CN108920797A - A kind of evaluation method of hemispherical pressure resistance end socket ultimate bearing capacity - Google Patents
A kind of evaluation method of hemispherical pressure resistance end socket ultimate bearing capacity Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention discloses a kind of evaluation method of hemispherical pressure resistance end socket ultimate bearing capacity, 1, setting end socket relevant parameter, wherein the central diameter r of end socket, different-thickness value t, different yield strength σy；2, influence of the research to end socket bearing capacity；Influence by buckling strength to end socket ultimate bearing capacity is defined as anelastic attenuation factor kpAnd it solves；3, the non-linear Critical Buckling Load P of perfect end socket is acquirednon：Pnon=kpPm‑t；4, geometrical defect is studied to the affecting laws of end socket buckling load, and the influence by geometrical defect to end socket ultimate bearing capacity is defined as geometrical defect decay factor kimpAnd it solves；5, in kpAnd kimpOn the basis of, all data are subjected to formula fitting, solve actual attenuation factor kreal, wherein kreal=kpkimp, conclude end socket ultimate bearing capacity PrealEstimation formula：Preal=krealPm‑t；6, according to the related parameter values of practical shell, analytic formula is substituted into, it is final to calculate end socket ultimate bearing capacity Preal.Evaluation method proposed by the invention more system and operation strategies are wider.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to machinery field, in particular to a kind of evaluation method of hemispherical pressure resistance end socket ultimate bearing capacity.
Background technique
End socket is also made in the pressure-resistant submersible of deep-sea extensively as the essential important component of pressure vessel
With buckling voltage endurance has important influence to the voltage endurance capability of entire submersible.Existing end socket is mostly hemispherical dome structure,
The Accurate Prediction of its ultimate bearing capacity, the performances such as safety and economy to submersible have great influence.
Diving system and submersible enter grade and provide relevant spherical shell ultimate bearing capacity to specification (abbreviation CCS2013) is built
Prediction technique.Wherein CCS indicates China Classification Society, hereinafter referred to as CCS.First, numerical value calculates predicted method, it is soft by finite element
The simulation of part calculates, and introduces first-order modal defect and the ultimate load and Buckling modes of spherical shell can be predicted in elastic-plastic material attribute.
Second, 16 chapter of specification provides the prediction empirical equation of pressurized spherical shell ultimate bearing capacity：
Wherein：rinFor ball
Shell internal diameter, rmFor spherical shell central diameter, t is shell thickness, σyFor Tensile strength, δ is defect amplitudes, and a, b, c, d, j, f, g, h are
Constant coefficient；In view of material & geometrical nonlinearity；In the concept phase of pressure-resistance structure, for predicting the limit of pressurized spherical shell
Bearing capacity.
Finite element numerical, which calculates, passes through years of researches and summary, can be compared with Accurate Prediction spherical shell bearing capacity, but software meter
Various kinds model parameter need to be set when calculation and parameter error is affected to result；And lack grinding for the shell instability Mechanism of system
Study carefully and assert.Meanwhile although the empirical equation that classification society provides can accurately predict holding for the pressurized spherical shell under specific condition
Loading capability does not account for the instability Mechanism of pressure-resistance structure but, the relevant parameter of material is not involved in formula, such as surrenders strong
Spend E, elasticity modulus μ and yield strength σy, and spherical shell Buckling modes often have substantial connection with buckling strength.It is only related in formula
The tensile strength of material is arrived, but the first unstability of pressure-resistance structure tends to occur at the linear elasticity stage.Although hemispherical head
The formula of spherical shell structure can be used, but since boundary condition is slightly different, however it remains certain error.Therefore, end socket pole
The prediction technique of limit bearing capacity lacks a kind of more system and the wider array of theoretical formula prediction technique of operation strategies.
Summary of the invention
Goal of the invention：Aiming at the problems existing in the prior art, the present invention provides one kind more system and operation strategies are more
The evaluation method of wide hemispherical pressure resistance end socket ultimate bearing capacity.
