CN109141213B - Blade tip clearance measurement method based on microwave frequency sweep - Google Patents
Blade tip clearance measurement method based on microwave frequency sweep Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B7/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种基于微波扫频的叶尖间隙测量方法：压控振荡器VCO输出射频波段线性扫频的两路同频同相的参考信号和发射信号，参考信号与基准信号源输出的基准信号通过混频器混频，混频信号经过低通滤波器滤除高频的和频信号，将差频信号经选频网络选频，选频网络输出信号触发基准时刻鉴别器鉴别基准时刻；另外，发射信号放大后的发射信号经环形器后通过同轴线缆由谐振腔传感器向转子轴方向投射微波，同时环形器接收由叶片端面反射的信号，叶片端面反射的信号经过环形器后被放大，之后在检波网络滤除射频载波信号，触发谐振时刻鉴别器鉴别谐振时刻；计时器将时间差数据输出给CPU。本发明可以实现高温下叶尖间隙高精度测量。
The invention relates to a method for measuring blade tip clearance based on microwave frequency sweeping: a voltage controlled oscillator VCO outputs two reference signals and transmit signals of the same frequency and phase in a linear sweep of a radio frequency band, and a reference signal and a reference signal output from a reference signal source Mixed by the mixer, the mixed signal is filtered by the low-pass filter to filter out the high-frequency sum-frequency signal, the difference frequency signal is selected by the frequency selection network, and the output signal of the frequency selection network triggers the reference time discriminator to identify the reference time; The transmitted signal amplified by the transmitting signal passes through the circulator and then projects microwaves from the resonant cavity sensor to the rotor axis through the coaxial cable. At the same time, the circulator receives the signal reflected by the end face of the blade, and the signal reflected from the end face of the blade is amplified after passing through the circulator. , and then filter out the radio frequency carrier signal in the detection network, trigger the resonance time discriminator to identify the resonance time; the timer outputs the time difference data to the CPU. The invention can realize high-precision measurement of blade tip clearance at high temperature.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a blade tip clearance measuring method based on microwave frequency sweeping.
Background
Large rotary machines such as aero-engines and gas turbines are the heart of major key equipment such as airplanes and ships in the national defense field. The moving blade is used as a core acting element, and the state parameters of the moving blade directly influence the operation safety and the working efficiency of the major national defense equipment. In the high-temperature, high-pressure and gas corrosion environment, the online measurement of the tip clearance parameters of the rotating blades is a key link for avoiding the collision and abrasion faults of the blades and a casing, ensuring the safety of an engine, reducing the oil consumption rate of the engine and improving the efficiency of a gas compressor or a turbine. The basic principle is that a sensor is installed on a rotating mechanical casing, and when a moving blade rotates to the front of the sensor, the distance from the top end of the blade to the sensor is measured, so that blade tip clearance parameters from the moving blade to the casing are obtained.
On the one hand, the blade tip clearance measuring system of the moving blade can be divided into an optical fiber type, a capacitance type, an eddy current type and a microwave type according to the working principle of the sensor. The engine moving blade works under the severe working condition environment of high temperature, high pressure and gas corrosion, stator elements such as a stator blade and a sealing shielding element exist around the moving blade, and a measuring system needs to realize measurement of blade tip clearance under the conditions of extreme service environment and limited structure. The optical fiber type is easily affected by oil stains, has short service life and is not suitable for high-temperature environment; the capacitance type is easy to break down in a high-temperature environment, and meanwhile, the measurement precision of the capacitance type is easy to be influenced by dielectric constants of fuel gas and fluid; the eddy current type high temperature resistance is poor, is only suitable for measuring the blade tip clearance in a low-temperature (500 ℃) environment, and is easily influenced by the shape and the material of the blade. The microwave type has the advantages of high temperature resistance, pollution resistance, wide dynamic range and the like, and can meet the requirement of blade tip clearance parameter measurement in extremely severe working environments of aeroengines and gas turbines.
On the other hand, the microwave type blade tip clearance measuring system is similar to a short-range millimeter wave radar, a sensor driving circuit emits millimeter electromagnetic waves to a measured object through a microwave sensor, after microwave signals are reflected by a target, the microwave signals are received and processed by a sensor conditioning circuit, and output signals of a conditioning module are in direct proportion to the distance between the sensor and the target to be measured. The traditional phase difference method microwave type blade tip gap measuring system determines the distance to be measured between a target and a sensor by measuring the phase difference between a transmitting signal and an echo signal, the unambiguous measuring distance of the method is within a half wavelength, and the measuring range is small. Based on the point-frequency resonant cavity sensor microwave type blade tip clearance measurement system, the measurement of the blade tip clearance is realized by measuring the relation between the voltage of a fixed frequency point and the clearance, but the change of the environmental temperature can cause the resonant frequency point to drift, the measurement precision is greatly influenced by the temperature, and the measurement frequency point needs to be adjusted in real time according to the environmental temperature.
On the other hand, the working speed of the fan of the aircraft engine can reach 15000rpm, the highest working linear speed of the end face of the blade can reach 500m/s for a 0.7 m-diameter whole-stage blade disc, the thickness of the end face of the blade is only 2-3 mm generally, and in order to meet the requirement of measuring the multi-point blade tip clearance of the same blade, the signal processing process of the sensor conditioning circuit needs to be completed within 2 mu s, and a sensor echo signal subsequent conditioning circuit with short response time and high processing speed is needed.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, the invention provides a moving blade tip clearance measuring method for realizing high-precision measurement of the tip clearance under the conditions of high temperature and limited structure. The invention utilizes the high-speed voltage-controlled oscillator to realize the rapid linear frequency sweep, the pulse signal after the frequency mixing and frequency selection of the reference signal and the reference signal triggers the timer to generate the reference time, the pulse signal after the detection of the echo signal triggers the timer to generate the resonance time, and the high-precision measurement of the blade tip clearance can be realized by comparing the time difference between the reference time and the resonance time. The measurement method is suitable for measuring the blade tip clearance under the high-temperature, high-pressure and gas corrosion environments, has a large measurement range compared with the traditional phase difference method microwave blade tip clearance measurement system and the point frequency resonant cavity sensor microwave blade tip clearance measurement system, and can meet the requirement of high-speed and high-precision blade tip clearance measurement. The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a tip clearance measuring method based on microwave frequency sweeping adopts a measuring system comprising: the resonant cavity sensor, the coaxial cable, the CPU and the blade tip clearance circuit are fixed near the moving blade, and the blade tip clearance circuit is characterized by comprising a circulator, a voltage controlled oscillator VCO, a radio frequency power amplifier, a reference signal source, a mixer, a low-pass filter, a frequency selection network, a reference moment discriminator, a radio frequency low noise amplifier, a detection network, a resonance moment discriminator and a timer, wherein the measuring method comprises the following steps:
the VCO outputs two paths of same-frequency and same-phase reference signals and emission signals of radio frequency band linear sweep frequency under the control of a modulation voltage signal output by the CPU, wherein the reference signals and reference signals output by a reference signal source are mixed by a mixer, the mixed signals pass through a low-pass filter to filter high-frequency sum frequency signals, difference frequency signals are subjected to frequency selection by a frequency selection network, and when the difference frequency is consistent with the resonant frequency of the frequency selection network, the frequency selection network output signals trigger a reference time discriminator to generate narrow pulse signals so as to indicate reference time; in addition, the transmitting signal is subjected to power amplification through a radio frequency power amplifier, the amplified transmitting signal passes through a circulator and then projects microwaves to the rotor shaft direction through a coaxial cable by a resonant cavity sensor, the circulator receives signals reflected by the end faces of the blades, the signals reflected by the end faces of the blades are amplified through a radio frequency low noise amplifier after passing through the circulator, then radio frequency carrier signals are filtered out in a detection network, and output signals trigger a resonance moment discriminator to generate narrow pulse signals so as to indicate the resonance moment;
the timer is triggered by a narrow pulse signal output by the reference time discriminator and records reference time; triggered by the narrow pulse signal output by the resonance moment discriminator, recording the resonance moment and outputting time difference data to the CPU in real time;
the CPU converts the data into the data of the blade tip clearance by inquiring a data table of the blade tip clearance calibration curve.
Preferably, the resonant cavity sensor comprises a ceramic window, a filling medium, a shell and a coaxial cable, wherein the ceramic window is arranged at one end of the shell and faces the blade, the coaxial cable penetrates the filling medium from the other end of the shell and is connected to the side face of the shell, and the ceramic window and the filling medium are made of microwave-transparent materials.
The shell is made of a nickel-based high-temperature alloy material close to the casing; the coaxial cable is a semi-rigid silicon dioxide high-temperature radio frequency cable.
Aiming at the requirements of large-range, high-speed and high-precision measurement of the tip clearance of the rotating blade in high-temperature, high-pressure and gas corrosion environments, the invention has the following advantages compared with the prior art:
(1) the microwave type moving blade tip clearance measuring method is provided, and the high-precision measurement of the tip clearance under the conditions of high temperature resistance, pollution resistance, wide dynamic range and the like of the microwave type measuring system is utilized.
(2) The tip clearance measuring method based on the sweep-frequency resonant cavity principle is provided, common-mode errors introduced by a voltage-controlled oscillator are eliminated by comparing time difference between reference time and resonance time, high-precision measurement of the tip clearance in a large range is realized, and meanwhile, the high-speed voltage-controlled oscillator, a high-speed signal processing circuit and a high-precision time difference measuring circuit are utilized, so that the requirement of high-speed measurement of the tip clearance under the conditions of thin blades and high blade end surface linear speeds can be met.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows a diagram of a microwave frequency sweep based blade tip clearance measurement scheme of the present invention.
Fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram of the resonant cavity sensor of the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of the reflection coefficient of a resonant cavity sensor of the present invention as a function of tip clearance.
The reference numbers in the figures illustrate: : the sensor comprises a resonant cavity sensor 1, a coaxial cable 2, a circulator 3, a Central Processing Unit (CPU)4, a Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)5, a radio frequency power amplifier 6, a reference signal source 7, a mixer 8, a low pass filter 9, a frequency selection network 10, a reference time discriminator 11, a radio frequency low noise amplifier 12, a detection network 13, a resonance time discriminator 14, a timer 15, a ceramic window 16, a filling medium 17, a shell 18, a coupling structure 19, a sensor reflection coefficient curve with a tip clearance of 0.5mm 20, a sensor reflection coefficient curve with a tip clearance of 1mm 21, a sensor reflection coefficient curve with a tip clearance of 1.5mm 22, a sensor reflection coefficient curve with a tip clearance of 2mm 23, a sensor reflection coefficient curve with a tip clearance of 2.5mm 24 and a sensor reflection coefficient curve with a tip clearance of 3mm 25.
Detailed Description
The invention is described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
The invention provides a moving blade tip clearance measuring system based on a microwave frequency sweeping working mode, as shown in figure 1, comprising: the device comprises a resonant cavity sensor 1, a coaxial cable 2, a circulator 3, a Central Processing Unit (CPU)4, a Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)5, a radio frequency power amplifier 6, a reference signal source 7, a mixer 8, a low pass filter 9, a frequency selection network 10, a reference moment discriminator 11, a radio frequency low noise amplifier 12, a detection network 13, a resonance moment discriminator 14 and a timer 15.
A Central Processing Unit (CPU)4 generates a sawtooth wave or triangular wave modulated voltage signal to control a Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)5 to realize linear and rapid frequency sweep, the Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)5 is a high-speed voltage controlled oscillator, the response time is in picosecond level, and two paths of same-frequency and same-phase reference signals and transmitting signals of radio frequency waveband linear frequency sweep are output, wherein the reference signals and the reference signals output by a reference signal source 7 are mixed by a mixer 8, the mixed signals are filtered by a low-pass filter 9 to remove high-frequency sum frequency signals, the difference frequency signals are subjected to frequency selection by a high-Q-value frequency selection network 10, and when the difference frequency is consistent with the resonance frequency of the frequency selection network 10, the frequency selection network 10 outputs a signal to trigger a reference time discriminator 11 to generate a narrow pulse signal so as to indicate the reference; in addition, the transmission signal is power-amplified through a radio frequency power amplifier 6, the amplified transmission signal passes through a circulator 3 and then is projected to the rotor shaft direction through a microwave resonant cavity sensor 1 arranged on a casing through a coaxial cable 2, meanwhile, the circulator 3 receives a signal reflected by the end surface of a blade, the signal reflected by the end surface of the blade passes through the circulator 3 and is amplified through a radio frequency low noise amplifier 12, then a radio frequency carrier signal is filtered out through a detection network 13, and an output signal triggers a resonance moment discriminator 14 to generate a narrow pulse signal so as to indicate the resonance moment; the Central Processing Unit (CPU)4 controls the timer 15 to record a reference time and a resonance time, the timer 15 is triggered by a narrow pulse signal output by the reference time discriminator 11, records the reference time, is triggered by a narrow pulse signal output by the resonance time discriminator 14, records the resonance time, calculates the time difference between the reference time and the resonance time, outputs the time difference data to the Central Processing Unit (CPU)4 in real time, and the Central Processing Unit (CPU)4 converts the data into tip clearance data in real time by inquiring a tip clearance calibration curve data table;
the timer 15 converts the time interval between the start timing mark point and the stop timing mark point into digital time interval data to be output by adopting a time-to-digital conversion Technology (TDC), such as a vernier method, an interpolation method, a tapped delay line method or a differential delay line method, wherein the time interval measurement precision is in picosecond level, and the requirement of high-speed and high-precision measurement of the tip clearance is met.
The frequency of a radio frequency signal of a Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)5 is drifted under the same control voltage under the influence of temperature, and a common mode error introduced by the frequency drift can be eliminated by calculating the time difference between a reference moment and a resonance moment.
As shown in fig. 2, the structure of the resonant cavity sensor 1 includes a ceramic window 16, a filling medium 17, a housing 18, a coupling structure 19, and a coaxial cable 2. The ceramic window 16 and the filling medium 17 are made of microwave-transparent materials, such as aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, silicon dioxide and the like; the shell 18 is made of a nickel-based high-temperature alloy material similar to that of an engine case, such as Inconel718 nickel-based high-temperature alloy (the linear expansion coefficient is 11.8 multiplied by 10 < -6 >/DEG C), GH600 high-temperature alloy and the like; the coupling structure 19 may be in the form of a magnetic coupling structure or an electrical coupling structure; the coaxial cable 2 is a semi-rigid silicon dioxide high-temperature radio frequency cable, and the temperature resistance can reach 600 ℃. A probe of the resonant cavity sensor 1 and a metal material measured target opposite to an opening port of the resonant cavity sensor form a resonant cavity, and the change of a blade tip gap can cause the change of a resonant frequency point of the resonant cavity.
As shown in fig. 3, when the transmission signal of the Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)5 sweeps to a resonant frequency point, the blade end surface reflection signal received by the circulator 3 is strong, and when the transmission signal of the Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)5 sweeps to a non-resonant frequency point, the blade end surface reflection signal that the circulator 3 cannot receive is strong.
For example, the reference signal source 7 is set to 23.5GHz, the Central Processing Unit (CPU)4 controls the voltage-controlled oscillator 5 to sweep frequency from 23GHz to 25Hz, the voltage-controlled oscillator 5 outputs two paths of reference signals and transmission signals with the same frequency and phase, the reference signals and the 23.5GHz signals output by the reference signal source 7 are mixed by the mixer 8, the mixed signals are the sum of sum frequency signals and difference frequency signals, the low-pass filter 9 can filter the sum frequency signals with high frequency, the difference frequency signals are frequency-selected by the frequency-selecting network 10 with high Q value, when the frequency sweep reaches 23.5GHz, the frequency-selecting network 10 outputs signals to trigger the reference time discriminator 11 to generate narrow pulse signals, and the narrow pulse signals are input to the timer; in addition, after the transmitted signal is power-amplified by the radio frequency power amplifier 6, the transmitted signal is projected to the direction of the rotor shaft by the microwave resonant cavity sensor 1 installed on the casing through the circulator 3 and the coaxial cable 2, assuming that the current blade tip gap is 3mm, according to fig. 3, when the frequency is swept to 23.75GHz, the circulator 3 can receive the signal reflected by the end surface of the blade, the signal is amplified by the radio frequency low noise amplifier 12, the radio frequency carrier signal of 23.75GHz is filtered by the detection network 13, the output signal triggers the resonance time discriminator 14 to generate a narrow pulse signal, the narrow pulse signal is also input to the timer 15, the timer 15 calculates the time difference between the reference time and the resonance time under the control of the Central Processing Unit (CPU)4, and the time difference is transmitted back to the Central Processing Unit (CPU)4, and the Central Processing Unit (CPU)4 converts.
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