CN108948067B - 一种含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇及其制备方法和应用,桐油经醇解反应得到桐油酸甘油单酯,桐油酸甘油单酯经过环氧化后得到的环氧化桐油酸甘油单酯,最后利用环氧基团的开环反应将含有3‑氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷的阻燃结构引入到桐油酸甘油单酯的结构中,得到目标产物。由本发明含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇制得的聚氨酯硬泡受热分解产物主要是二氧化碳、水蒸气和二氧化硅,所以它是一种低毒型的聚氨酯硬泡。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于结构型植物油基阻燃多元醇技术领域,具体涉及一种含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
随着我国高层建筑的增多,对建筑墙体保温材料的需求量越来越大。聚氨酯硬泡由于具有优异的绝缘性能和良好的阻热保温性能,且价格相对较低,已被广泛用作建筑墙体的保温材料。用于生产聚氨酯硬泡的主要原料包括异氰酸酯、多元醇和其他助剂。传统多元醇的上游原料多源于石油和天然气等资源,但随着能源短缺危机和人们环保意识的日益增强,开发利用可再生资源制造生物质基多元醇已成为研究热点之一。制备生物质基多元醇的原料非常丰富,包括蔗糖、淀粉、松脂、植物油、纤维素和木质素等,通过适当的化学改性,即可得到可替代石油基多元醇的生物质基多元醇。
植物油是一种重要的生物质原料,其来源丰富,包括大豆油、蓖麻油、葵花籽油、棕榈油、菜籽油、桐油等,根据美国农业部报告,全球产量超过了1100万吨/年。植物油单元结构为各类饱和和不饱和脂肪酸及构成的甘油三酯,含有丰富的官能团,易于改性,是石油资源理想的替代原料。利用植物油为原料制得的化学品具有可生物降解,对环境友好的特点。利用植物油制备多元醇,部分植物油基多元醇已进入了工业化生产阶段,如大豆油多元醇、棕榈油多元醇。
桐油是由油桐种子榨取得到,是一种可再生的非食用油。我国桐油使用历史达千年之久,是世界上最大的桐油生产国,目前年产桐油10万吨左右,占世界总产量的80%和国际贸易量的60%。桐油的主要成分是桐油酸甘油酯,占桐油质量的73~80%。与其他天然油脂的成分相比,桐油酸酯的结构比较特殊,具有共轭双键、羧基等官能团,反应活性较强,能发生 Diels-Alder、Friedel-Crafts、酯交换、酰胺化反应。利用桐油特殊的化学结构与活泼的化学性质,依次经过酯交换反应、环氧化反应及开环反应得到桐油基多元醇,部分替代石油基多元醇用于制备聚氨酯硬泡。
聚氨酯硬泡材料密度小,比表面积大,与非泡材料相比,存在易燃、发烟量大、毒性高等特点,使其应用大大受到限制。我国高层建筑火灾事故频发,造成严重的人员伤亡和巨大财产损失,因此聚氨酯硬泡的耐燃性和安全性已成为能否用于建筑保温材料的重要技术指标。目前聚氨酯硬泡的阻燃技术主要有添加阻燃剂、添加无机填料、提高交联度和结构阻燃技术。由于添加阻燃剂存在易迁移现象,不能持久保持阻燃效果和对发泡工艺影响较大等缺点发展缓慢,而结构阻燃技术能很好地解决上述问题。利用结构阻燃技术得到的阻燃多元醇,是指分子中含有磷、氮、硅、卤等阻燃元素,其阻燃元素参与聚氨酯硬泡的合成反应,成为聚氨酯泡沫结构的一部分,具有高阻燃性且无析出现象。但含卤聚氨酯硬泡在阻燃过程中除了产生大量的烟雾外还产生有毒的腐蚀性气体卤化氢,造成二次伤害,故含卤阻燃剂的使用已受到相关法规的限定。
利用有机硅阻燃剂对生物质多元醇进行无卤阻燃改性,能够赋予聚氨酯硬泡较好的阻燃性能。有机硅阻燃剂具有高的耐热性,并在燃烧时保持高度安全性而不产生有害气体。它在赋予基材优异的阻燃性能的同时,还能改善基材的其他性能,如加工性能、机械性能、耐热性能和耐水性能等,具有无卤、低烟、低毒或无毒等特点,是一种具有开发和应用潜力的阻燃剂。3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷常温下是液态,流动性好,使用方便,结构中含有活性氢与多元醇相容性好,由含3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)结构的阻燃型桐油基多元醇制得的聚氨酯泡沫具有较高的热稳定性,良好的机械性能和耐水性能,阻燃效果明显。
发明内容
