CN109042667A - A kind of composition of the harmful liana in prevention and treatment native soil and its application - Google Patents
A kind of composition of the harmful liana in prevention and treatment native soil and its application Download PDFInfo
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- CN109042667A CN109042667A CN201810741580.8A CN201810741580A CN109042667A CN 109042667 A CN109042667 A CN 109042667A CN 201810741580 A CN201810741580 A CN 201810741580A CN 109042667 A CN109042667 A CN 109042667A
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- Prior art keywords
- liana
- composition
- harmful
- prevention
- native soil
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- A01N43/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom six-membered rings
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N39/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing aryloxy- or arylthio-aliphatic or cycloaliphatic compounds, containing the group or, e.g. phenoxyethylamine, phenylthio-acetonitrile, phenoxyacetone
- A01N39/02—Aryloxy-carboxylic acids; Derivatives thereof
- A01N39/04—Aryloxy-acetic acids; Derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/72—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/88—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms six-membered rings with three ring hetero atoms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
- A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
- A01N47/28—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N<
- A01N47/36—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N< containing the group >N—CO—N< directly attached to at least one heterocyclic ring; Thio analogues thereof
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of compositions of harmful liana in prevention and treatment native soil, including picloram, 2,4- dichlorphenoxyacetic acid, Bentazon and sulfometuronmethyl, the picloram, 2, mass ratio between 4- dichlorphenoxyacetic acid, Bentazon and sulfometuronmethyl is 20-30: 2-5: 0.5-2: 0.5-1, and the mass percent after combination is the 24-30% of total composition.The invention also includes cosolvent, the cosolvent includes alkylbenzene sulfonate, dispersing agent and thickener, and quality proportioning 1: 1: 2-1: 1: 4, the mass percent after combination is the 2-6% of composition gross mass.Each raw material of the present composition has complementary advantages, synergistic effect, significant to harmful liana killing effect of one's native land, and dosage is low when application, and the phytotoxicity generated to shrub is small, and small to soil pollution, ecological safety performance is high.The present invention also provides the applications of the composition of above-mentioned prevention and treatment nocuousness liana.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to noxious plant Prevention Technique field, in particular to a kind of combination of the harmful liana in prevention and treatment native soil
Object and its application.
Background technique
Liana is the important structure element of vegetational type, is that a kind of stem softness is unable to free-standing, needs to rely on
Stem itself or other objects climb up by holding on to, winds or the plant of sprawl growth.Most of lianas are conducive to abundant Forest ecosystem
Unite structure and function, maintain forest ecosystem stabilization and positive evolving development, but there are also liana mass propagation,
It spreads, wind, covering, strangling, squeezing other plants, seriously destroying original forest vegetation structure, cause forest decay, function
It can fail, bio-diversity reduces, and such liana is referred to as harmful liana.It is raw that harmful liana can reduce trees
Long speed makes trees wither and trees is inhibited to regenerate, and then can change entire forest litterfall, and the forest after slowing down interference is more
Newly, the problem of therefore invasion of liana may become a forest community.Tree crown area, shape and height may be certainly
Determine the most important factor of canopy trees liana procreation, the appropriate breeding cut down liana and be conducive to improve liana.
The dominance of harmful woody climber is continuously increased, and shows that the competition between liana (bejuco) and trees may
Reduce forest range carbon absorption.Harmful woody climber will cause mechanical injuries to trees, cause trees to the resistance of pest and disease damage
Decline.
Chemical control is the simplest technological means of operation.It is very few about harmful liana Prevention Technique report of one's native land.
By taking golden clock rattan as an example, it is a kind of special winding trees of Convolvulaceae and the perennial form woody climber that keeps its withered, 2005
Harmful list is classified as by China.The medicament of chemical prevention gold clock rattan is mainly sulfometuron-methyl, rattan prestige of going out, 2,4- dichloro-benzenes
Fluoroacetic acid etc..By glyphosate and 2, the mixing of 4- dichlorphenoxyacetic acid sprays Jin Zhongteng, blade and shoot can be made withered, but wooden
The high perennial stem of change degree can not be lethal, and the branch extracted out after 1 month captures the ground again.Later period trial sulfometuron-methyl
It produces little effect.Golden clock rattan is sprayed with herbicide Weir cypress or 5% hexazinone and 15% ammonium glyphosate using woods, is prevented and treated
Though effect is good, need dosage to be used big, can be up to the residence time 8-10 months in the soil, influence ecological environment.
