CN109187125A - The preparation and ferrite closeness quantitative analysis method of SUS304 weld seam metallographic - Google Patents
The preparation and ferrite closeness quantitative analysis method of SUS304 weld seam metallographic Download PDFInfo
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- CN109187125A CN109187125A CN201811023144.3A CN201811023144A CN109187125A CN 109187125 A CN109187125 A CN 109187125A CN 201811023144 A CN201811023144 A CN 201811023144A CN 109187125 A CN109187125 A CN 109187125A
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- metallographic
- sus304
- weld seam
- ferrite
- closeness
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/286—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q involving mechanical work, e.g. chopping, disintegrating, compacting, homogenising
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/32—Polishing; Etching
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/286—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q involving mechanical work, e.g. chopping, disintegrating, compacting, homogenising
- G01N2001/2866—Grinding or homogeneising
Abstract
The present invention discloses the preparation and ferrite closeness quantitative analysis method of SUS304 weld seam metallographic, wherein the preparation method of SUS304 weld seam metallographic includes sampling, it inlays, corase grinding, fine grinding, polishing, corrosion, it cleans and observes, wherein the ferrite closeness quantitative analysis method of SUS304 weld seam metallographic includes (1) gray proces, (2) Gaussian smoothing, (3) Threshold segmentation, (4) piecemeal, (5) the white area accounting of each piecemeal is calculated, (6) variance is asked to each piecemeal white area accounting, the present invention is by adjusting grinding method and time, select polishing agent and corrosive liquid type, adjust the proportion and storing mode of polishing agent and corrosive liquid, scratch can be eliminated, tissue is set completely clearly to show, operation is simple, the human interference factor of corrosion structure is small；Image processing algorithm precision is high, and transplantability is strong, convenient for carrying out accurate quantification to the ferrite closeness in metallographic.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to preparation and the ferrites of metallographic preparation and analysis field more particularly to a kind of SUS304 weld seam metallographic
Closeness quantitative analysis method.
Background technique
SUS304 is due to having the excellent performances such as high intensity, corrosion resistance, workability, and weldment is in aerospace, vapour
The industries such as vehicle, chemical industry are widely applied, however since technological parameter is difficult to control proper, often there is defect in connector, as connector is crisp
Change, the homogeneous corrosion of weld seam, spot corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, fire check, since thermal coefficient is small and linear expansion coefficient is big, easy shape
At the seam organization of the column crystal of epitaxial solidification high directivity, problem above strongly limits the service life of its weldment.Weld seam
Metallographic Analysis is not only the important means of the research inherent qualities such as welding joint mechanical property and service performance, and discloses gold
Belong to causal main path between Fine Texture of Material shape and welding procedure.
Variable amount of ferrite is usually contained in SUS304 weld seam, ferrite intensity is higher, but moulding and toughness are poor, iron
Ferritic form, characteristic distributions are to study ferrite to the pass of the resistance to pitting of SUS304 weld seam, the influence of anticorrosion stress-resistant cracking performance
Key, KP ISHNAN KN et al. is in Romm-tempe Rature Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance
of Post-weld Heat-treated Austenitic Weld Metals[J].Corrosion,1990,46(9):734-
In 742 1 texts, it is believed that when ferrite content increases, ferrite form becomes continuous vermiform or network from discontinuous vermiform
Shape, weld seam anti-stress corrosiveness reduces, at present for the almost institute of the distribution consistency degree of ferrite particles in austenitic stainless steel
An approximate average value can only be provided by having measuring method all.
The accuracy of Metallographic Analysis result is most important for improving stainless steel welded performance.SUS304 welding point sample
Easily occur that scratch is more, tissue shows the problems such as imperfect in preparation, and the mainly artificial range estimation of Metallographic Analysis in the past, means inspection
It surveys, is as a result affected by human factors larger, and low efficiency, error are big, repeatability is poor.Based on digital image processing techniques to not
The metallographic of rust steel connector carries out quantitative analysis, carries out digital processing to the photo of metallographic structure, can be with quantitative analysis organization type
With the relationship of institutional framework, the shortcomings that effectively avoiding traditional artificial analysis metallographic.