Technical solution：In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides a kind of hemispherical pressure resistance end socket ultimate bearing capacity
Evaluation method, which is characterized in that include the following steps：
(1) end socket relevant parameter is set, wherein relevant parameter includes central diameter r, different-thickness value t and the difference surrender of end socket
Intensity σy；
(2) consider the influence to end socket bearing capacity；Influence by buckling strength to end socket ultimate bearing capacity is defined as plasticity
Decay factor kpAnd it solves；
(3) k that will be acquired in step (2)pWith the empirical equation solution P of middle thick shellm-tSubstitution acquires that perfect end socket is non-linear to be faced
Boundary buckling load Pnon：Pnon=kpPm-t；
(4) geometry initial imperfection is studied to the affecting laws of end socket buckling load, by buckling strength to end socket ultimate bearing
The influence of power is defined as geometrical defect decay factor kimp, solve geometrical defect decay factor kimp；
(5) in kpAnd kimpOn the basis of, all data are subjected to formula fitting, solve actual attenuation factor kreal,
Middle kreal=kpkimp, conclude end socket ultimate bearing capacity PrealEstimation formula：Preal=krealPm-t；
It (6) include thickness value t, yield strength σ according to the related parameter values of practical shelly, defect amplitudes δ/r, substitute into step
Suddenly the conclusion end socket ultimate bearing capacity P obtained in (5)realEstimation formula, it is final to calculate end socket ultimate bearing capacity Preal。
Further, specific step is as follows for setting end socket relevant parameter in the step (1)：The central diameter r of end socket is set
For 60mm, thickness value t range from 0.24mm to 0.6mm, carried out with 0.06mm it is incremental, choose total 0.24mm, 0.30mm,
0.36mm, 0.42mm, 0.48mm, 0.54mm, 0.60mm7 kind thickness；Yield strength σyRange is from 180MPa to 230MPa, increment
For 10MPa, 180MPa, 190MPa, 200MPa, 210MPa, 220MPa, 230MPa totally 6 kinds of yield strengths are taken.
Further, anelastic attenuation factor k is solved in the step (2)pSpecific step is as follows：
(2.1) 7 kinds of different-thickness, 6 kinds of different yield strength σ are calculatedyUnder the perfect end socket of totally 42 models it is linear bend
Qu ZaihePm-t, calculating empirical equation is：Wherein the elastic modulus E of material is 193GPa, pool
Pine ratio ν is 0.28；
(2.2) material model is set as ideal elastoplastic model, and grid cell type is the S4 unit of complete integral；End socket
The boundary condition of model is configured according to CCS2013；To 7 kinds of different-thickness, 6 kinds of different yield strength σyUnder totally 42 moulds
Type carries out analysis using non-linear arc regular way and obtains corresponding buckling load value；
(2.3) influence by buckling strength to end socket ultimate bearing capacity is defined as anelastic attenuation factor kp, calculate above-mentioned 42
The anelastic attenuation factor k of a modelpValue, anelastic attenuation factor kpValue is the complete of the buckling load value that obtains of upper step and respective thickness
The empirical equation solution P of thick shell in U.S. geometrym-tRatio；
(2.4) according to the anelastic attenuation factor k of above-mentioned 42 modelspValue, draws different yield strength σyLower anelastic attenuation because
Sub- kpWith the graph of relation of radius-thickness ratio t/r；
(2.5) as carrying out non-linear and linear regression analysis to graph of relation obtained by step (2.4), formula is fittedWherein k1=1.22 × 10-4,k2=-0.92.
Further, geometrical defect decay factor k is solved in the step (4)impSpecific step is as follows：
(4.1) first-order modal defect is introduced as initial imperfection, initial imperfection amplitude δ takes 5 kinds, respectively 0.01mm,
0.02mm, 0.03mm, 0.04mm and 0.05mm；Calculate 6 kinds of different yield strength σy, 7 kinds of different-thickness, 5 kinds of differences it is initial
Totally 210 kinds of buckling load values under ratio delta/r of defect amplitudes and end socket radius；
First-order modal defect is most dangerous defective form, when considering that the end socket bearing capacity prediction of mode defect calculates, institute
It is the most conservative to obtain result；So initial geometrical defect is set as mode defect.By the Linear buckling analysis of finite element software, obtain
End socket instability forms are buckling mode.
(4.2) above-mentioned buckling load value and the non-linear Critical Buckling Load P of corresponding perfect end socket are calculatednonRatio be worth
210 geometrical defect decay factor k outimpNumerical value；
(4.3) according to different yield strength σyGeometrical defect decay factor k is drawn respectivelyimpFrom different radius-thickness ratio t/r, no
With ratio delta/r graph of relation of initial imperfection amplitude and end socket radius.
