)于2011年4月8日发布，并于2011年8月1日起施行。其中第二十八条规定：海关怀疑进口货物的收货人申报的进口货物为固体废物的，可以要求收货人送口岸检验检疫部门进行固体废物属性检验，必要时，海关可以直接送口岸检验检疫部门进行固体废物属性检验，并按照检验结果处理。口岸检验检疫部门应当出具检验结果，并注明是否属于固体废物。经济发展与资源短缺的矛盾导致可用作原料固体废物国际贸易日益增多，然而，固体废物显然具有一定的环境风险，必须合理处置利用。国际上的《控制危险废物越境转移及其处置的巴塞尔公约》旨在遏制危险固体废物转移至其它国家，但并不是所有国家都签署了此款条约，助长了一些国家的固体废物出口。为了减少固体废物产生的危害，发达国家通过建立完善的法律法规体系、技术标准和加强执法力度和市场监督手段，注重源头管理，实现了对固体废物的有效管理，我国也加强了对进口固体废物的监管。
同时，由于经济利益的驱使，口岸进口的资源性矿产品中掺杂固体废物的情况时有发生：从外观上可明显看出该批矿产品存在掺杂(如掺入炼渣)或以次充好现象，但取样检测后发现，总铁以及有害或限量元素含量的数据均达标。在这样的情况下，即使明知该批矿产品存在“以次充好、浑水摸鱼”的问题，但依据已有的检测数据和现行的标准，无法对其进行处理。进口矿产品中掺杂固体废物或以申报为其它货物的方式隐蔽从事禁止进口固体废物的交易在口岸屡有发生，如果不合格的矿产品入境时顺利通过出入境检验检疫机构的检验，那必然会造成垃圾入境，最终损害的是国家的利益和矿产品加工企业的利益。由此可见，不仅要对申报为“固体废物原料”的物质进行定量检验，而且要对未申报为“固体废物原料”的高风险物质进行定性和定量分析。“进口废物管理目录”中涉及到固体废物多达70余种，急需建立一种有效的鉴定各种物质属性的手段。然而，当前对进口矿产品的检验主要以化学分析为主，主要检验其中价值元素以及有毒有害元素的含量，对于矿产品中掺杂固体废物或以矿产品名义实际从事进口固体废物交易的情况无能为力。同时，目前从事固体废物属性鉴别的相关机构还不多，原因之一便是固体废物的属性鉴别没有一项通用的标准，现有的固体废物的鉴别方法通常为X射线荧光配合X射线衍射进行检测，获取的物相鉴别数据有限，这直接导致主观经验对最终的判定结论占据相当比例的倾向，固体废物属性的鉴别缺乏通用的有效方法成为主要的技术性问题。
发明内容
为解决上述问题，本发明提供了一种效率高、准确度高的固体废物鉴别的方法。
实现本发明目的的一种固体废物鉴别的方法，包括如下四个步骤：1、X射线荧光检测，2、X射线衍射检测，3、红外光谱检测，4、偏光显微分析检测。
其中，所述X射线荧光检测可以对固体废物中所含元素进行定性分析，全方位识别固体废物中的元素组成，同时还可以对其中所含元素进行定量及半定量分析，可以将固体废物的元素组成及大致含量表征出来，通过元素组成及含量可以大致判断固体废物的来源；
所述X射线衍射检测可对固体废物的物相进行表征，利用X射线荧光表征得到的元素组成数据进行物相检索，可得到其中含量大于3％的物相组成及大致含量；
所述红外光谱检测可对其中所含脉石矿物进行定性表征，固体废物中的脉石矿物的种类往往具有指纹特征，即不同来源的固体废物中含有的脉石矿物往往是不同的，脉石矿物的数据对固体废物的定性帮助很大；
所述偏光显微分析检测可以将固体废物中的非脉石矿物直观的呈现出来，非脉石矿物的形态以及各物相之间的关联都可以在偏光显微镜下被观察到，部分带有指纹特征的稀有物相也可以被观察到，这些细节特征有利于固体废物的鉴别。
本专利所述的一种固体废物鉴别的方法，X射线荧光检测、X射线衍射检测、红外光谱检测以及偏光显微分析检测四种技术的联用，可以将特定固体废物中的物相完全解析出来，同时还可以将不同物相之间的结构关联的细节解析出来，将这些数据归纳总结、提炼，可以形成固体废物指纹识别特征数据，通过这些指纹特征数据的比对，从而达到有效鉴别的目的。
具体实施方式
本发明的一种固体废物鉴别的方法，包括如下四个步骤：1、X射线荧光检测，2、X射线衍射检测，3、红外光谱检测，4、偏光显微分析检测。
其中，所述X射线荧光检测可以对固体废物中所含元素进行定性分析，全方位识别固体废物中的元素组成，同时还可以对其中所含元素进行定量及半定量分析，可以将固体废物的元素组成及大致含量表征出来，通过元素组成及含量可以大致判断固体废物的来源；
所述X射线衍射检测可对固体废物的物相进行表征，利用X射线荧光表征得到的元素组成数据进行物相检索，可得到其中含量大于3％的物相组成及大致含量；
所述红外光谱检测可对其中所含脉石矿物进行定性表征，固体废物中的脉石矿物的种类往往具有指纹特征，即不同的固体废物含有的脉石矿物往往是不同的，脉石矿物的数据对固体废物的定性帮助很大；
所述偏光显微分析检测可以将固体废物中的非脉石矿物直观的呈现出来，非脉石矿物的形态以及各物相之间的关联都可以在偏光显微镜下被观察到，部分带有指纹特征的稀有物相也可以被观察到。
本专利所述的一种固体废物鉴别的方法，X射线荧光检测、X射线衍射检测、红外光谱检测以及偏光显微分析检测四种技术的联用，可以将特定固体废物中的物相完全解析出来，同时还可以将不同物相之间的结构关联的细节解析出来，将这些数据归纳总结、提炼，可以形成固体废物指纹识别特征数据，通过这些指纹特征数据的比对，从而达到有效鉴别的目的。
上面所述的实施例仅仅是对本发明的优选实施方式进行描述，并非对本发明的范围进行限定，在不脱离本发明设计精神前提下，本领域普通工程技术人员对本发明技术方案做出的各种变形和改进，均应落入本发明的权利要求书确定的保护范围内。
Claims (1)
1.一种固体废物鉴别的方法，其特征在于，包括如下四个步骤：(1)、X射线荧光检测，(2)、X射线衍射检测，(3)、红外光谱检测，(4)、偏光显微分析检测。
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| CN113406127A (zh) * | 2021-08-19 | 2021-09-17 | 中南大学 | 一种工业固体废物中重金属赋存关键矿相的分析判定方法 |
| CN113960088A (zh) * | 2021-09-18 | 2022-01-21 | 天津海关化矿金属材料检测中心 | 一种针对进口散装铁矿卸货前固体废物属性快速筛查方法 |
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| CN114720496A (zh) * | 2022-06-08 | 2022-07-08 | 四川大学 | 全场x射线荧光成像分析或x射线衍射分析装置及方法 |
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