解决的技术问题:为了得到具有较高羟基官能度的结构阻燃型多元醇,本发明提供了一种含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇及其制备方法和应用。本发明利用桐油的酯键和共轭双键,桐油进行酯交换反应得到羟基官能度提高的桐油酸甘油单酯,再经环氧化反应,使得桐油酸甘油单酯的共轭双键转化为环氧基团,加入3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷与环氧基团进行开环反应,得到含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇。
技术方案:一种含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇,结构式如下所示:
含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇的制备方法,步骤为:桐油经醇解反应得到桐油酸甘油单酯,桐油酸甘油单酯经过环氧化后得到的环氧化桐油酸甘油单酯,最后利用环氧基团的开环反应将含有3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷的阻燃结构引入到桐油酸甘油单酯的结构中,得到目标产物。
主要反应方程式如下:
方程式一:桐油酯交换反应
方程式二:桐油酸甘油单酯环氧化反应
方程式三:环氧桐油酸甘油单酯与APTES开环反应
优选的,上述含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇的制备方法,将桐油、甘油、碱催化剂甲醇钠混合并升温至180-230℃,甘油与桐油的摩尔比为6:1-8:1,碱催化剂甲醇钠占桐油和甘油总质量的0.5%-1.0%,维持反应温度并搅拌2h-3h,反应结束后冷却至室温静置分层,分离出上层,进行水洗,中和,乙酸乙酯萃取,再经减压蒸馏得桐油酸甘油单酯;将桐油酸甘油单酯、乙酸、酸催化剂对甲苯磺酸一水合物混合,并升温至45-55℃,在搅拌下滴加过氧化氢溶液,过氧化氢的浓度为30wt.%,控制滴加速度使反应温度维持在50-60℃,滴加完毕后,维持反应温度4-6小时,其中乙酸、过氧化氢、桐油酸甘油单酯的双键与酸催化剂对甲苯磺酸一水合物的摩尔比范围为2:1:1.5:0.1;反应结束后静置分层,分离出油相,水洗,再经中和,乙酸乙酯萃取,减压蒸馏,得到环氧桐油酸甘油单酯;将3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷和环氧化桐油酸甘油单酯及催化剂混合,3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷与环氧化桐油酸甘油单酯的环氧基团的物质的量之比范围为1:1-1:2,进行开环反应得到一种含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇。
过氧化氢溶液起到氧化剂的作用,使乙酸被氧化成过氧酸。过氧化氢浓度越高,反应越剧烈,体系放热严重,易发生副反应,所以选择过氧化氢的浓度为30wt.%。
上述所制备的含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇的羟值为311.35mgKOH/g,硅含量为1wt.%,酸值低于1.7mgKOH/g,水分低于0.1wt.%,产率高于90%,适用于制备阻燃型桐油基聚氨酯硬泡。
上述含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇在制备聚氨酯硬泡中的应用。
上述应用的具体方法为,先将组合多元醇和助剂搅拌使其混合均匀,然后再与异氰酸酯搅拌10-20s,发泡时按NCO/OH摩尔比为1.05~1.10的比例混合,转速2000~2500r/min,倒入模具中,熟化24h;各原料以质量份计为:组合多元醇100份;异氰酸酯120份;助剂为:聚氨酯泡沫稳定剂3~4份,胺类催化剂0.2~0.6份,水0.2~0.6份,发泡剂5~10份;所述组合多元醇的有效成分为含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇。
优选的,上述胺类催化剂为:N,N-二甲基环己胺。
优选的,上述组合多元醇中还包含聚醚4110。
优选的,上述聚氨酯泡沫稳定剂为硅型泡沫稳定剂。
优选的,上述异氰酸酯为甲苯二异氰酸酯、二甲苯二异氰酸酯或多次甲基多异氰酸酯。
优选的,上述发泡剂为HFC-141b、环戊烷、异戊烷、HFC-245fa或HFC-365mfc中的至少一种。