Retrieval discovery, patent " caustic solution and method for displaying metallographic structure of metallographic etching agent, metallographic specimen " (application
Number: 201710036511.2) palladium layers and palladium alloy layer can clearly be shown to the metallographic preparation method of palladium and palldium alloy described in
Boundary, but analyze result not can be carried out quantization.Patent is " a kind of to distinguish bainite and calculating in analysis of producing hot rolled TRIP thirdly comparing
Method " (application number: in 201110192697.3), to TRIP steel curved beam after electrobrightening corrosion, utilize scanning electron microscope back scattering
Diffraction device (EBDS) can carry out identification and quantitative analysis, but the high requirements on the equipment to each phase, need to be equipped with back scattering diffraction
It is carried out in the scanning electron microscope of device, and operating process is more complex.SUS304 stainless steel weld joint metallographic is quantitatively divided at present
Analysis has no related patents.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to propose a kind of preparation of SUS304 weld seam metallographic and ferrite closeness quantitative analysis side
Method can clearly show the structural constituent of SUS304 weld seam metallographic, and on this basis using image processing techniques to metallographic microscope
Piece carries out accurately assessing for ferrite closeness.
The technical solution adopted in the present invention:
A kind of preparation and ferrite closeness quantitative analysis method of SUS304 weld seam metallographic, including a kind of SUS304 weld seam
The preparation method of metallographic and a kind of SUS304 weld seam ferrite closeness quantitative analysis method.
Wherein SUS304 weld seam metallographic preparation method the following steps are included:
Sampling: S11 obtains metallographic specimen using wire cutting machine interception SUS304 weldment section, including base material region
And engaging zones；
S12 inlays: the metallographic specimen that the first step is obtained is placed in pointing machine, and resin is inlayed in addition, at high temperature under high pressure
It is inlayed, obtains columned metallographic inserts.
S13, corase grinding: successively using 240#, 600#, 800#, 1000#, 1200# for the metallographic inserts that second step obtains,
1600# sand paper, is placed on automatic grinding and polishing machine plus water grinding, the milling time of every kind of sand paper are 2-3 minutes, and polished machine revolving speed is
600~700r/min；
Fine grinding: the metallographic inserts that third step obtains successively is used 2000#, 2500#, 3000# sand paper is placed in certainly by S14
On dynamic polished machine plus water grinding, the milling time of every kind of sand paper are 4 minutes, and polished machine revolving speed is 800~900r/min；
S15, polishing: the metallographic inserts that the 4th step obtains is placed on the polishing flannelet of polished machine, and polishing drop is expired
After flannelette, the polishing of metallographic inserts is placed, water supply way is that 1 drop/sec of speed is dripped on flannelette, wherein polished machine turns
Speed is 800r/min.
Preferably, in S13, S14, after the grinding of every kind of sand paper, metallographic inserts is placed in circulating water and flows down flushing
Section 10 seconds, and dried under hair dryer cold airflow.
Preferably, in S13, after the grinding of every kind of sand paper, section scratch is observed under the irradiation of sufficient light,
Its must be made uniform, the situation that scratch thickness is different, direction is significantly different such as occur.It then needs to return to previous step and be ground
Mill.
Preferably, in S15, polishing fluid is according to Al2O3The configuration of the quality proportioning of powder and distilled water 1:4.
Preferably, in S15, polishing time 5min-10min.
S16, corrosion: carrying out chemical attack to metallographic inserts, and microstructure removing is shown.Full-cream cotton balls is clamped to dip in
Configured corrosive liquid is taken, is wiped back and forth in the same direction mirror surface 20 seconds, adjustment wiping direction is front direction therewith at once later
Perpendicular other direction wipes mirror surface 20-30 seconds back and forth.
