CN109156610A - 一种防治克氏原螯虾烂壳病用中草药饲料添加剂及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
一种防治克氏原螯虾烂壳病用中草药饲料添加剂及其制备方法与应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109156610A CN109156610A CN201811235181.0A CN201811235181A CN109156610A CN 109156610 A CN109156610 A CN 109156610A CN 201811235181 A CN201811235181 A CN 201811235181A CN 109156610 A CN109156610 A CN 109156610A
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种防治克氏原螯虾烂壳病用中草药饲料添加剂及其制备方法与应用，该添加剂包括以下组分：败酱草、陈皮、十大功劳、瓜蒌、马尾连、艾叶、厚朴、五倍子、食盐、载体；其制备方法是将各组分投入混合机中，充分混合后送入超微粉碎机中粉碎，将粉碎后的物料过筛，即得防治克氏原螯虾烂壳病中草药饲料添加剂。本发明的添加剂添加至克氏原螯虾饲料中，能够提高克氏原螯虾的免疫与抗氧化能力，提高应激，增强抗病能力，防治克氏原螯虾烂壳病的发生，适用本饲料预混料添加剂的饲料不需要添加抗生物药物，所生产的克氏原螯虾产品为无公害绿色环保食品。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于水产配合饲料添加剂技术领域，具体涉及一种防治克氏原螯虾烂壳病用中草药饲料添加剂及其制备方法与应用。
背景技术
近年来，克氏原螯虾Procambarus clarkii在全国各地人工养殖方兴未艾。据统计，江苏、湖北很多县的养殖规模就已经达到数万亩。但随着人工养殖面积的迅速扩大，病害的发生也越来越频繁和严重。国内已相继报道了克氏原螯虾的一些疾病，这些疾病已经给克氏原螯虾养殖者带来了重大经济损失。
克氏原螯虾烂壳病主要表现为病虾体壳和螯壳上有明显的溃烂斑点，斑点灰白色，严重溃烂时呈黑褐色，斑点中间下陷。该病主要由假单胞菌、气单胞菌、粘细菌、弧菌等感染所致。传统上治疗和预防克氏原螯虾疾病主要依赖抗生素、化学药物等，但这些药物滥用造成的环境污染、药物残留、病菌的耐药性等问题已严重困扰克氏原螯虾的养殖，而提高机体免疫力是进行疾病防治的基础，因此加强对克氏原螯虾免疫机能的研究尤为重要。
中草药具有补充营养，提高机体的特异性和非特异性免疫力的功能；同时还具有抗菌、抑制病毒等方面的作用。由于各种化学合成药物及激素在水产养殖上的应用使得水产动物产生了抗药性，且在水产动物体内的残留又影响人类的健康，而中草药添加剂则没有化学合成药物的弊端，同时兼有营养性和药物性的双重作用。因此中草药添加剂已日益成为替代化学合成药物和激素的新一代添加剂。
已有一些报道关于大黄、淫羊藿、黄芪、板蓝根组合配方用于克氏原螯虾抗白斑综合征的报道，如CN103494038 B公开了一种克氏原螯虾抗白斑综合征病毒中草药免疫增强剂及其制备方法和应用，主要由下列重量份的原料制成：大黄30-38份、淫羊藿28-35份，黄芪15-25份、板蓝根15-25份。但是该中药组分主要是对提高免疫力，特别是抗白斑综合征病毒有一定的疗效，该病主要有白斑综合征病毒所引起，而对细菌性疾病尚无显著作用。此外还有一些关于增强克氏原螯虾免疫力的报道，如CN103431244B 一种提高克氏原螯虾幼虾免疫力的维生素饲料及添加剂，该报道主要以微生物配方为主，对克氏原螯虾烂壳病的也无显著效果，再如CN107996888A一种克氏原螯虾成虾新型抗病添加剂及制备方法，该报道主要以多糖类成分提高免疫力，提高产量，减少死亡率，但是对克氏原螯虾烂壳病的也无显著效果。目前有关甲壳类动物烂壳病的防治措施未见有关报道，有关中草药配方对克氏原螯虾烂壳病尚未见报道。
发明内容