有益效果:桐油由于分子中85%以上的不饱和键为碳碳共轭三烯键,制备的含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇结构中既含有硅结构又含有羟基基团,与聚醚4110有一定的相容性。把硅元素通过环氧开环反应引入到桐油基多元醇的分子结构中得到结构阻燃型多元醇,其在聚氨酯发泡过程中不产生迁移和析出现象,制得的阻燃型聚氨酯硬泡结构更加稳定,具有较高的阻燃性和阻燃持久性,极限氧指数可达到:23.1。由含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇制得的聚氨酯硬泡受热分解产物主要是二氧化碳、水蒸气和二氧化硅,所以它是一种低毒型的聚氨酯硬泡。
附图说明
图1为桐油酸甘油单酯的红外光谱图。
图2为含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇的红外光谱图。
图1可知:3400cm-1处是-OH的特征吸收峰,3015cm-1是C=C的特征吸收峰,2930cm-1和2850cm-1分别是甲基、亚甲基的伸缩振动吸收峰,1740cm-1是桐油基长链结构中的酯羰基。从图2可知:3400cm-1处是-OH和-NH特征吸收峰,1100cm-1处是Si-O-Si的不对称伸缩振动吸收峰,1050cm-1是C-O-C的伸缩振动吸收峰,说明经过环氧化和开环反应,成功将APTES结构接入桐油酸甘油单酯结构中。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步说明,本发明中%都代表质量分数。
本发明对桐油进行一系列改性得到结构阻燃型桐油基多元醇。所制得的结构阻燃型桐油基多元醇与市售多元醇、异氰酸酯以及其他助剂,通过一步法发泡制得阻燃型聚氨酯硬泡;主要方案包括以下两方面的内容:
一:制备上述的结构阻燃型桐油基多元醇的方法
通过分子设计,制备上述的结构阻燃型桐油基多元醇,利用环氧开环反应将3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷的阻燃基团接入,合成的结构阻燃型多元醇含有多个活性羟基,反应方程式为:
方程式四:环氧化桐油酸甘油单酯与APTES开环反应
更具体的制法为,以质量份计:取100质量份环氧化桐油酸甘油单酯,8.56质量份3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES),升温至60~80℃,反应1~2h即可得到含APTES的阻燃型桐油基多元醇。
本发明所制备的含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇的羟值按GB/T12008.3-2009中的邻苯二甲酸酐酯化法测定,酸值按照GB/T 12008.5-2010方法测定,粘度按照GB/T 12008.7-2010中的旋转粘度计方法测定。
二、含硅阻燃型聚氨酯硬泡的组成与制备:
1、组合多元醇的组成,按质量份计:
(1)结构阻燃型桐油基多元醇的质量分别为20~80份,聚醚4110的质量份为80~20份。
(2)胺类催化剂0.2~0.6份,胺类催化剂为N,N-二甲基环己胺。
(3)水0.2~0.6份。
(4)发泡剂5~10份。
(5)泡沫稳定剂1~2份,主要是硅型泡沫稳定剂,AK8804或AK8815任意一种或两种的复配。
2、桐油基阻燃型聚氨酯硬泡的配方与制备:
桐油基阻燃型聚氨酯硬泡的制备配方、性能测试结果见表1,表2。以组合多元醇和异氰酸酯为主要原料,NCO/OH范围为1.05-1.10。
具体操作如下:把组合多元醇和助剂在快速搅拌的条件下使其混合均匀,然后再与异氰酸酯在快速搅拌的条件下搅拌10~20s,转速2000~2500r/min,倒入模具中,熟化24h。
异氰酸酯为多次甲基多苯基多异氰酸酯(PAPI),商品牌号为烟台万华聚氨酯股份有限公司的PM-200。
实施例1
将甘油:桐油按摩尔比=8:1和催化剂甲醇钠(占桐油和甘油总质量的0.75%)混合并升温至190℃,维持反应温度并搅拌3h。反应结束后冷却至室温静置分层,分离出上层,进行水洗,中和,乙酸乙酯萃取,再经减压蒸馏得桐油酸甘油单酯。将桐油酸甘油单酯(简称GTO)、双氧水、乙酸和对甲苯磺酸一水合物(摩尔比: n(GTO):n(H2O2):n(CH3COOH):n(TsOH)=2:1:1.5:0.1)进行环氧化反应,所述的环氧化温度为55℃,反应时间为5h,反应结束后静置分层,分离出油相,水洗,中和,乙酸乙酯萃取,经减压蒸馏得环氧化桐油酸甘油单酯。