S17 is cleaned and is observed: the metallographic inserts corroded being placed in circulating water and flows down flushing 20 seconds, and in hair dryer
It is dried under cold airflow.The metallographic inserts handled well is placed under electronics high-power microscope to the microstructure for observing metallographic structure.
Preferably, in S16, the formula of corrosive liquid are as follows: 37% concentrated hydrochloric acid, 66% concentrated nitric acid, glycerine, according to 4:1:
1 volume proportion after mixing, is placed in 26 DEG C of insulating boxs after standing 20min and uses.
A kind of preparation and ferrite closeness quantitative analysis method of SUS304 weld seam metallographic further include one kind to aforementioned system
Standby SUS304 weld seam metallographic carries out the quantitative analysis method of ferrite closeness comprising following steps:
S21, gray proces carry out gray proces to image, and picture are cut into 1000 × 1000 sizes, use
Matlab intrinsic function rgb2gray by eliminating metallographic microscope tone and saturation infromation, while retaining brightness, realizes RGB
Image or cromogram are converted to gray level image, and by the weighted sum of calculating R, G and B component, rgb value is converted to gray value:
0.2989×R+0.5870×G+0.1140×B；
S22, Gaussian smoothing；
S23, Threshold segmentation are handled using global threshold, and (1) selects initial estimate T for global threshold；(2) with T points
Cut image；This can generate two groups of pixels: pixel of the G1 by all gray values greater than T forms, and G2 is less than or equal to T by all gray values
Pixel composition；(3) the average gray value m in the region G1, G2 is calculated separately1And m2；(4) new threshold value is calculated:Step (2)~(4) are repeated, until in continuously repeating, the diversity ratio of T is preset
Parameter △ T it is small until；(6) function im2bw segmented image is used,Wherein, den is whole
It counts, isThe maximum value in numberical range that ratio is 1, and function im2bw require consistent；
S24, piecemeal acquires the pixel value of each piece of image starting row, column respectively, and carries out 4 × 4 piecemeals；
S25 calculates the white area accounting of each piecemeal, operates to temporary block image, calculate the picture of white portion
Vegetarian noodles product, and the ratio of white area and entire area is found out, the above steps are repeated operates whole picture；
S26 seeks variance to each piecemeal white area accounting, ask variance (for resulting 16 white area accounting X
Value:
x1、x2、x3、…、x16The white area accounting for respectively indicating 16 subregions, seeks variance:
)；With s2As ferrite closeness
Quantized data.
Compared with the prior art, the advantages of the present invention are as follows:
1. the present invention selects polishing agent and corrosive liquid type by adjusting grinding method and time, polishing agent and corruption are adjusted
The proportion and storing mode for losing liquid, eliminate scratch, so that tissue is completely clearly shown, operation is simple, corrosion structure
Human interference factor it is small.
2. the present invention carries out the accurate quantification of ferrite closeness, arithmetic accuracy using image processing techniques to metallograph
Height, transplantability are strong.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the weld seam effect picture of the metallographic of preparation of the invention, and amplification factor is 800 times；
Fig. 2 is the base material effect picture of the metallographic of preparation of the invention, and amplification factor is 800 times；
Fig. 3 is image processing algorithm treatment effect figure of the invention；
Fig. 4 is image processing algorithm subregion effect picture of the invention；
Fig. 5 is image processing algorithm flow chart of the invention.
Label declaration: 1. ferrites, 2. austenites.
Specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with the attached drawing in inventive embodiments, technical solution in the embodiment of the present invention carries out clear, complete
Ground description, it is clear that described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, instead of all the embodiments.Based on this
Embodiment in invention, every other reality obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without making creative efforts
Example is applied, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
A kind of preparation and ferrite closeness quantitative analysis method of SUS304 weld seam metallographic, including a kind of SUS304 weld seam
The preparation method of metallographic and a kind of SUS304 weld seam ferrite closeness quantitative analysis method.