本发明的目的是针对由假单胞菌、气单胞菌、粘细菌、弧菌等感染所引起的克氏原螯虾烂壳病，具体表现为病虾体壳和螯壳上有明显的溃烂斑点，斑点灰白色，严重溃烂时呈黑褐色，斑点中间下陷的症状，提供一种防治克氏原螯虾烂壳病用中草药饲料添加剂及其制备方法与应用，该添加剂可以提高克氏原螯虾的免疫能力，增强体质，减少克氏原螯虾烂壳病发生，有利于克氏原螯虾的健康生长。
为解决上述技术问题，本发明采用的技术方案如下：
一种防治克氏原螯虾烂壳病用中草药饲料添加剂，以重量份计包括以下组分：败酱草6.0-10.0份、陈皮8.0-12.0份、十大功劳7.0-14.0份、瓜蒌4.0-20.0份、马尾连3.0-8.0份、艾叶3.0-8.0份、厚朴2.0-7.0份、五倍子2.0-8.0份、食盐3.0-8.0份、载体25.0-50.0份。
败酱草为败酱科草本植物黄花和白花败酱的带根全草。《神农本草经》列为上品，为常用的清热解毒药。其性味辛、苦、微寒，有清热解毒、消痈排脓、祛瘀止痛之功。
十大功劳，为小檗科十大功劳属植物，具有清热补虚，止咳化痰，治肺痨咳血，骨蒸潮热，头晕耳鸣，腰酸腿软，心烦，目赤，清热解毒、消肿、止泻腹泻、痢疾、黄疸肝炎、烧伤、烫伤和疮毒等特点。
瓜蒌，为葫芦科植物栝楼的果实，秋末果实变为淡黄时采收，悬挂通风处阴干，具有清热涤痰，宽胸散结，润肠的功效，用于肺热咳嗽，痰浊黄稠，胸痹心痛，乳痈、肺痈、肠痈肿痛。
马尾连为毛茛科唐松草属植物多叶唐松草Thalictrum foliolosum DC. 及高原唐松草T.cultratum Wall.，以根部入药。春、秋季将根挖出，剪去地上茎叶，洗去泥土，晒干。性味苦寒。清热燥湿，泻火解毒。治湿热泻痢，黄疸，热病烦躁，肺热咳嗽，痈疮肿毒，目赤肿痛。现在应用于肠炎，传染性肝炎，感冒，麻疹，痈肿疮疖，结膜炎等多种炎症。
五倍子，为漆树科植物盐肤木Rhus chinensis Mill.青麸杨Rhus potaniniiMaxim.或红麸杨Rhus punjabensis Stew.var.sinica(Diels) Rehd.et Wils.叶上的虫瘿，主要由五倍子蚜Melaphis chinensis(Bell)Baker寄生而形成。具有敛肺降火，涩肠止泻，敛汗，止血，收湿敛疮之功效。常用于肺虚久咳，肺热痰嗽，久泻久痢，自汗盗汗，消渴，便血痔血，外伤出血，痈肿疮毒，皮肤湿烂。
陈皮又称橘皮，《纲目》：“橘皮，苦能泻能燥，辛能散，温能和。其治百病，总是取其理气燥湿之功，同补药则补，同泻药则泻，同升药则升，同降药则降。脾乃元气知母，肺乃摄气之要，故橘皮为二经气分之要，但随所配而补泻升降也。”《日用本草》：“能散能泻，能温能补，能消膈气，化痰涎，和脾止嗽，通五淋”《本草经疏》：“辛能散，苦能泻，温能通行，则逆气下，呕嗽止，胸中瘕 热消矣，脾为运动磨物之脏，气滞则不能消化水谷，为吐 逆、霍乱、泄泻等证，苦温能凿脾家之湿，使滞气运行，诸证自疗矣。”《本草汇言》：“味辛善散，故能开气；胃苦开泄，故能行痰；其气温平，善于通达，故能止呕、止咳，健脾和胃者也。东垣曰：夫人以脾胃为主，而治病以调气为先，如欲调气健脾者，橘皮之功居其首焉。”此外，陈皮不仅具有诱食促消化的作用，还有一定的杀菌功能。
艾叶为菊科植物艾Artemisia argyi Levl.et Vant.的干燥叶。夏季花未开时采摘，除去杂质，晒干。据现代医学药理证明艾草是一种抗菌抗病毒的药物，因为艾草对病菌有着抑制和杀伤的作用，而且对呼吸系统疾病也有着防治的作用。同时在我国南方也作为一种香料植物，具有一定的诱食作用。
进一步地，所述载体为麸皮、小麦粉、米糠、沸石粉中一种或几种物质的混合物。
上述防治克氏原螯虾烂壳病中草药饲料添加剂的制备方法，具体是将各组分烘干或晒干后投入混合机中，充分混合后送入超微粉碎机中进行粉碎，将粉碎后的物料过200-600目筛网，得到防治克氏原螯虾烂壳病的中草药饲料添加剂。
进一步地，混合机的混合速度为15-25rpm。
进一步地，超微粉碎机的粉碎速度为250-500rpm。
上述中草药饲料添加剂在制备预防或治疗克氏原螯虾烂壳病的饲料中的应用。
进一步地，所述中草药饲料添加剂在克氏原螯虾饲料中的添加量为2-4kg/t。
与现有技术相比，本发明的优点在于：
1、败酱草、十大功劳、瓜蒌、马尾连、五倍子均为清热解毒类中药材，具有清热解毒、利湿、收敛止血的作用，可用于抗菌，痢疾，抗寒应激及杀害有害菌，降低克氏原螯虾烂壳病的发生。
2、陈皮、艾叶不仅具有清热解毒之功效，还有较强的诱食作用，可促进克氏原螯虾的摄食，提高生长速度。
3、上述药材均具有提高免疫力的作用，特别是克氏原螯虾这一类不具有先天免疫功能的动物而言，通过摄食提高其免疫力会达到事半功倍的效果。
4、本发明的添加剂添加了食盐并且具有一定的诱食作用，增加适口性，有利于降低克氏原螯虾的饵料系数，提高其成活率。
4、本发明的添加剂能够提高克氏原螯虾的免疫与抗氧化能力，提高应激，增强抗病能力，适用本饲料预混料添加剂的饲料不需要添加抗生物药物，所生产的克氏原螯虾产品为无公害绿色环保食品。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明的技术方案作进一步说明。
实施例1
配制20 kg防治克氏原螯虾烂壳病用中草药饲料添加剂，所述添加剂的组成如下：败酱草1.6kg、陈皮2kg、十大功劳2kg、瓜蒌2kg、马尾连1.0kg、艾叶1.0kg、厚朴1.2kg、五倍子1.0kg、食盐1.0kg、载体7.2kg。
载体为麸皮、小麦粉、米糠或沸石粉中一种或几种物质的混合物。
取上述组分投入混合机中，25r/min充分混合后，在超微粉碎机中粉碎，粉碎速度为：450 r/min；将粉碎后的物料过500目筛网，即得产品防治克氏原螯虾烂壳病中草药饲料添加剂。将上述防治克氏原螯虾烂壳病用中草药饲料添加剂添加至克氏原螯虾专用饲料，每吨饲料中添加2.0kg添加剂。
江苏盐城市江苏正源创辉农业科技发展有限公司的克氏原螯虾养殖六口池塘，六口养殖池塘的面积为5亩，池塘水深为1.米左右。2018年当年放养克氏原螯虾，6月左右虾体大小平均为5.7 g。实验前对六口清塘用生石灰120公斤/亩清塘消毒。后将克氏原螯虾苗种用蛋氨酸碘消毒后，进行试验。其中三口5亩虾塘为对照塘口，使用常规克氏原螯虾商品配合饲料，另三口虾塘为试验塘，使用按上述添加剂的克氏原螯虾专用饲料（饲料由盐城恒兴饲料有限公司）。养殖过程中加强全程管理，根据天气情况，日投喂1次，日投饵量为虾体重的2%左右，并根据吃食情况，做适量的调整。两个月，采集样品分析。
实验结果显示，本添加剂组克氏原螯虾烂壳病病发病率为1.58%，对照组的烂壳病发病率为7.23%（p＜0.05）。
实施例2
配制20 kg防治克氏原螯虾烂壳病用中草药饲料添加剂，所述添加剂的组成如下：败酱草1.6kg、陈皮2.2kg、十大功劳1.8kg、瓜蒌2.6kg、马尾连1.2kg、艾叶1.0kg、厚朴1.0kg、五倍子0.8kg、食盐1.2kg、载体6.6kg。
载体为麸皮、小麦粉、米糠或沸石粉中一种或几种物质的混合物。
取上述组分投入混合机中，18r/min充分混合后，在超微粉碎机中粉碎，粉碎速度为：300 r/min；将粉碎后的物料过400目筛网，产品防治克氏原螯虾烂壳病中草药饲料添加剂。将上述防治克氏原螯虾烂壳病中草药饲料添加剂。添加至克氏原螯虾专用饲料，每吨饲料中添加3.0kg添加剂。
江苏盐城阜宁某养殖场的克氏原螯虾成虾养殖6口池塘，6口养殖池塘的面积为10亩，池塘水深为1米左右。2018年当年放养克氏原螯虾苗种，6月左右虾体大小平均为5.8g。实验前对清塘用生石灰150公斤/亩清塘消毒。后将克氏原螯虾虾种用蛋氨酸碘消毒后进行试验。随机抽取三口10亩池塘为对照塘口，使用常规克氏原螯虾商品配合饲料，另三口池塘为试验塘，使用按上述配方的克氏原螯虾饲料添加饲料添加剂。养殖过程中加强全程管理，根据天气情况，日投喂1次，日投饵量为虾体重的2%左右，并根据吃食情况，做适量的调整。两个月后，采集样品分析。
本添加剂组克氏原螯虾烂壳病病发病率为1.26%，对照组的烂壳病发病率为8.32%（p＜0.05）。
实施例3
配制20 kg防治克氏原螯虾烂壳病用中草药饲料添加剂，所述添加剂的组成如下：败酱草1.8kg、陈皮1.8kg、十大功劳2.0kg、瓜蒌3.0kg、马尾连1.0kg、艾叶1.0kg、厚朴1.0kg、五倍子1.0kg、食盐1.0kg、载体6.4kg。
载体为麸皮、小麦粉、米糠或沸石粉中一种或几种物质的混合物。
取上述组分投入混合机中，18r/min充分混合后，在超微粉碎机中粉碎，粉碎速度为：450 r/min；将粉碎后的物料过300目筛网，产品防治克氏原螯虾烂壳病中草药饲料添加剂。将上述防治克氏原螯虾烂壳病中草药饲料添加剂。添加至克氏原螯虾专用饲料，每吨饲料中添加4.0kg添加剂。
江苏淮安市盱眙小河农业发展有限公司的克氏原螯虾养殖6口池塘，6口养殖池塘的面积为2亩，池塘水深为1.0米左右。2018年当年放养克氏原螯虾苗种，6月左右虾体大小平均为5.7g。实验前清塘用生石灰150公斤/亩清塘消毒。后将克氏原螯虾苗种用蛋氨酸碘消毒后进行试验。随机抽取三口2亩池塘为对照塘口，使用常规克氏原螯虾商品配合饲料，另三口池塘为试验塘，使用常规饲料添加该中草药饲料。养殖过程中加强全程管理，根据天气情况，日投喂1次，日投饵量为虾体重的2%左右，并根据吃食情况，做适量的调整。两个月后，采集样品分析。
实验结果如表1所示，本添加剂组克氏原螯虾烂壳病病发病率为0.98%，对照组的烂壳病发病率为8.69%（p＜0.05）。
表1 中草药饲料添加剂对克氏原螯虾生长和烂壳病发病率的影响
注：同行不同小写字母表示差异显著（P＜0.05）
实验结束后，分别取对照组和中草药饲料添加剂组克氏原螯虾血液置于-20℃冰箱中保存。用南京建成生物工程研究所提供的试剂盒测定，详细结果见表2。
表2 中草药饲料添加剂对克氏原螯虾血液抗氧化酶活力的影响
注：同行不同小写字母表示差异显著（P＜0.05）
虾体中最主要的抗氧化指标包括SOD的基本功能是清除超氧化物自由基如超氧阴离子（O2-）和过氧化氢（H2O2）。上述结果表明，中草药组显著增强了克氏原螯虾的抗氧化性。血液中一氧化氮起着信使分子的作用。当内皮要向肌肉发出放松指令以促进血液流通时，它就会产生一些一氧化氮分子，这些分子很小，能很容易地穿过细胞膜。血管周围的平滑肌细胞接收信号后舒张，使血管扩张。白蛋白和总蛋白的升高表明试验组的免疫活性在不断提高。酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶是甲壳动物体内吞噬溶酶体的重要组成部分，在血细胞进行吞噬和包囊反应中会伴随着酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶的释放。试验组中ACP 和AKP 活力有明显增加，表明试验组中草药对克氏原螯虾具有免疫增强作用。
以上所述，仅为本发明较佳的具体实施方式，本发明的保护范围不限于此，任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明披露的技术范围内，可显而易见地得到的技术方案的简单变化或等效替换均落入本发明的保护范围内。
Claims (7)
1.一种防治克氏原螯虾烂壳病用中草药饲料添加剂，以重量份计包括以下组分：败酱草6.0-10.0份、陈皮8.0-12.0份、十大功劳7.0-14.0份、瓜蒌4.0-20.0份、马尾连3.0-8.0份、艾叶3.0-8.0份、厚朴2.0-7.0份、五倍子2.0-8.0份、食盐3.0-8.0份、载体25.0-50.0份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的防防治克氏原螯虾烂壳病用中草药饲料添加剂，其特征在于：所述载体为麸皮、小麦粉、米糠、沸石粉中一种或几种物质的混合物。
3.基于权利要求1所述的防治克氏原螯虾烂壳病用中草药饲料添加剂的制备方法，其特征在于：将各组分烘干或晒干后投入混合机中，充分混合后送入超微粉碎机中进行粉碎，将粉碎后的物料过200-600目筛网，得到防治克氏原螯虾烂壳病中草药饲料添加剂。
4.根据权利要求3所述的防治克氏原螯虾烂壳病用中草药饲料添加剂的制备方法，其特征在于：混合机的混合速度为15-25r/min。
5. 根据权利要求3所述的防治克氏原螯虾烂壳病用中草药饲料添加剂的制备方法，其特征在于：超微粉碎机的粉碎速度为250-500 r/min。
6.基于权利要求1所述的中草药饲料添加剂在制备防治或治疗克氏原螯虾烂壳病的饲料中的应用。
7.根据权利要求6所述的应用，其特征在于：所述中草药饲料添加剂在克氏原螯虾饲料中的添加量为2-4kg/t。
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