将环氧化桐油酸甘油单酯、APTES(摩尔比n环氧基团:nAPTES=1:1)混合,升温至70℃,反应1h,得到含APTES的桐油基阻燃多元醇。根据表1所示的配方,先把100质量份含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇与助剂混合均匀,再与120质量份的异氰酸酯搅拌10~20s,转速 2000~2500r/min,倒入模具中,熟化24h。
实施例2
将甘油:桐油按摩尔比=8:1和催化剂甲醇钠(占桐油和甘油总质量的0.75%)混合并升温至190℃,维持反应温度并搅拌3h。反应结束后冷却至室温静置分层,分离出上层,进行水洗,中和,乙酸乙酯萃取,再经减压蒸馏得桐油酸甘油单酯。将桐油酸甘油单酯、双氧水、乙酸和对甲苯磺酸一水合物(摩尔比:n(GTO):n(H2O2):n(CH3COOH):n(TsOH)=2:1:1.5:0.1)进行环氧化反应,所述的环氧化温度为55℃,反应时间为5h,反应结束后静置分层,分离出油相,水洗,中和,乙酸乙酯萃取,经减压蒸馏得环氧化桐油酸甘油单酯。
将环氧化桐油酸甘油单酯、APTES(摩尔比n环氧基团:nAPTES=1:1)混合,升温至70℃,反应1h,得到含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇。根据表1所示的配方,先把80质量份含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇和20质量份聚醚4110以及助剂混合均匀,再与120质量份的异氰酸酯搅拌10~20s,转速2000~2500r/min,倒入模具中,熟化24h。
实施例3
将甘油:桐油按摩尔比=8:1和催化剂甲醇钠(占桐油和甘油总质量的0.75%)混合并升温至190℃,维持反应温度并搅拌3h。反应结束后冷却至室温静置分层,分离出上层,进行水洗,中和,乙酸乙酯萃取,再经减压蒸馏得桐油酸甘油单酯。将桐油酸甘油单酯、双氧水、乙酸和对甲苯磺酸一水合物(摩尔比:n(GTO):n(H2O2):n(CH3COOH):n(TsOH)=2:1:1.5:0.1)进行环氧化反应,所述的环氧化温度为55℃,反应时间为5h,反应结束后静置分层,分离出油相,水洗,中和,乙酸乙酯萃取,经减压蒸馏得环氧化桐油酸甘油单酯。
将环氧桐油酸甘油单酯、APTES(摩尔比n环氧基团:nAPTES=1:1)混合,升温至70℃,反应1h,得到含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇。根据表1所示的配方,先把60质量份含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇和40质量份聚醚4110以及助剂混合均匀,再与120质量份的异氰酸酯搅拌10~20s,转速2000~2500r/min,倒入模具中,熟化24h。
实施例4
将甘油:桐油按摩尔比=8:1和催化剂甲醇钠(占桐油和甘油总质量的0.75%)混合并升温至190℃,维持反应温度并搅拌3h。反应结束后冷却至室温静置分层,分离出上层,进行水洗,中和,乙酸乙酯萃取,再经减压蒸馏得桐油酸甘油单酯。将桐油酸甘油单酯、双氧水、乙酸和对甲苯磺酸一水合物(摩尔比:n(GTO):n(H2O2):n(CH3COOH):n(TsOH)=2:1:1.5:0.1)进行环氧化反应,所述的环氧化温度为55℃,反应时间为5h,反应结束后静置分层,分离出油相,水洗,中和,乙酸乙酯萃取,经减压蒸馏得环氧化桐油酸甘油单酯。
将环氧桐油酸甘油单酯、APTES(摩尔比n环氧基团:nAPTES=1:1)混合,升温至70℃,反应1h,得到含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇。根据表1所示的配方,先把40质量份含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇和60质量份聚醚4110以及助剂混合均匀,再与120质量份的异氰酸酯搅拌10~20s,转速2000~2500r/min,倒入模具中,熟化24h。
实施例5
将甘油:桐油按摩尔比=8:1和催化剂甲醇钠(占桐油和甘油总质量的0.75%)混合并升温至190℃,维持反应温度并搅拌3h。反应结束后冷却至室温静置分层,分离出上层,进行水洗,中和,乙酸乙酯萃取,再经减压蒸馏得桐油酸甘油单酯。将桐油酸甘油单酯、双氧水、乙酸和对甲苯磺酸一水合物(摩尔比:n(GTO):n(H2O2):n(CH3COOH):n(TsOH)=2:1:1.5:0.1)进行环氧化反应,所述的环氧化温度为55℃,反应时间为5h,反应结束后静置分层,分离出油相,水洗,中和,乙酸乙酯萃取,经减压蒸馏得环氧化桐油酸甘油单酯。