Wherein SUS304 weld seam metallographic preparation method the following steps are included:
Sampling: S11 obtains metallographic specimen using wire cutting machine interception SUS304 weldment section, including base material region
And engaging zones；
S12 inlays: the metallographic specimen being previously obtained is placed in pointing machine, addition inlay resin, at high temperature under high pressure into
Row is inlayed, and columned metallographic inserts is obtained；
S13, corase grinding: successively using 240#, 600#, 800#, 1000#, 1200# for the metallographic inserts being previously obtained,
1600# sand paper, is placed on automatic grinding and polishing machine plus water grinding, the milling time of every kind of sand paper are 2-3 minutes, and polished machine revolving speed is
600~700r/min；
Fine grinding: the metallographic inserts being previously obtained successively is used 2000#, 2500#, 3000# sand paper is placed in automatic by S14
On polished machine plus water grinding, the milling time of every kind of sand paper are 4 minutes, and polished machine revolving speed is 800~900r/min；
S15, polishing: the metallographic inserts being previously obtained is placed on the polishing flannelet of polished machine, will be according to Al2O3Powder
It after the polishing drop configured with the quality proportioning of distilled water 1:4 expires flannelette, is polished, the speed that water supply way is 1 drop/sec is dripped
Water is on flannelette, wherein the revolving speed of polished machine is 800r/min, polishing time 5min-10min.
In grinding steps, after the grinding of every kind of sand paper, metallographic inserts is placed in circulating water and flows down flushing section
It 10 seconds, and dried under hair dryer cold airflow, to remove the coarse sand granule in grinding, avoids to having an impact in next step, and remove
Unnecessary dust.After the grinding of every kind of sand paper, section scratch is observed under the irradiation of sufficient light, it must be made
It is uniform, such as there is the situation that scratch thickness is different, direction is significantly different, then needs to return to previous step and be ground, it is therefore an objective to
Keep abradant surface smooth, and avoids influence of the big scratch to last mirror effect.
S16, corrosion: configuration corrosive liquid: the formula of corrosive liquid is, 37% concentrated hydrochloric acid, 66% concentrated nitric acid, glycerine,
After mixing according to 4:1:1 volume proportion, it is placed in 26 DEG C of insulating boxs after standing 20min and uses；It is clamped with two glass bars
Full-cream cotton balls dips configured corrosive liquid, wipes back and forth in the same direction mirror surface 20 seconds, adjustment at once later wipes direction and is
The perpendicular other direction of front direction therewith wipes mirror surface 20-30 seconds back and forth.
S17 is cleaned and is observed: the metallographic inserts corroded being placed in circulating water and flows down flushing 20 seconds, and in hair dryer
It is dried under cold airflow, corrosive liquid removal will be remained；It is placed under electronics high-power microscope and observes metallographic structure weld seam and base material
Microstructure；The engaging zones and base material region observed are as shown in Figure 1, 2.
In addition, as shown in figure 5, the invention also includes a kind of close to the SUS304 weld seam metallographic progress ferrite of aforementioned preparation
Intensity quantitative analysis method comprising following steps:
S21, gray proces are carried out to image, for convenience of subsequent processing, picture is cut into 1000 × 1000 sizes, by
In the influence of the factors such as imaging system performance and illumination, often there is gray scale and differs unconspicuous phenomenon in the metallographic microscope of acquisition,
I.e. less, visual effect is bad, and grey scale change can increase the dynamic range of image for each position difference of image, enhances contrast,
Improve the total quality of metallographic microscope, the present invention is using Matlab intrinsic function rgb2gray, by eliminating metallographic microscope tone
And saturation infromation, while retaining brightness, it realizes and RGB image or cromogram is converted into gray level image, by calculating R, G and B
Rgb value is converted to gray value: 0.2989 × R+0.5870 × G+0.1140 × B by the weighted sum of component.
