CN109169864A - 去核鲜枣保鲜方法 - Google Patents
去核鲜枣保鲜方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109169864A CN109169864A CN201811048560.9A CN201811048560A CN109169864A CN 109169864 A CN109169864 A CN 109169864A CN 201811048560 A CN201811048560 A CN 201811048560A CN 109169864 A CN109169864 A CN 109169864A
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23B—PRESERVING, e.g. BY CANNING, MEAT, FISH, EGGS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, EDIBLE SEEDS; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES; THE PRESERVED, RIPENED, OR CANNED PRODUCTS
- A23B7/00—Preservation or chemical ripening of fruit or vegetables
- A23B7/14—Preserving or ripening with chemicals not covered by groups A23B7/08 or A23B7/10
- A23B7/144—Preserving or ripening with chemicals not covered by groups A23B7/08 or A23B7/10 in the form of gases, e.g. fumigation; Compositions or apparatus therefor
- A23B7/148—Preserving or ripening with chemicals not covered by groups A23B7/08 or A23B7/10 in the form of gases, e.g. fumigation; Compositions or apparatus therefor in a controlled atmosphere, e.g. partial vacuum, comprising only CO2, N2, O2 or H2O
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23B—PRESERVING, e.g. BY CANNING, MEAT, FISH, EGGS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, EDIBLE SEEDS; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES; THE PRESERVED, RIPENED, OR CANNED PRODUCTS
- A23B7/00—Preservation or chemical ripening of fruit or vegetables
- A23B7/14—Preserving or ripening with chemicals not covered by groups A23B7/08 or A23B7/10