将环氧桐油酸甘油单酯、APTES(摩尔比n环氧基团:nAPTES=1:1)混合,升温至70℃,反应1h,得到含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇。根据表1所示的配方,先把20质量份含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇和80质量份聚醚4110以及助剂混合均匀,再与120质量份的异氰酸酯搅拌10~20s,转速2000~2500r/min,倒入模具中,熟化24h。
表1阻燃型桐油基硬质聚氨酯泡沫的配方(质量份)
表2阻燃型桐油基硬质聚氨酯泡沫的产品性能(测试方法参照国家标准)
各项分析测试结果表明:用本发明制备得到的结构阻燃型桐油基多元醇制得的阻燃型硬质聚氨酯泡沫,具有良好的力学性能、热稳定性和阻燃性,氧指数可达23.1%。起始分解温度高,说明保温效果增强。
Claims (9)
2.权利要求1所述含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇的制备方法,其特征在于步骤为:桐油经醇解反应得到桐油酸甘油单酯,桐油酸甘油单酯经过环氧化后得到的环氧化桐油酸甘油单酯,最后利用环氧基团的开环反应将含有3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷的阻燃结构引入到桐油酸甘油单酯的结构中,得到目标产物。
3.根据权利要求2所述含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇的制备方法,其特征在于将桐油、甘油、碱催化剂甲醇钠混合并升温至180-230℃,甘油与桐油的摩尔比为6:1-8:1,碱催化剂甲醇钠占桐油和甘油总质量的0.5%-1.0%,维持反应温度并搅拌2h-3h,反应结束后冷却至室温静置分层,分离出上层,进行水洗,中和,乙酸乙酯萃取,再经减压蒸馏得桐油酸甘油单酯;将桐油酸甘油单酯、乙酸、酸催化剂对甲苯磺酸一水合物混合,并升温至45-55℃,在搅拌下滴加过氧化氢溶液,过氧化氢的浓度为30wt.%,控制滴加速度使反应温度维持在50-60℃,滴加完毕后,维持反应温度4-6小时,其中乙酸、过氧化氢、桐油酸甘油单酯的双键与酸催化剂对甲苯磺酸一水合物的摩尔比范围为2:1:1.5:0.1;反应结束后静置分层,分离出油相,水洗,再经中和,乙酸乙酯萃取,减压蒸馏,得到环氧化桐油酸甘油单酯;将3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷和环氧化桐油酸甘油单酯混合,3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷与环氧化桐油酸甘油单酯的环氧基团的物质的量之比范围为1:1-1:2,进行开环反应得到一种含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇。
4.权利要求1所述含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇在制备聚氨酯硬泡中的应用。
5.根据权利要求4所述的应用,其特征在于先将含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇和助剂搅拌使其混合均匀,然后再与异氰酸酯搅拌10-20s,发泡时按NCO/OH摩尔比为1.05~1.10的比例混合,转速2000~2500r/min,倒入模具中,熟化24h;各原料以质量份计为:含硅阻燃型桐油基多元醇100份;异氰酸酯120份;助剂为:聚氨酯泡沫稳定剂3~4份,N,N-二甲基环己胺0.2~0.6份,水0.2~0.6份,发泡剂5~10份。
6.根据权利要求5所述的应用,其特征在于所述组合多元醇中还包含聚醚4110。
7.根据权利要求5所述的应用,其特征在于所述聚氨酯泡沫稳定剂为硅型泡沫稳定剂。
8.根据权利要求5所述的应用,其特征在于所述异氰酸酯为甲苯二异氰酸酯、二甲苯二异氰酸酯或多次甲基多异氰酸酯。
9.根据权利要求5所述的应用,其特征在于所述发泡剂为HFC-141b、环戊烷、异戊烷、HFC-245fa或HFC-365mfc中的至少一种。
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