S22, Gaussian smoothing is carried out to S21 treated picture.Process is as follows:
Two-dimensional Gaussian function:
As r=± σ,As r < 3 σ, G < 0.01 is with width less than 2 σ2Filter,
That is the σ of m=2 × 22+ 1, whenWhen,
Discrete template is asked by continuous Gaussian distribution, needs sampling, quantization, and normalize template.
S23, Threshold segmentation is carried out to S22 treated picture.The purpose that S2 and S3 step is implemented is filling hole.Threshold value
Segmentation is handled using global threshold, and (1) selects initial estimate T for global threshold.(2) T segmented image is used.This can generate two
Group pixel: pixel of the G1 by all gray values greater than T forms, and pixel of the G2 by all gray values less than or equal to T forms.(3) divide
It Ji Suan not average gray value m in the region G1, G21And m2.(4) new threshold value is calculated:
Step (2)~(4) are repeated, until in continuously repeating, until the preset parameter △ T of the diversity ratio of T is small.(6) it uses
Function im2bw segmented image,Wherein, den is integer, isThe numerical value model that ratio is 1
Interior maximum value is enclosed, and function im2bw requires consistent.Processing result is as shown in Figure 3.Wherein white area is ferrite (1), black
Color region is austenite (2).
S24, to S23 treated picture, acquire the pixel value of each piece of image starting row, column respectively, and carry out 4 × 4
Piecemeal.As shown in Figure 4.
S25, temporary block image is operated, calculates the elemental area of white portion, and find out white area and complete
The ratio of portion's area, the above steps are repeated operates whole picture.
S26, it carries out resulting 16 white area accounting X to seek variance.
Mean value:x1、x2、x3、…、x16The white area for respectively indicating 16 subregions accounts for
Than.
Seek variance:
With s2Quantized data as ferrite closeness.
The above is a preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is noted that for those skilled in the art
For, various improvements and modifications may be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, these improvements and modifications are also considered as
Protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. the preparation and ferrite closeness quantitative analysis method of a kind of SUS304 weld seam metallographic, it is characterised in that: including one kind
The preparation method of SUS304 weld seam metallographic and a kind of SUS304 weld seam metallographic to preparation carry out the quantitative analysis of ferrite closeness
Method；The wherein preparation method of SUS304 weld seam metallographic, comprising the following steps: S11 sampling；S12 inlays；S13 corase grinding；S14 essence
Mill；S15 polishing；S16 corrosion；S17 is cleaned and is observed.
2. a kind of SUS304 weld seam ferrite closeness quantitative analysis method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: institute
A kind of SUS304 weld seam metallographic to aforementioned preparation stated carries out the quantitative analysis method of ferrite closeness, comprising the following steps:
S21 gray proces；S22 Gaussian smoothing；S23 Threshold segmentation；S24 piecemeal；S25 calculates the white area accounting of each piecemeal；
S26 seeks variance to each piecemeal white area accounting.