- A23B7/144—Preserving or ripening with chemicals not covered by groups A23B7/08 or A23B7/10 in the form of gases, e.g. fumigation; Compositions or apparatus therefor
- A23B7/152—Preserving or ripening with chemicals not covered by groups A23B7/08 or A23B7/10 in the form of gases, e.g. fumigation; Compositions or apparatus therefor in a controlled atmosphere comprising other gases in addition to CO2, N2, O2 or H2O ; Elimination of such other gases
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23B—PRESERVING, e.g. BY CANNING, MEAT, FISH, EGGS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, EDIBLE SEEDS; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES; THE PRESERVED, RIPENED, OR CANNED PRODUCTS
- A23B7/00—Preservation or chemical ripening of fruit or vegetables
- A23B7/14—Preserving or ripening with chemicals not covered by groups A23B7/08 or A23B7/10
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种去核鲜枣保鲜方法,步骤如下:清洗分级原料、人工去核、护色、涂抹:将上述处理后的鲜枣涂抹1wt%的壳聚糖溶液和1wt%尼伯金丙酯,然后气体吹扫晾干、风干、抗酒化处理:用抗病抗衰老抗酒化保鲜剂喷施在果实表面、熏蒸、气调、填充、低温减压贮藏:然后置于5℃±0.1℃,相对湿度为95%、压力为80KPa的环境中贮藏。本发明将1.0×106CFU/mL拮抗酵母菌细胞悬浮液接种到去核鲜去核部位,拮抗酵母菌可以迅速适应鲜枣伤口环境,并且能诱导寄主产生抗性物质,使去核鲜枣内抗病相关酶活性产生变化,从而抑制病原菌的生长,提高鲜枣的货架期。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于果蔬保鲜领域,涉及保鲜方法,尤其是一种去核鲜枣保鲜方法。
背景技术
去核鲜枣是我国常见的水果之一,其果实甘甜,肉质硬脆,内含丰富的VC、有机酸、胡萝卜素、蛋白质等营养物质,表面光滑,无需削皮即可食用,而且无核,具有美容、健脾和胃、治疗高血压、防治癌症等功效,深受人们喜爱。
现有鲜枣的保鲜存在的问题如下:
1、去核鲜枣水分含量高,呼吸强度大,皮薄肉脆,贮藏期间易发生失水、软化等现象。
2、去核鲜枣组织内的营养物质由于去核外流,以至容易微生物容易大量滋生,引起腐烂。
3、去核鲜枣在贮藏过程中,随着组织的老化,细胞透氧能力降低,组织内部进行无氧呼吸,导致果实积累一定的乙醇乙醛,发生酒化。
4、低温贮藏温度过低使枣果褐变,出现水渍状凹陷斑点,发生冷害和冻害现象。
5、去核鲜枣在贮藏过程中容易发生变形和机械损伤。
经过检索发现,与枣相关的保鲜专利文献公开如下内容:
1、专利文献CN104585300A公开一种鲜食枣保鲜工艺,该专利公开了一种低温贮藏鲜食枣的方法,该种方法不能抑制低温细菌的滋生,保鲜时间短,且一旦离开低温环境,便会快速变色腐烂,限制了去核鲜枣的售卖。