Further, it is obtained in the step (5) and concludes end socket ultimate bearing capacity PrealSpecific step is as follows：
(5.1) according to formula kreal=kpkimp, 210 actual attenuation factor k are calculatedrealNumerical value；
(5.2) k is combinedpAnd kimpFrom different yield strength σy, difference radius-thickness ratio t/r and different initial imperfection amplitude and end socket
Ratio delta/r graph of relation of radius, fits krealFormula：
(5.3) formula model of fitting and 210 groups of data are imported in MATLAB software, obtains the parameters a1 of formula
=5.3357；A2=-3.3004；A3=-0.0142；A4=6.8721 × 10-5；A5=0.8508；A6=-0.7433；
(5.4) numerical value comparison diagram is drawn according to formula and all data.
Further, end socket ultimate bearing capacity P is calculated in the step (6)realSpecific step is as follows：According to practical envelope
Related thick angle value t, the yield strength σ of casingy, defect amplitudes δ/r, substitute into formula
Wherein
, calculate end socket ultimate bearing capacity Preal。
Compared with the prior art, the advantages of the present invention are as follows：
The present invention is based on submersible pressure resistance end socket instability Mechanism (i.e. the first unstability of shell betides line of material elastic stage,
End socket unstability and material yield strength have substantial connection), detailed consideration geometric parameter (including end socket radius, wall thickness and defect
Amplitude) and material parameter (including elasticity modulus, Poisson's ratio and yield strength) influence, so that the end socket limit estimated be made to hold
It is accurate to carry power numerical value, it is applied widely.
Derivation process of the invention can be used for summarizing the pressure vessel head bearing capacity estimation of different materials.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is that different buckling strength σ are based in specific embodimentyUnder, anelastic attenuation factor kpWith the relationship of radius-thickness ratio t/r；
Fig. 2 is different defect amplitudes and yield strength σ in specific embodimentyUnder, geometrical defect decay factor kimpWith thick diameter
Relationship than t/r；
Fig. 3 is the comparison diagram in specific embodiment between Matlab fitting formula and real data.
Specific embodiment
With reference to the accompanying drawings and detailed description, the present invention is furture elucidated.
The present invention provides a kind of hemispherical pressure resistance end socket ultimate bearing capacity evaluation method：
Step 1：End socket relevant parameter is set, wherein the central diameter r of end socket is set as 60mm, and thickness value t range is from 0.24mm
To 0.6mm, carried out with 0.06mm it is incremental, choose total 0.24mm, 0.30mm, 0.36mm, 0.42mm, 0.48mm, 0.54mm,
7 kinds of thickness of 0.60mm；Yield strength σyRange is from 180MPa to 230MPa, increment 10MPa, take 180MPa, 190MPa,
200MPa, 210MPa, 220MPa, 230MPa totally 6 kinds of yield strengths；
Step 2：Influence of the research material yield strength to end socket bearing capacity；By buckling strength to end socket ultimate bearing capacity
Influence be defined as the anelastic attenuation factor, solve anelastic attenuation factor kp：
A. 7 kinds of different-thickness, 6 kinds of different yield strength σ are calculatedyUnder the perfect end socket of totally 42 models linear buckling carry
Lotus Pm-t, calculating empirical equation is：Wherein the elastic modulus E of material is 193GPa, Poisson's ratio ν
It is 0.28；
B. material model is set as ideal elastoplastic model, and grid cell type is the S4 unit of complete integral；End socket mould
The boundary condition of type is configured according to CCS2013；To 7 kinds of different-thickness, 6 kinds of different yield strength σyUnder totally 42 models point
Not Tong Guo finite element software ABAQUS, using non-linear arc regular way carry out analysis obtaining corresponding buckling load value；
C. the influence by buckling strength to end socket ultimate bearing capacity is defined as anelastic attenuation factor kp, calculate above-mentioned 42 moulds
The anelastic attenuation factor k of typepValue, anelastic attenuation factor kpValue is several for the perfection of buckling load value and respective thickness that upper step obtains
The empirical equation solution P of thick shell in whatm-tRatio；
D. according to the anelastic attenuation factor k of above-mentioned 42 modelspValue, draws different yield strength σyThe lower anelastic attenuation factor
kpWith the graph of relation of radius-thickness ratio t/r, as shown in Figure 1；
E. as carrying out non-linear and linear regression analysis to graph of relation obtained by previous step, formula is fittedWherein k1=1.22 × 10-4,k2=-0.92；
Step 3：The perfect non-linear Critical Buckling Load P of end socketnonPass through anelastic attenuation factor kpWith the experience of middle thick shell
Formula Solution Pm-tProduct obtain:Pnon=kpPm-t。
Step 4：Geometry initial imperfection is studied to the affecting laws of end socket buckling load, by buckling strength to the end socket limit
The influence of bearing capacity is defined as geometrical defect decay factor kimp, solve geometrical defect decay factor kimp：
A. first-order modal defect is introduced as initial imperfection, initial imperfection amplitude δ takes 5 kinds, respectively 0.01mm,
0.02mm, 0.03mm, 0.04mm and 0.05mm；6 kinds of different yield strength σ are calculated by analyzing program-ABAQUSy, 7 kinds not
Totally 210 kinds of buckling load values under ratio delta/r of stack pile, 5 kinds of different initial imperfection amplitudes and end socket radius；
B. above-mentioned buckling load value and the non-linear Critical Buckling Load P of corresponding perfect end socket are calculatednonRatio obtain
210 geometrical defect decay factor kimpNumerical value；
C. according to different yield strength σyGeometrical defect decay factor k is drawn respectivelyimpIt is first from different radius-thickness ratio t/r, difference
Ratio delta/r graph of relation of beginning defect amplitudes and end socket radius, as shown in Fig. 2, it is 180MPa's that a, which is yield strength, in figure
Situation；B is the situation that yield strength is 190MPa；C is the situation that yield strength is 200MPa；D is that yield strength is 210MPa
Situation；E is the situation that yield strength is 220MPa；F is the situation that yield strength is 230MPa；
In Fig. 2 as it can be seen that with the increase of flaw size and yield strength and the reduction of wall thickness, the Critical Buckling of end socket is carried
Lotus increases the sensibility of geometrical defect.Among three, the influence of yield strength is minimum, constant in yield strength and flaw size
In the case where, geometrical defect decay factor kimpIt approximate can be divided into 2 sections of linearity ranges with the relationship of radius-thickness ratio t/r.First segment exists
(0.004<t/r<0.007) range, both sides relation is at the linear relationship of higher slope, and second segment is (0.007<t/r<0.010)
Range, at the linear relationship of low slope, this trend is attributed to the non-linear of material for the relationship of the two.
Step 5：In conjunction with the above analysis, 210 groups of data are all imported in MATLAB and carry out formula fitting, solved practical
Decay factor kreal, wherein kreal=kpkimp, end socket ultimate bearing capacity PrealEstimation formula：Preal=krealPm-t。
A. according to formula kreal=kpkimp, 210 actual attenuation factor k are calculatedrealNumerical value；
B. k is combinedpAnd kimpFrom different yield strength σy, difference radius-thickness ratio t/r and different initial imperfection amplitude and end socket partly
Ratio delta/r graph of relation of diameter, fits krealFormula：
C. the formula model of fitting and 210 groups of data are imported in MATLAB software, fits the parameters a1 of formula
=5.3357；A2=-3.3004；A3=-0.0142；A4=6.8721 × 10-5；A5=0.8508；A6=-0.7433.
D. numerical value comparison diagram is drawn according to formula and all real data, as shown in figure 3, solid line is formula curve, circle
Point is data value.As can be seen that formula calculates, data are identical as real data trend, and error is within 4% as shown in Figure 3.
Step 6：According to related thick angle value t, the yield strength σ of practical end socket shelly, defect amplitudes δ/r, substitute into parsing
Formula, it is final to calculate required end socket ultimate bearing capacity Preal。
In order to verify analytic formula of the invention, manufactured the hemispherical head of five scale models, and measure with
Conquassation test.Test model is respectively designated as 1#, 2#, 3#, 4# and 5#.Meanwhile corresponding material parameter is by being uniaxially stretched examination
Test acquisition.The nominal radius of these test end sockets is 60mm, and material is 304 stainless steels, yield strength 205MPa.The thickness of end socket
Degree, real radius and out-of-roundness (OOR) are accurately measured from by test accordingly, are listed in the column of table 1 the 2nd, 3,4.Geometric parameter
After measurement, the water pressure test is carried out in pressure chamber, measures ultimate bearing capacity PtestIt is listed in the column of table 1 the 5th.
The measurement and test result of 1 end socket model of table, and bearing capacity P is predicted according to analytic formulareal。
| tave(mm) | rave/mm | OOR | Ptest(MPa) | Preal(MPa) | Preal/Ptest | |
| 1# | 0.432 | 58.84 | 0.037 | 2.707 | 2.616 | 0.966 |
| 2# | 0.422 | 58.77 | 0.038 | 2.482 | 2.527 | 1.018 |
| 3# | 0.423 | 58.99 | 0.038 | 2.593 | 2.527 | 0.975 |
| 4# | 0.406 | 58.77 | 0.039 | 2.493 | 2.397 | 0.961 |
| 5# | 0.416 | 58.75 | 0.035 | 2.360 | 2.518 | 1.067 |
According to the related data of measurement, analytic formula according to the invention carries out the prediction of end socket bearing capacity, is as a result listed in
5th column of table 1；It is the ratio of analytic formula acquired results and test result, variation range in last column bracket in table
0.961-1.067.As it can be seen that this analytic formula can accurately predict the breakdown pressure of end socket.
Thickness value is not limited to numerical value described in step 1, can disperse to surrender using 8 numerical value are no less than in usual range
Intensity is not limited to numerical value described in step 1, and yield strength can be no less than 4 numerical value by distributed collection in respective range, to come
Carry out seeking for estimation formula.
The end socket of unlike material is since the elastic modulus E of material, Poisson's ratio are different, the separate equations relevant parameter fitted
Value will be different, but still the step of being referred to this evaluation method obtains final mathematical estimation model.
The step of this evaluation method can also be used in the end socket of different central diameters obtains final mathematical estimation model.
The principles and effects of the invention, and the implementation that part uses only is illustrated in the above embodiments
Example, and is not intended to limit the present invention；It should be pointed out that for those of ordinary skill in the art, not departing from wound of the present invention
Under the premise of making design, various modifications and improvements can be made, and these are all within the scope of protection of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of evaluation method of hemispherical pressure resistance end socket ultimate bearing capacity, which is characterized in that include the following steps：
(1) end socket relevant parameter is set, wherein relevant parameter includes central diameter r, the different-thickness value t and difference yield strength of end socket
σy；
(2) consider the influence to end socket bearing capacity；Influence by buckling strength to end socket ultimate bearing capacity is defined as anelastic attenuation
Factor kpAnd it solves；
(3) k that will be acquired in step (2)pWith the empirical equation solution P of middle thick shellm-tIt is non-linear critical in the wrong that substitution acquires perfect end socket
Qu ZaihePnon：Pnon=kpPm-t；
(4) geometry initial imperfection is studied to the affecting laws of end socket buckling load, by buckling strength to end socket ultimate bearing capacity
Influence is defined as geometrical defect decay factor kimp, solve geometrical defect decay factor kimp；
(5) in kpAnd kimpOn the basis of, all data are subjected to formula fitting, solve actual attenuation factor kreal, wherein
kreal=kpkimp, conclude end socket ultimate bearing capacity PrealEstimation formula：
Preal=krealPm-t；
It (6) include thickness value t, yield strength σ according to the related parameter values of practical shelly, defect amplitudes δ/r, substitute into step (5)
In the conclusion end socket ultimate bearing capacity P that obtainsrealEstimation formula, it is final to calculate end socket ultimate bearing capacity Preal。
2. a kind of evaluation method of hemispherical pressure resistance end socket ultimate bearing capacity according to claim 1, which is characterized in that institute
Stating setting end socket relevant parameter in step (1), specific step is as follows：The central diameter r of end socket is set as 60mm, thickness value t range from
0.24mm to 0.6mm, carried out with 0.06mm it is incremental, choose total 0.24mm, 0.30mm, 0.36mm, 0.42mm, 0.48mm,
0.54mm, 0.60mm7 kind thickness；Yield strength σyRange is from 180MPa to 230MPa, increment 10MPa, take 180MPa,
190MPa, 200MPa, 210MPa, 220MPa, 230MPa totally 6 kinds of yield strengths.
