CN109225188A - 一种用于太阳光驱动的高效三元复合光催化剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种用于太阳光驱动的高效三元复合光催化剂及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/18—Carbon
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J35/39—Photocatalytic properties
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种用于太阳光驱动的高效三元复合光催化剂及其制备方法,由碳、偏钛酸镁、二氧化钛组成;碳、偏钛酸镁、二氧化钛的质量百分比分别为1~10%,9~60%,30~90%。本发明具有如下的有益效果:1、工艺流程简单不需要复杂的设备,原料成本低廉,对环境无任何污染;2、可以控制碳包覆层的厚度;3、碳包覆层不仅包覆均匀,而且不含碳化不完全而遗留的有机功能团;4、其光催化产氢的效率可以达到33.3mmol·g‑1·h‑1;5、不仅具有优异的光催化性能,而且光学稳定性良好。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于光催化的纳米复合材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
二氧化钛因其物化性质稳定,安全无毒,廉价等特点,被视作一个优良的光催化材料候选者。大量基于二氧化钛改性优化的工作已经被广泛报道,比如:元素掺杂,复合结构,氢化还原,构筑异质结等。在这些方法中,与金属或者半导体构筑异质结结构已经被证实可以有效地提高载流子分离效率和光生电子-空穴对的转移速率,从而提高光催化的效率。
偏钛酸镁(MgTiO3),作为钙钛矿家族(如SrTiO3,BaTiO3和CaTiO3等)的一员,因其在高频下低的介电损失和高温稳定性,已经被广泛研究用于陶瓷电容器和谐振器等。因其能带间隙较宽(3.7eV),所以将其作为光催化剂的研究非常少。基于已报道的光催化裂解水方面的文献,我们知道光催化剂必须拥有适合的导带及价带能级才能用于光催化裂解水产氢产氧,即:导带底的位置必须比氢还原电势更负(H+/H2,0V vs.NHE),而价带顶的位置必须比水氧化电势更正(H2O/O2,1.23V vs.NHE)。偏钛酸镁具有适合的电子结构和导带(-0.75eV)/价带(1.23V)位置,完全符合水裂解的氧化还原电势。另外,钙钛矿的导带底主要由空的过渡金属d轨道(Ti4+)构成,其电势是比0V要负的,因而是光催化裂解水的活性位点。因此,根据其良好的平台电势及光伏性,偏钛酸镁具有良好的光催化裂解水性能。
然而,二氧化钛和偏钛酸镁均为宽带隙半导体,只能应用太阳光中的紫外光部分,而到达地球表面的紫外光仅占4%。针对这个问题,必须要将它们的光谱吸收范围拓展到可见光区域(约占53%)。碳材料因其独特的共轭结构和光电耦合能力,近来已经广泛地用于无机光敏剂。除此之外,碳材料还兼具稳定,廉价,无毒及宽光谱响应等特性。碳包覆层与二氧化钛/偏钛酸镁异质结之间电子的相互作用势必提高载流子的分离与输运。虽然碳包覆的光催化剂复合材料已经有大量的报道,但是利用“初生”碳原子在基底表面原位地生成均匀碳包覆层未经报道。这里,所谓的“初生”碳原子是来源于金属镁粉在高温下还原二氧化碳而形成的。
虽然偏钛酸镁相关的光催化剂已经有少量的报道,但是大多数的方法是在液相中的进行的,这些方法一般都要涉及到有机溶剂和有害的副产物,并且在大多数的情况下这些反应过程都非常难以控制,其产量也不高。如果该材料具有良好的潜在应用,那么开发产量高且环境友好的制备途径具有重要意义。针对此技术难题,本发明提出了一种基于固相反应方法克级制备碳包覆的二氧化钛/偏钛酸镁异质结,所制备的复合光催化剂具有活跃的光催化水裂解性能。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种用于光催化的纳米复合材料及其制备方法。不仅具有优异的光催化性能,并且具有良好的光学稳定性。
本发明的目的是通过如下方式实现的:1、一种用于太阳光驱动的高效三元复合光催化剂,由碳、偏钛酸镁、二氧化钛组成;碳、偏钛酸镁、二氧化钛的质量百分比分别为1~10%,9~60%,30~90%。
一种用于太阳光驱动的高效三元复合光催化剂的制备方法:
(1)首先将纳米二氧化钛,碱式碳酸镁、金属镁粉分散均匀,机械研磨1~5小时;
(2)将研磨好的混合粉体材料放入刚玉坩埚中,在惰性气体的保护下,450℃~850℃高温烧结10~30个小时,升温速率为3~5℃/min,然后自然冷却至室温,;
(4)用0.1~1.0mol/L盐酸溶液洗涤产物至PH值小于7,除去未反应的前驱体和生成的副产物;
(5)将盐酸清洗后的产物再用超纯水清洗次至PH为中性,然后干燥12~24小时,得一种用于太阳光驱动的高效三元复合光催化剂。
碱式碳酸镁、纳米二氧化钛、金属镁粉的重量百分比分别为10~40%,50~80%,5~15%。
本发明具有如下的有益效果:1、工艺流程简单不需要复杂的设备,原料成本低廉,对环境无任何污染,光催化剂的产量是克级水平;2、可以通过调节碱式碳酸镁的加入量,来控制二氧化钛与偏钛酸镁的摩尔比及碳包覆层的厚度;3、碳包覆层并不是通过碳化有机物而来,而是创新性地利用金属镁高温下还原二氧化碳原位生成碳沉积,因而不仅包覆均匀,而且不含碳化不完全而遗留的有机功能团;4、碳包覆层不仅将光催化剂的吸收光谱拓展至可见光区域,而且加强了光生电子-空穴的分离与输运效率,性能最佳的光催化剂在一个太阳光的光照下,其光催化产氢的效率可以达到33.3mmol·g-1·h-1。5、可以通过调节二氧化钛与偏钛酸镁的摩尔比来优化光催化性能。6、可以通过调节碳包覆层的厚度来优化光催化性能,本发明所述的制备方法具有一定的通用性;7、通过本发明方法所制备的复合光催化剂材料,不仅具有优异的光催化性能,而且光学稳定性良好,经过25小时的稳定性测试,其性能衰减低于5%。
附图说明
图1为按实施例1方案所制备纳米复合材料作为光催化剂,测试5个小时的光催化产氢性能曲线。
图2为按实施例1方案所制备纳米复合材料作为光催化剂,其低倍TEM图。
图3为按实施例1方案所制备纳米复合材料作为光催化剂,其高倍TEM图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步详细叙述。
实施例1
首先,将1.0克的纳米二氧化钛与0.4克的碱式碳酸镁和0.15克金属镁粉在玛瑙研钵中充分混合,在室温下,研磨1个小时,得到灰色混合物。然后,直接将研磨后的混合物放入刚玉瓷舟中并置于管式炉中,在氩气气氛下550℃烧结10个小时,接着冷却至室温。最后,将烧结后的混合物用0.1mol/L的盐酸反复清洗过滤直至PH小于7,以保证产物中的氧化镁被清洗干净,接着再用超纯水反复清洗过滤,用硝酸银溶液检测氯离子,保证残留的盐酸完全除去,然后70℃真空干燥12个小时。干燥完成后,得到的灰黑色粉末即为碳包覆的二氧化钛/偏钛酸镁纳米复合光催化材料(C/MgTiO3/TiO2)。
如图1所示,可以清楚看出本发明具有优异的光催化性能,达到33.3mmol·g-1·h-1;
如图2所示,是本发明的低分辨率透射电镜图片,由图可以看出,纳米颗粒表面具有一层均匀的碳包覆层;
如图3所示,是相对应的高分辨率透射电镜图片,由图可以看出,两套不同的晶格条纹其间距分别为0.46nm和0.35nm,分别与偏钛酸镁的(003)晶面距和锐钛矿二氧化钛的(101)的晶面距一致。
实施例2
首先,将1.0克的纳米二氧化钛与0.6克的碱式碳酸镁和0.24克金属镁粉在玛瑙研钵中充分混合,在室温下,研磨1个小时,得到灰色混合物。然后,直接将研磨后的混合物放入刚玉瓷舟中并置于管式炉中,在氩气气氛下550℃烧结10个小时,接着冷却至室温。最后,将烧结后的混合物用0.1mol/L的盐酸反复清洗过滤直至PH小于7,以保证产物中的氧化镁被清洗干净,接着再用超纯水反复清洗过滤,用硝酸银溶液检测氯离子,保证残留的盐酸完全除去,然后70℃真空干燥12个小时。干燥完成后,得到的灰黑色粉末即为碳包覆的二氧化钛/偏钛酸镁纳米复合光催化材料(C/MgTiO3/TiO2)。
实施例3
首先,将1.0克的纳米二氧化钛与0.4克的碱式碳酸镁和0.15克金属镁粉在玛瑙研钵中充分混合,在室温下,研磨3个小时,得到灰色混合物。然后,直接将研磨后的混合物放入刚玉瓷舟中并置于管式炉中,在氩气气氛下550℃烧结10个小时,接着冷却至室温。最后,将烧结后的混合物用0.1mol/L的盐酸反复清洗过滤直至PH小于7,以保证产物中的氧化镁被清洗干净,接着再用超纯水反复清洗过滤,用硝酸银溶液检测氯离子,保证残留的盐酸完全除去,然后70℃真空干燥12个小时。干燥完成后,得到的灰黑色粉末即为碳包覆的二氧化钛/偏钛酸镁纳米复合光催化材料(C/MgTiO3/TiO2)。
实施例4
首先,将1.0克的纳米二氧化钛与0.4克的碱式碳酸镁和0.15克金属镁粉在玛瑙研钵中充分混合,在室温下,研磨1个小时,得到灰色混合物。然后,直接将研磨后的混合物放入刚玉瓷舟中并置于管式炉中,在氩气气氛下650℃烧结10个小时,接着冷却至室温。最后,将烧结后的混合物用0.1mol/L的盐酸反复清洗过滤直至PH小于7,以保证产物中的氧化镁被清洗干净,接着再用超纯水反复清洗过滤,用硝酸银溶液检测氯离子,保证残留的盐酸完全除去,然后70℃真空干燥12个小时。干燥完成后,得到的灰黑色粉末即为碳包覆的二氧化钛/偏钛酸镁纳米复合光催化材料(C/MgTiO3/TiO2)。
实施例5
首先,将1.0克的纳米二氧化钛与0.4克的碱式碳酸镁和0.15克金属镁粉在玛瑙研钵中充分混合,在室温下,研磨1个小时,得到灰色混合物。然后,直接将研磨后的混合物放入刚玉瓷舟中并置于管式炉中,在氩气气氛下550℃烧结20个小时,接着冷却至室温。最后,将烧结后的混合物用0.1mol/L的盐酸反复清洗过滤直至PH小于7,以保证产物中的氧化镁被清洗干净,接着再用超纯水反复清洗过滤,用硝酸银溶液检测氯离子,保证残留的盐酸完全除去,然后70℃真空干燥12个小时。干燥完成后,得到的灰黑色粉末即为碳包覆的二氧化钛/偏钛酸镁纳米复合光催化材料(C/MgTiO3/TiO2)。
对比例1:
按照实施例1的方法,不同的是,在制备过程中,二氧化钛与碱式碳酸镁的质量比不一样。
对比例2:
按照实施例1的方法,不同的是,在制备过程中,前驱体的研磨时间不一样。
对比例3:
按照实施例1的方法,不同的是,在制备过程中,研磨产物的烧结温度不一样。
对比例4:
按照实施例1的方法,不同的是,在制备过程中,研磨产物的烧结时间不一样。
光催化产氢性能的测试,具体步骤如下:
光催化水裂解性能是在北京泊菲莱Labsolar-ⅢAG在线光催化系统上测试的,光源型号为PLS-SXE300,配备AM 1.5G的滤光片,其强度相当于1个太阳光。测试之前,先将5毫克的催化剂分散于含有70ml超纯水和30ml三乙醇胺的混合溶液中,超声处理30分钟,以保证催化剂均匀分散,光源与液面的距离大约为10厘米,照射面积大约为10cm2。整个光催化过程均是在室温下进行的,并且全程通冷凝水以消除光源热量带来的影响。铂是通过原位光沉积的方法负载到催化剂表面,即加入一定量(铂占催化剂的质量比为1%)换算后的氯铂酸溶液到以上混合溶液中。整个体系的载气为高纯氩气,流速为6.0ml/min,用北京七星CS200型流速控制器标定。当光催化剂在光照下产生氢气后,一定时间后通过载气将其带入气相色谱中,进行在线定性定量检测。气相色谱的型号为GC9790,浙江福立生产,其检测器为热导池,配分子筛。
上述实施例为本发明较佳的实施方式,但本发明的实施方式并不受上述实施例的限制,其他的任何未背离本发明的精神实质与原理下所作的改变、修饰、替代、组合、简化,均应为等效的置换方式,都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (3)
1.一种用于太阳光驱动的高效三元复合光催化剂,其特征在于,由碳、偏钛酸镁、二氧化钛组成;碳、偏钛酸镁、二氧化钛的质量百分比分别为1~10%,9~60%,30~90%。
2.一种用于太阳光驱动的高效三元复合光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,
(1)首先将纳米二氧化钛,碱式碳酸镁、金属镁粉分散均匀,机械研磨1~5小时;
(2)将研磨好的混合粉体材料放入刚玉坩埚中,在惰性气体的保护下,450℃~850℃高温烧结10~30个小时,升温速率为3~5℃/min,然后自然冷却至室温,;
(4)用0.1~1.0mol/L盐酸溶液洗涤产物至PH值小于7,除去未反应的前驱体和生成的副产物;
(5)将盐酸清洗后的产物再用超纯水清洗次至PH为中性,然后干燥12~24小时,得一种用于太阳光驱动的高效三元复合光催化剂。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种用于太阳光驱动的高效三元复合光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,碱式碳酸镁、纳米二氧化钛、金属镁粉的重量百分比分别为10~40%,50~80%,5~15%。
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