2、专利文献CN103340233A公开一种鲜枣保鲜的冷链物流方法,该专利采冷冻加工方对鲜枣进行保鲜,可以避免霉菌侵染和腐烂,但需用冷冻机,生产成本太高,不宜小规模生产,对超市、连锁店等经营者和消费者带来许多不便和损失。
3、专利文献CN101218936A公开枣的保鲜方法,技术要点是用氯化钠与白糖制成的保鲜液处理鲜枣,让保鲜液进入鲜枣内,然后在-5-—20℃条件下冷冻1h,该项方法强制将保鲜液注入或压入鲜枣内,必定改变鲜枣本身的化学成分,改变鲜枣的口味,因而不是真正的物理保鲜技术。
通过技术特征的对比,上述依然没有解决上述问题,本发明提供的方法能从本质上解决上述问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服现有技术的不足之处,提供一种提高鲜枣的货架期、延长食用期限的去核鲜枣保鲜方法。
本发明解决其技术问题是采取以下技术方案实现的:
一种去核鲜枣保鲜方法,步骤如下:
(1)原料:将完好的大枣采摘后在4℃下贮藏待用;
(2)清洗分级,经高压空气翻滚清洗,清洗水溶液为次氯酸水溶液,含5%表面活性剂磺酸钠,臭氧1%,然后用清水清洗10-20min,风干,备用;
(3)去核:人工去核;
(4)护色:对去核鲜枣进行护色涂抹处理,护色剂采用含有1wt%抗坏血酸、1wt%柠檬酸及0.7wt%氯化钙,将复合护色液喷洒在去核鲜枣表面,风干;
(5)涂抹:将上述处理后的鲜枣涂抹1%的壳聚糖溶液和尼伯金丙酯,然后气体吹扫晾干;
(6)风干:用冷风处理护色处理后的鲜枣,确保表面的水分散尽;
(7)抗酒化处理:用抗病抗衰老抗酒化保鲜剂喷施在果实表面;
(8)伤口处理:将1.0×106CFU/mL拮抗酵母菌Y-6细胞悬浮液接种到去核鲜去核部位;
(9)熏蒸:用1.0μL/L的1-甲基环丙烯进行熏蒸处理,7℃±0.1℃熏蒸24h,风干;
(10)气调:按照5%O2、1%CO2、94%N2气体浓度配比对去核鲜枣进行气调保鲜;
(11)填充:填充鲜枣去核后的空隙;
(12)包装:将上述处理过的去核鲜枣和乙烯吸收剂同时装入保鲜袋中密封;
(13)消毒杀菌:将上述处理后的去核鲜枣用臭氧进行消毒杀菌,照射强度为8uw/cm2,照射时间为2h;
(14)低温减压贮藏:然后置于5℃±0.1℃,相对湿度为95%、压力为80KPa的环境中贮藏。
而且,所述步骤(12)中的保险包装袋内放置生物复合膜,所述生物复合膜的制备方法如下:
⑴甜菜皮渣、甘油和水以重量比5:1:1不断混合至均匀,室温密封于塑料袋中8小时,甜菜皮渣的改性是利用同步旋转双螺杆挤出机将甜菜皮渣-甘油混合物熔融挤出制得具有热塑性的甜菜皮渣;
⑵复合膜的加工,将PLA和热塑性的甜菜皮渣混合料重量比1:1,添加2wt%pMDI混匀,加入同型双螺旋挤出机熔融共挤,其中,PLA/TSBP设定区域温度从进料区到适配区分别为120-175-180-180-180-180-170℃,双螺杆转速均为100rpm,样品膜片在室温冷却;
⑶抑菌层溶液配制:取200mg PLA树脂颗粒于搅拌杯中,加入10mL二氯甲烷40℃匀速搅拌至PLA完全溶解为均匀溶液,冷却至室温,量取200μL AIT继续搅拌24小时备用;
⑷用玻璃涂布棒将一定量的抑菌溶液均匀涂布于复合膜表层。
而且,所述PLA的重均分子重量148kDa,数均分子量为110kDa,聚合度分散性经粒径分析为为2.4。
而且,所述抗病抗衰老抗酒化保鲜剂的制备方法如下:
配比:乙酸5份、乙醇4份、过氧化氢2份、乳酸链球菌素2份、香芹酚1份、半胱氨酸2份、3-氨基丁酸0.2份、水杨酸0.1-0.3份、苯丙噻重氮0.2份、无菌水100份;