3. a kind of evaluation method of hemispherical pressure resistance end socket ultimate bearing capacity according to claim 2, which is characterized in that institute
It states and solves anelastic attenuation factor k in step (2)pSpecific step is as follows：
(2.1) 7 kinds of different-thickness, 6 kinds of different yield strength σ are calculatedyUnder the perfect end socket of totally 42 models linear buckling load
Pm-t, calculating empirical equation is：Wherein the elastic modulus E of material is 193GPa, and Poisson's ratio ν is
0.28；
(2.2) material model is set as ideal elastoplastic model, and grid cell type is the S4 unit of complete integral；End socket model
Boundary condition be configured according to CCS2013；To 7 kinds of different-thickness, 6 kinds of different yield strength σyUnder totally 42 models, adopt
Carry out analysis with non-linear arc regular way and obtains corresponding buckling load value；
(2.3) influence by buckling strength to end socket ultimate bearing capacity is defined as anelastic attenuation factor kp, calculate above-mentioned 42 models
Anelastic attenuation factor kpValue, anelastic attenuation factor kpValue is the perfect geometry of buckling load value and respective thickness that upper step obtains
The empirical equation solution P of middle thickness shellm-tRatio；
(2.4) according to the anelastic attenuation factor k of above-mentioned 42 modelspValue, draws different yield strength σyLower anelastic attenuation factor kp
With the graph of relation of radius-thickness ratio t/r；
(2.5) as carrying out non-linear and linear regression analysis to graph of relation obtained by step (2.4), formula is fittedWherein k1=1.22 × 10-4,k2=-0.92.
4. a kind of evaluation method of hemispherical pressure resistance end socket ultimate bearing capacity according to claim 3, which is characterized in that institute
It states and solves geometrical defect decay factor k in step (4)impSpecific step is as follows：
(4.1) first-order modal defect is introduced as initial imperfection, initial imperfection amplitude δ takes 5 kinds, respectively 0.01mm,
0.02mm, 0.03mm, 0.04mm and 0.05mm；Calculate 6 kinds of different yield strength σy, 7 kinds of different-thickness, 5 kinds of differences it is initial
Totally 210 kinds of buckling load values under ratio delta/r of defect amplitudes and end socket radius；
(4.2) above-mentioned buckling load value and the non-linear Critical Buckling Load P of corresponding perfect end socket are calculatednonRatio obtain 210
A geometrical defect decay factor kimpNumerical value；
(4.3) according to different yield strength σyGeometrical defect decay factor k is drawn respectivelyimpIt is initial from different radius-thickness ratio t/r, difference
Ratio delta/r graph of relation of defect amplitudes and end socket radius.
5. a kind of evaluation method of hemispherical pressure resistance end socket ultimate bearing capacity according to claim 4, which is characterized in that institute
It states and obtains conclusion end socket ultimate bearing capacity P in step (5)realSpecific step is as follows：
(5.1) according to formula kreal=kpkimp, 210 actual attenuation factor k are calculatedrealNumerical value；
(5.2) k is combinedpAnd kimpFrom different yield strength σy, difference radius-thickness ratio t/r and different initial imperfection amplitude and end socket radius
Ratio delta/r graph of relation, fit krealFormula：
(5.3) formula model of fitting and 210 groups of data are imported in MATLAB software, obtains the parameters a1=of formula
5.3357；A2=-3.3004；A3=-0.0142；A4=6.8721 × 10-5；A5=0.8508；A6=-0.7433；
(5.4) numerical value comparison diagram is drawn according to formula and all data.
6. a kind of evaluation method of hemispherical pressure resistance end socket ultimate bearing capacity according to claim 5, which is characterized in that institute
It states and calculates end socket ultimate bearing capacity P in step (6)realSpecific step is as follows：According to the related thick angle value of practical end socket shell
T, yield strength σy, defect amplitudes δ/r, substitute into formula
Wherein
,
Calculate end socket ultimate bearing capacity Preal。
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Cited By (2)
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| CN114896724A (en) * | 2022-04-29 | 2022-08-12 | 浙江大学 | Design method for allowable compressive stress of axial compression cylinder |
| WO2023092876A1 (en) * | 2021-11-29 | 2023-06-01 | 江苏科技大学 | Variable-thickness seal head and design method thereof |
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