Currently, the medicament kind for being suitable for preventing and treating harmful liana of one's native land is few, have usage amount big, other Qiao are filled
The disadvantages of phytotoxicity caused by wood is big, and residual life is long in the soil.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to overcome above-mentioned the deficiencies in the prior art, provide firstly a kind of for the harmful liana in native soil
The composition that plant is effectively prevented can efficiently kill harmful liana of large area harm.
The composition of the harmful liana in prevention and treatment native soil provided by the invention, including picloram, 2,4- Dichlorophenoxy
Acetic acid, Bentazon and sulfometuronmethyl, after the picloram, 2,4- dichlorphenoxyacetic acid, Bentazon and sulfometuronmethyl combination
Mass percent be the total composition 24-30%.
As the preferred of above-mentioned composition, the picloram, 2,4- dichlorphenoxyacetic acid, Bentazon and sulfometuronmethyl
Mass ratio be 20-30: 2-5: 0.5-2: 0.5-1.
The present composition further includes cosolvent, and the mass percent of the cosolvent is the 2- of the composition gross mass
6%.
Specifically, the cosolvent includes alkylbenzene sulfonate, dispersing agent and thickener, the alkylbenzene sulfonate, institute
The quality proportioning for stating dispersing agent and the thickener is 1: 1: 2-1: 1: 4.
Further, the dispersing agent is alkyl amine group taurate, poly- shuttle hydrochlorate, di-2-ethylhexylphosphine oxide naphthalene sulfonate, shuttle first
Base cellulose, sodium tripolyphosphate, lignosulfonates or Sodium Polyacrylate.
Further, the thickener be xanthan gum, Arabic gum, methylcellulose, sodium acrylate, sodium alginate,
Polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polypropylene phthalein amine or Sodium Polyacrylate.
The composition of the harmful liana in prevention and treatment native soil provided by the invention, dosage is low when application, to harmful liana of one's native land
For the killing effect of plant up to 100%, killing effect is significant, and the phytotoxicity generated to shrub is small.The composition can be killed effectively
The harmful liana in the native soil such as powder leaf mountain ebony, Pueraria lobota, Paederia scandens, gamboge wingceltis, small to soil pollution, ecological safety performance is high, fits
It may include the big region of harmful liana extent of injury such as forest land, arable land with range.
The present invention also provides the applications of the composition of the above-mentioned harmful liana in prevention and treatment native soil.
Specifically application can mix the composition with adhesion agent the present invention, then add clear water again, form suspending agent
It uses.
Specifically, the adhesion agent is washing powder.
When present composition concrete application, in dosage 12000mlhm-2When to the killing rate of powder leaf mountain ebony up to 95%
More than；It is 4500mlhm in dosage-2When to the killing rate of Pueraria lobota up to 100%.
Detailed description of the invention
Figure 1A and Figure 1B is respectively sulfometuron-methyl in Shenzhen protection zone prevention and treatment 1 month and 4 months effect of powder leaf mountain ebony
Fruit figure；
Fig. 2A and Fig. 2 B is respectively the embodiment of the present invention 1 in Shenzhen protection zone prevention and treatment powder leaf mountain ebony 4 months and 10
A month effect picture.
It to describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention more clearly, below will be to needed in the embodiment
Attached drawing is briefly described, it should be apparent that, drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the invention, for ability
For the those of ordinary skill of domain, without creative efforts, it can also be obtained according to these attached drawings other attached
Figure.
Specific embodiment
In order to make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, right
The present invention is further elaborated.It should be appreciated that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the present invention, and
It is not used in the restriction present invention.
The composition of the harmful liana in prevention and treatment native soil provided by the invention, including picloram, 2,4- Dichlorophenoxy
Acetic acid, Bentazon and sulfometuronmethyl, after the picloram, 2,4- dichlorphenoxyacetic acid, Bentazon and sulfometuronmethyl combination
Mass percent be the total composition 24-30%.