按预定重量份数称取乳酸链球菌素、3-氨基丁酸、水杨酸、BTH、依次加入盛有无菌水的三角瓶中,置于40-50℃恒温水浴锅内搅拌至完全溶解。之后再加入半胱氨酸、乙酸、过氧化氢依次加入到三角瓶,经30-35kHz超声处理10-15min;利用超声波的空化作用,使颗粒剧烈运动、溶质加速溶解;最后用乙醇溶解香芹酚,一起加入到三角瓶中,于磁力搅拌器上以800-1500rpm搅拌,加热至60-80℃完全溶解香芹酚,继续搅拌并使溶液逐渐冷却至35-45℃,缓慢降至室温,形成均匀分散的稳定混合液。
而且,所述抗酒化处理为在5-10wt%的低温(9±1℃)零损伤高压电场(50-60kv/m)下,将保鲜剂喷施在果实表面。
本发明的优点和积极效果是:
1、本发明将1.0×106CFU/mL拮抗酵母菌细胞悬浮液接种到去核鲜去核部位,拮抗酵母菌可以迅速适应鲜枣伤口环境,并且能诱导寄主产生抗性物质,使去核鲜枣内抗病相关酶活性产生变化,从而抑制病原菌的生长,提高鲜枣的货架期。
2、本发明将1-MCP熏蒸处理枣果能较好的保存还原糖、Vc等营养物质,并且能抑制枣果酒化软化和腐烂,同时对乙醇的积累也有很好的抑制作用。
3、本发明采用1%抗坏血酸、1%柠檬酸及0.7%氯化钙浸泡10min,再用1%的壳聚糖溶液和阿拉伯树胶-藻酸盐,能够在果实表面形成高分子膜,填补表皮的空隙,避免水分逸散而且能够形成微气调环境,进一步抑制呼吸。
4、本发明用低温零损伤高压电场纳米级雾化抗酒化保鲜剂,少量、绿色、无毒、自然、安全、无残留、无污染。
5、本发明在去核部位填充一定量的膨化爆米花或者膨化大米,或者膨化枣片对其进行支撑,或者如手指饼干或干薯条等,减少可以在一定程度上防止去核鲜枣在贮藏过程变形、褐变。
附图说明
图1为生物复合膜的光学图像。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图并通过具体实施例对本发明作进一步详述,以下实施例只是描述性的,不是限定性的,不能以此限定本发明的保护范围。
一种去核鲜枣保鲜方法,步骤如下:
一、1.0μL/L的1-甲基环丙烯的配制
用分析天平分别精确称取3.5%1-MCP64mg,把药品放入可以密封的小瓶中,按1:16的比例加入约40℃的温水,然后立即拧紧瓶盖,充分摇匀备用。
二、抗病抗衰老抗酒化保鲜剂的制备
重量份数配比:乙酸5份、乙醇4份、过氧化氢2份、乳酸链球菌素2份、香芹酚1份、半胱氨酸2份、3-氨基丁酸0.2份、水杨酸0.1-0.3份、苯丙噻重氮0.2份、无菌水100份。
按预定重量份数称取乳酸链球菌素、3-氨基丁酸、水杨酸、BTH、依次加入盛有无菌水的三角瓶中,置于40-50℃恒温水浴锅内搅拌至完全溶解。之后再加入半胱氨酸、乙酸、过氧化氢依次加入到三角瓶,经30-35kHz超声处理10-15min;利用超声波的空化作用,使颗粒剧烈运动、溶质加速溶解;最后用乙醇溶解香芹酚,一起加入到三角瓶中,于磁力搅拌器上以800-1500rpm搅拌,加热至60-80℃完全溶解香芹酚,继续搅拌并使溶液逐渐冷却至35-45℃,缓慢降至室温,形成均匀分散的稳定混合液,稀释5-30倍备用。
三、生物复合膜制备
⑴甜菜皮渣、甘油和水以重量比5:1:1不断混合至均匀,室温密封于塑料袋中8小时。甜菜皮渣的改性是利用同步旋转双螺杆挤出机将甜菜皮渣-甘油混合物熔融挤出制得具有热塑性的甜菜皮渣(TSBP)。
⑵复合膜的加工,将PLA和TSBP混合料(50/50;w/w)添加2%pMDI(w/w)混匀,加入同型双螺旋挤出机熔融共挤。其中,PLA的重均分子重量148kDa,数均分子量为110kDa,聚合度分散性经粒径分析为为2.4。PLA/TSBP设定区域温度从进料区到适配区分别为120-175-180-180-180-180-170℃,双螺杆转速均为100rpm,样品膜片在室温冷却。生物复合膜的光学图像如图1。
⑶抑菌层溶液配制:取200mg PLA树脂颗粒于搅拌杯中,加入10mL二氯甲烷(DCM)40℃匀速搅拌至PLA完全溶解为均匀溶液,冷却至室温,量取200μL AIT(纯度>95%)继续搅拌24小时备用。
⑷用玻璃涂布棒将一定量的抑菌溶液均匀涂布于复合膜表层。
四、去核鲜枣保鲜方法步骤如下:
⑴原料:选择新鲜采收没有病虫害、成熟度好并大小均匀的灵武长枣,在4℃下贮藏待用。
⑵清洗分级,经高压空气翻滚清洗,清洗水溶液为次氯酸水溶液,含5%表面活性剂磺酸钠,臭氧1%,以净化鲜枣表面的杂菌、农药以及生长调节剂等生化残留物、昆虫分泌物清洗掉,然后用清水清洗10-20min,风干,备用。
⑶去核:采用人工去核,减少机械去核带来的机械损伤。
⑷护色:对去核鲜枣进行护色涂抹处理。其中,护色剂采用含有1wt%抗坏血酸、1wt%柠檬酸及0.7wt%氯化钙,将复合护色液喷洒在去核鲜枣表面,风干。氯化钙处理既可以增加冬枣的硬度,又可以提高冬枣的含钙量。
⑸涂抹:将上述处理后的鲜枣涂抹1wt%的壳聚糖溶液和1wt%尼伯金丙酯溶液,然后气体吹扫晾干,涂抹处理后一方面可以杀菌,另一方面、可以在去核鲜枣表面形成一层膜,抑制水分蒸发和缓解呼吸作用。
涂抹的作用,其一防止褐变,壳聚糖对PPO活性有明显的抑制作用,而且对加剧褐变的痛铜和铁等金属离子有很强的螯合作用,其一防止失水。
⑹风干:用冷风(5-15℃)处理护色处理后的鲜枣,确保表面的水分散尽。
⑺抗酒化处理:5-10wt%的低温(9±1℃)零损伤高压电场(50-60kv/m)纳米级雾化保鲜剂喷施在果实表面。
⑻伤口处理:将1.0×106CFU/mL拮抗酵母菌Y-6细胞悬浮液接种到去核鲜去核部位,拮抗酵母菌Y-6可以迅速适应鲜枣伤口环境,并且能诱导寄主产生抗性物质,使去核鲜枣内抗病相关酶活性产生变化,从而抑制病原菌的生长,提高鲜枣的货架期。
⑼熏蒸:用1.0μL/L的1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)进行熏蒸处理,7℃±0.1℃熏蒸24h,风干。
作用为:1-MCP可与受体上的金属离子结合,抑制乙烯受体复合物的形成,阻断乙烯所诱导的信号传导,从而延缓乙烯引起的生理反应,如落花、落果、落叶、叶绿素降解和果实成熟等,使乙烯生理效应无法完成,进而达到保鲜的目的。
⑽气调:按照5%O2、1%CO2、94%N2气体浓度配比对去核鲜枣进行气调保鲜。(鲜枣采后呼吸强度大,极其容易积累乙醇,导致酒化进而软化,在自然环境下枣果很容易腐烂褐变)
⑾填充:用手指饼干(薯条)填充鲜枣去核后的空隙,手指饼干的长度为2-3cm,宽度为0.8-1.5cm,这样可以在一定程度上防止去核鲜枣变形。
⑿包装:将上述处理过的200g去核鲜枣和乙烯吸收剂同时装入0.03mm厚、38cm×28cm规格的低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)薄膜保鲜袋中密封,用双面胶固定生物复合膜(2x 8cm)在低密度聚乙烯薄膜保鲜袋内部,有抑菌层的一面向外。
⒀消毒杀菌:将上述处理后的去核鲜枣用臭氧进行消毒杀菌,照射强度为8uw/cm2,照射时间为2h。
⒁低温减压贮藏:然后置于5℃±0.1℃,相对湿度为95%、压力为80KPa的环境中贮藏。
鲜枣果实成熟时,果皮蜡质层较厚,透气性弱,果实质地致密,组织内部透氧能力差,贮藏过程中组织内部已发生缺氧呼吸,致使果实积累一定的乙醇、乙醛,导致酒花发酵,产生不可逆酒化软化。减压贮藏可以有效地抑制去核鲜枣的呼吸强度和乙烯释放量,降低了果肉中乙醇和丙酮含量,延缓枣果酒化衰老的过程。
营养方面:去核鲜枣可溶性固形物含量36%,含水量72%,含糖量28%,含酸量0.43%,含蛋白质2.9%,脂肪0.29%,含锌量1.2mg/100g,含铁量3.11mg/100g,Vc含量560mg/100g
保鲜期限:该实验处理对鲜枣的保鲜期限有一定的延长作用,可延长1个月左右。(保鲜期限为60d左右)
尽管为说明目的公开了本发明的实施例,但是本领域的技术人员可以理解:在不脱离本发明及所附权利要求的精神和范围内,各种替换、变化和修改都是可能的,因此,本发明的范围不局限于实施例和附图所公开的内容。
Claims (5)