3. a kind of preparation method of SUS304 weld seam metallographic according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: SUS304 weld seam gold
The preparation step of phase are as follows:
In S11, metallographic specimen is obtained with wire cutting machine interception SUS304 weldment section, including base material region and bonding land
Domain；
In S12, the metallographic specimen that the first step is obtained is placed in pointing machine, and resin is inlayed in addition, is inlayed at high temperature under high pressure
It is embedding, obtain columned metallographic inserts；
In S13, the metallographic inserts that second step obtains successively is used into 240#, 600#, 800#, 1000#, 1200#, 1600# sand
Paper, is placed on automatic grinding and polishing machine plus water grinding, the milling time of every kind of sand paper are 2-3 minute, polished machine revolving speed for 600~
700r/min；After every kind of sand paper is ground, section scratch is observed under the irradiation of sufficient light, it must be made neatly to draw
One, such as there is the situation that scratch thickness is different, direction is significantly different, then needs to return to previous step and be ground；
In S14, the metallographic inserts that third step obtains successively is used into 2000#, 2500#, 3000# sand paper is placed in automatic grinding and polishing
On machine plus water grinding, the milling time of every kind of sand paper are 4 minutes, and polished machine revolving speed is 800~900r/min；
In S15, the metallographic inserts that the 4th step obtains is placed on the polishing flannelet of polished machine, after polishing drop is expired flannelette,
Place metallographic inserts polishing, water supply way be dripped with 1 drop/sec of speed on flannelette, wherein the revolving speed of polished machine be for
800r/min；Polishing fluid is according to Al2O3The configuration of the quality proportioning of powder and distilled water 1:4, polishing time 5min-10min；
In S16, chemical attack is carried out to metallographic inserts, microstructure is understood and is shown；It clamps full-cream cotton balls and dips configuration
Good corrosive liquid, wipes mirror surface 20 seconds back and forth in the same direction, and the direction of adjustment wiping at once is that front direction is being vertically just therewith later
The other direction of friendship wipes mirror surface 20-30 seconds back and forth；The formula of corrosive liquid are as follows: 37% concentrated hydrochloric acid, 66% concentrated nitric acid, third
Triol after mixing, is placed in 26 DEG C of insulating boxs after standing 20min and uses according to 4:1:1 volume proportion；
It in S17, cleans and observes: the metallographic inserts corroded being placed in circulating water and flows down flushing 20 seconds, and is cold in hair dryer
It is dried under air-flow；The microcosmic knot of observing metallographic structure will be placed under electronics high-power microscope by the metal insert handled above
Structure.
4. a kind of preparation method of SUS304 weld seam metallographic according to claim 3, it is characterised in that: in S13, S14, warp
After crossing every kind of sand paper grinding, metallographic inserts is placed in circulating water and flows down flushing section 10 seconds, and is dried under hair dryer cold airflow
It is dry.
5. a kind of SUS304 weld seam ferrite closeness quantitative analysis method according to claim 2, it is characterised in that:
In S21, gray proces are carried out to image, and picture is cut into 1000 × 1000 sizes, using Matlab intrinsic function
Rgb2gray by eliminating metallographic microscope tone and saturation infromation, while retaining brightness, realizes and turns RGB image or cromogram
It is changed to gray level image, by calculating the weighted sum of R, G and B component, rgb value is converted into gray value: 0.2989 × R+0.5870
×G+0.1140×B。
6. a kind of SUS304 weld seam ferrite closeness quantitative analysis method according to claim 2, it is characterised in that:
In S23, Threshold segmentation being filled: being handled using global threshold, (1) selects initial estimate T for global threshold；(2) divided with T
Image；This can generate two groups of pixels: pixel of the G1 by all gray values greater than T forms, and G2 is by all gray values less than or equal to T's
Pixel composition；(3) the average gray value m in the region G1, G2 is calculated separately1And m2；(4) new threshold value is calculated:
Step (2)~(4) are repeated, until in continuously repeating, the diversity ratio of T is set in advance
Until fixed parameter △ T is small；(6) function im2bw segmented image is used,Wherein, den is whole
It counts, isThe maximum value in numberical range that ratio is 1, and function im2bw require consistent.
7. a kind of SUS304 weld seam ferrite closeness quantitative analysis method according to claim 2, it is characterised in that:
In S24, the pixel value of each piece of image starting row, column is acquired respectively, and carries out 4 × 4 piecemeals.
8. a kind of SUS304 weld seam ferrite closeness quantitative analysis method according to claim 2, it is characterised in that:
In S25, temporary block image is operated, calculates the elemental area of white portion, and finds out white area and entire area
Ratio, the above steps are repeated operates whole picture.
9. a kind of SUS304 weld seam ferrite closeness quantitative analysis method according to claim 2, it is characterised in that: in S26,
By resulting 16 white area accounting X ask variance (mean value:x1、x2、x3、…、x16Respectively
The white area accounting for indicating 16 subregions, seeks variance:
With s2Quantized data as ferrite closeness.
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