In above-mentioned composition, the picloram, 2,4- dichlorphenoxyacetic acid, Bentazon and sulfometuronmethyl mass ratio
It is 20-30: 2-5: 0.5-2: 0.5-1.
Wherein, harmful liana includes but is not limited to the native soil such as powder leaf mountain ebony, Pueraria lobota, Paederia scandens, gamboge wingceltis
Harmful liana.
The picloram is a kind of hormone like herbicide, can be by plant leaf blade, root and stem's Assimilation and conductivity, can
Quickly to growing point conduct, can inhibit plant mitochondria system respiration, nucleic acid metabolism, cause plant top it is lopsided, it is withered,
Disleave, necrosis, xylem vessel's blocking discoloration, eventually lead to death.
The Bentazon is a kind of contact toxicity herbicide, and the blade face by contacting liana is worked, and can be prevented
The photosynthesis of liana, make liana cauline leaf lack energy and rapidly it is withered.3- isopropyl -2,1,3- benzo can be selected
Thiadiazine -4- ketone -2,2- dioxide aqua Bentazon.
2, the 4- dichlorphenoxyacetic acid is a kind of artificial synthesized plant hormone, can inhibit the growth of liana,
The differentiation for influencing liana, promotes liana cell wall to lose moisture sharply, facilitates cell death.
The sulfometuronmethyl is the long-acting steriland herbicide of sulfonylurea, can inhibit the conjunction of liana branched-chain amino acid
At to inhibit the cell division at liana plant strain growth end, prevention liana grows to chlorosis necrosis.
The present composition further includes cosolvent, and the mass percent of the cosolvent is the 2- of composition gross mass
6%.
The cosolvent is made of alkylbenzene sulfonate, dispersing agent, thickener, and the quality proportioning of three is 1: 1: 2-
1∶1∶4。
Wherein alkylbenzene sulfonate is anionic surfactant, has R-C6H4-S03M group, has a wide range of application, produces
Amount is big.For alkyl benzene sulfonate surfactant to hydrolysis-stable, solubility is good, is easy to prepare liquid product, and there are also biodegrades
Performance is a kind of preferable surfactant.
The dispersing agent selects alkyl amine group taurate, poly- shuttle hydrochlorate, di-2-ethylhexylphosphine oxide naphthalene sulfonate, shuttle Methyl cellulose
Element, sodium tripolyphosphate, lignosulfonates or Sodium Polyacrylate, the general aspects with water-soluble high-molecular compound, glue
Body have preferable protective effect, film forming, caking property, hygroscopicity, solubilising or cohesion and excellent solubility property and
Physiological compatibility.
The thickener select xanthan gum, Arabic gum, methylcellulose, sodium acrylate, sodium alginate, polyvinyl alcohol,
Polyvinylpyrrolidone, polypropylene phthalein amine or Sodium Polyacrylate, preferably xanthan gum, be the white as manufactured by cornstarch or
Lurid powder has excellent thickening property, suspension, emulsibility and water solubility, and has good heat, ph stability
Property, environmental sound.
The present invention is directed to the growth characteristic of harmful liana, and the composition provided selects picloram, 2,4- dichloro
Phenoxy acetic acid, Bentazon and sulfometuronmethyl have complementary advantages as effective component, each raw material, and synergistic effect both can have been prevented effectively
The photosynthesis on evil liana blade face, may also suppress the growth of liana, prevent the cell division at liana plant strain growth end,
Cell elongation and aging are stimulated, the death of harmful liana cell is promoted.Meanwhile in the proportion of above-mentioned raw materials of the present invention, to the greatest extent
Amount reduces the content of the stronger ingredient of toxicity, to reduce the damage after applied to periphery plant and soil, after advantageously ensuring that
The growth of continuous plant, and be conducive to preserve the ecological environment.Further, the present invention is also helped with cosolvent, can be increased above-mentioned effective
The solubility of ingredient is conducive to the adherency and absorption that increase harmful liana object blade face and stem to composition, can make harmful liana
Plant withers rapidly or necrosis, improves the killing effect of harmful liana, and can reduce composition in the soil residual to the greatest extent
It stays.Due to mainly being killed by the absorption on harmful liana blade face and stem, native land earth absorption of drugs is few, harmful
The drug resistance that liana generates is smaller, and duration of efficacy is long, and the usage amount of unit area is low, small on shrub influence,
It is highly-safe, there is good application value.