1.一种去核鲜枣保鲜方法,其特征在于:步骤如下:
(1)原料:将完好的大枣采摘后在4℃下贮藏待用;
(2)清洗分级:经高压空气翻滚清洗,清洗水溶液为次氯酸水溶液,含5wt%表面活性剂磺酸钠,臭氧1%,然后用清水清洗10-20min,风干,备用;
(3)去核:人工去核;
(4)护色:对去核鲜枣进行护色涂抹处理,护色剂采用含有1wt%抗坏血酸、1wt%柠檬酸及0.7wt%氯化钙,将复合护色液喷洒在去核鲜枣表面,风干;
(5)涂抹:将上述处理后的鲜枣涂抹1wt%的壳聚糖溶液和1wt%尼伯金丙酯,然后气体吹扫晾干;
(6)风干:用冷风处理护色处理后的鲜枣,确保表面的水分散尽;
(7)抗酒化处理:用抗病抗衰老抗酒化保鲜剂喷施在果实表面;
(8)伤口处理:将1.0×106CFU/mL拮抗酵母菌Y-6细胞悬浮液接种到去核鲜去核部位;
(9)熏蒸:用1.0μL/L的1-甲基环丙烯进行熏蒸处理,7℃±0.1℃熏蒸24h,风干;
(10)气调:按照5%O2、1%CO2、94%N2气体浓度配比对去核鲜枣进行气调保鲜;
(11)填充:填充鲜枣去核后的空隙;
(12)包装:将上述处理过的去核鲜枣和乙烯吸收剂同时装入保鲜袋中密封;
(13)消毒杀菌:将上述处理后的去核鲜枣用臭氧进行消毒杀菌,照射强度为8uw/cm2,照射时间为2h;
(14)低温减压贮藏:然后置于5℃±0.1℃,相对湿度为95%、压力为80KPa的环境中贮藏。
2.根据权利要求1所述的去核鲜枣保鲜方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(12)中的保险包装袋内放置生物复合膜,所述生物复合膜的制备方法如下:
(1)甜菜皮渣、甘油和水以重量比5:1:1不断混合至均匀,室温密封于塑料袋中8小时,甜菜皮渣的改性是利用同步旋转双螺杆挤出机将甜菜皮渣-甘油混合物熔融挤出制得具有热塑性的甜菜皮渣;
(2)复合膜的加工,将PLA和热塑性的甜菜皮渣混合料重量比1:1,添加2wt%pMDI混匀,加入同型双螺旋挤出机熔融共挤,其中,PLA/TSBP设定区域温度从进料区到适配区分别为120-175-180-180-180-180-170℃,双螺杆转速均为100rpm,样品膜片在室温冷却;
(3)抑菌层溶液配制:取200mg PLA树脂颗粒于搅拌杯中,加入10mL二氯甲烷40℃匀速搅拌至PLA完全溶解为均匀溶液,冷却至室温,量取200μL AIT继续搅拌24小时备用;
(4)用玻璃涂布棒将一定量的抑菌溶液均匀涂布于复合膜表层。
3.根据权利要求2所述的去核鲜枣保鲜方法,其特征在于:所述PLA的重均分子重量148kDa,数均分子量为110kDa,聚合度分散性经粒径分析为为2.4。
4.根据权利要求1所述的去核鲜枣保鲜方法,其特征在于:所述抗病抗衰老抗酒化保鲜剂的制备方法如下:
配比:乙酸5份、乙醇4份、过氧化氢2份、乳酸链球菌素2份、香芹酚1份、半胱氨酸2份、3-氨基丁酸0.2份、水杨酸0.1-0.3份、苯丙噻重氮0.2份、无菌水100份;
按预定重量份数称取乳酸链球菌素、3-氨基丁酸、水杨酸、BTH、依次加入盛有无菌水的三角瓶中,置于40-50℃恒温水浴锅内搅拌至完全溶解。之后再加入半胱氨酸、乙酸、过氧化氢依次加入到三角瓶,经30-35kHz超声处理10-15min;利用超声波的空化作用,使颗粒剧烈运动、溶质加速溶解;最后用乙醇溶解香芹酚,一起加入到三角瓶中,于磁力搅拌器上以800-1500rpm搅拌,加热至60-80℃完全溶解香芹酚,继续搅拌并使溶液逐渐冷却至35-45℃,缓慢降至室温,形成均匀分散的稳定混合液。
5.根据权利要求1所述的去核鲜枣保鲜方法,其特征在于:所述抗酒化处理为在5-10wt%的低温(9+1℃)零损伤高压电场(50-60kv/m)下,将保鲜剂喷施在果实表面。
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