The present composition is applicable to the bare places regions such as side slope, orchard, park forest land, and applying area is far from water resource protection
Area and vegetables flake.
The present invention also provides the applications of the composition of the above-mentioned harmful liana in prevention and treatment native soil.
When concrete application, aforementioned present invention composition can be made into aqua, pulvis use, it can also be mixed with a small amount of adhesion agent
It closes, then adds clear water again, form suspending agent and use.
The adhesion agent selects washing powder or dish washing liquid, and main component is anionic surfactant, has solvable, newborn
The functions such as change, be impregnated with, preferably can equably stick effective component or/and permeating in the blade face of harmful liana, with
Increase its absorptivity to composition, to greatly reduce the loss of medicament, increases killing effect.
The equipment such as high pressure engine-driven atomiser, sprayer-duster can be used when use.High pressure engine-driven atomiser far firing range, sprays
It is high-efficient, easily act on liana stem and blade face, can be used for road, border, lie waste etc. the location that has a good transport service at
The prevention and treatment of piece nocuousness liana.To fragmentary distributed area nocuousness liana prevention and treatment or controlling experiment can be used sprayer-duster or
Hand sprayer prevention and treatment, should ensure that spray medicament more uniform.
Present composition use scope: the forest land suitable for harmful liana large area covering of one's native land.It can be according to applying
With the different dosage of selection of time.
The present invention is further described below with reference to embodiment.
Embodiment 1:
Raw material is matched according to the following percentages by weight: picloram 20%, 2,4- dichlorphenoxyacetic acid 3%, Bentazon
1%, sulfometuronmethyl 1%, alkylbenzene sulfonate 0.5%, lignosulfonates 1%, xanthan gum 2%, ethyl alcohol 2% adds water to
100%, aqua is made after mixing.
When application, above-mentioned aqua is sprayed according to the dosage and time of table 1, while with the sulfometuron-methyl (first that purity is 75%
Sulfometuron Methyl wettable powder) it is compared as a comparison case.
The cover degree of 1 two kinds of chemical control powder leaf mountain ebonies of table changes
It can see by the data and comparison diagram 1A- Figure 1B and Fig. 2A-Fig. 2 B of table 1, sulfometuron-methyl, which is used alone, native soil
The control efficiency of evil liana is bad, and the cover degree of powder leaf mountain ebony is restored to 75% or more after 4 months, and applies
12000ml·hm-21 aqua of embodiment to the control efficiency of powder leaf mountain ebony up to 95% or more, after escalated dose, 1 month and 4
Without phenomenon is restored, i.e. the application embodiment of the present invention 1 can be killed thoroughly the cover degree of a month powder leaf mountain ebony substantially at 1 month or more
It goes out powder leaf mountain ebony.
Therefore, aqua of the present invention is to powder leaf mountain ebony killing effect highly significant.
Embodiment 2:
Raw material is matched according to the following percentages by weight: picloram 23%, 2,4- dichlorphenoxyacetic acid 2%, Bentazon
2%, sulfometuronmethyl 1%, alkylbenzene sulfonate 1%, polyvinylpyrrolidone 2%, methylcellulose 2%, glycerine 8%, so
After add water to 100% formation medicament.
When application, by above-mentioned medicament according to 10000-20000ml/hm2, add 100g washing powder, then be watered 600L-1000L,
Suspending agent is made after mixing, is then sprayed on Paederia scandens blade face and stem, after 1 month, the region Paederia scandens is substantially withered
It withers, there is preferable killing effect to Paederia scandens.
Embodiment 3:
Raw material is matched according to the following percentages by weight: picloram 25%, 2,4- dichlorphenoxyacetic acid 2%, Bentazon
1%, sulfometuronmethyl 0.5%, alkylbenzene sulfonate 0.5%, Sodium Polyacrylate 2%, sodium alginate 3%, glycerine 8% adds water
Medicament is formed to 100%.
When application, by above-mentioned suspending agent according to 4500ml/hm2, add 1L dish washing liquid, then be watered 600L-1000L, be sprayed on
Pueraria lobota plant leaf surface and stem after one month, to the killing rate of Pueraria lobota up to 100%, have preferable killing effect.
It is only the part of present pre-ferred embodiments shown in the above embodiment of the present invention and attached drawing, can not be limited to this
The present invention, under conditions of not departing from marrow of the present invention, any modifications, equivalent replacements, and improvements made by those skilled in the art
Deng, all category protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. a kind of composition of the harmful liana in prevention and treatment native soil, which is characterized in that including picloram, 2,4- Dichlorophenoxy
Acetic acid, Bentazon and sulfometuronmethyl, after the picloram, 2,4- dichlorphenoxyacetic acid, Bentazon and sulfometuronmethyl combination
Mass percent be the total composition 24-30%.
2. the composition of the harmful liana in prevention and treatment native soil as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the ammonia chloropyridine
The mass ratio of acid, 2,4- dichlorphenoxyacetic acid, Bentazon and sulfometuronmethyl is 20-30: 2-5: 0.5-2: 0.5-1.
3. the composition of the harmful liana in prevention and treatment native soil as claimed in claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that further include hydrotropy
Agent, the mass percent of the cosolvent are the 2-6% of the composition gross mass.
4. the composition of the harmful liana in prevention and treatment native soil as claimed in claim 3, which is characterized in that the cosolvent includes
Alkylbenzene sulfonate, dispersing agent and thickener, the quality proportioning of the alkylbenzene sulfonate, the dispersing agent and the thickener
It is 1: 1: 2-1: 1: 4.
5. the composition of the harmful liana in prevention and treatment native soil as claimed in claim 4, which is characterized in that the dispersing agent is alkane
Base amido taurate, poly- shuttle hydrochlorate, di-2-ethylhexylphosphine oxide naphthalene sulfonate, shuttle methylcellulose, sodium tripolyphosphate, lignosulfonates
Or Sodium Polyacrylate.
6. the composition of the harmful liana in prevention and treatment native soil as claimed in claim 4, which is characterized in that the thickener is
Xanthan gum, Arabic gum, methylcellulose, sodium acrylate, sodium alginate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polypropylene phthalein
Amine or Sodium Polyacrylate.
7. the application of the composition of any one of the claim 1-6 harmful liana in prevention and treatment native soil.
8. the application of the composition of the harmful liana in prevention and treatment native soil as claimed in claim 7, which is characterized in that by the combination
Object is mixed with adhesion agent, then adds clear water again, is formed suspending agent and is used.
9. the application of the composition of the harmful liana in prevention and treatment native soil as claimed in claim 8, which is characterized in that the adhesion agent
For washing powder or dish washing liquid.
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| CN201810741580.8A CN109042667A (en) | 2018-07-06 | 2018-07-06 | A kind of composition of the harmful liana in prevention and treatment native soil and its application |
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| CN201810741580.8A CN109042667A (en) | 2018-07-06 | 2018-07-06 | A kind of composition of the harmful liana in prevention and treatment native soil and its application |
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| CN201810741580.8A Pending CN109042667A (en) | 2018-07-06 | 2018-07-06 | A kind of composition of the harmful liana in prevention and treatment native soil and its application |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN109769847A (en) * | 2019-03-06 | 2019-05-21 | 深圳市绿九洲园林绿化有限公司 | It is a kind of prevent and treat Mikania micrantha medicament and application |
| CN109832291A (en) * | 2019-03-07 | 2019-06-04 | 广东中绿园林集团有限公司 | A kind of pesticide control composition and its control method for Buttneria aspere Colebra. (Buettneria aspere Colebra.) |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN109769847A (en) * | 2019-03-06 | 2019-05-21 | 深圳市绿九洲园林绿化有限公司 | It is a kind of prevent and treat Mikania micrantha medicament and application |
| CN109832291A (en) * | 2019-03-07 | 2019-06-04 | 广东中绿园林集团有限公司 | A kind of pesticide control composition and its control method for Buttneria aspere Colebra. (Buettneria aspere Colebra.) |
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Application publication date: 20181221 |
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| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication |