CN108887144A - Preparation method of vegetable soilless culture mixed substrate - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for preparing a mixed substrate used in soilless cultivation of vegetables, which specifically comprises the following steps: measuring the physical and chemical properties of a single substrate; establishing a regression equation for the physical and chemical properties of the mixed substrate; and determining the ratio of the mixed substrate through the regression equation ; Adjustment of EC value and pH value of mixed matrix; Subsequent management of matrix. The method of the present invention can determine the mixed components in different situations according to the difference of the single substrate type or the difference of the planted vegetable variety, and the mixed substrate can effectively improve the yield and quality of soilless cultivation vegetables, and then be popularized and applied in production.

Description

A preparation method of vegetable soilless culture mixed substrate

technical field

The invention relates to a method for preparing mixed substrates for soilless cultivation of vegetables, in particular to a preparation method for using various agricultural wastes as vegetable seedling raising substrates and cultivation substrates, and belongs to the technical field of vegetable cultivation.

Background technique

Soilless culture substrates are currently used more and more in vegetable seedling cultivation and production. Since the physical and chemical properties of a single substrate are difficult to meet the needs of crop growth, mixed substrates are mainly used in production. There is no more standardized method for mixing soilless substrates at present, and the production mainly depends on experience or the use of mixed commercial substrates.

With the increasing application of agricultural waste in substrate mixing, it is urgent to determine a scientific method for soilless culture mixed substrate preparation to make full use of agricultural resources and improve the production quality of vegetables.

Contents of the invention

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a preparation method suitable for mixing substrates in soilless cultivation of vegetables, which can make full use of various inorganic and organic substrates and suitable agricultural wastes to mix, promote the growth of vegetable seedlings and plants, and increase the yield and quality of vegetables. Benefits, while realizing the recycling of resources and reducing the cost of substrates.

To achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:

A method for preparing mixed substrates for soilless cultivation of vegetables, specifically comprising the following steps:

(1) Determination of physical and chemical properties of a single matrix raw material

According to the matrix raw materials used, the physical and chemical properties of each single matrix raw material are determined respectively;

(2) Establishment of the regression equation for the physical and chemical properties of the mixed matrix

The mixing gradient of each matrix is determined according to the number of mixed matrix raw materials. When the types of matrix raw materials are ≤ 4, 3 mixing gradients are set between 0-1 for each matrix; when the types of matrix are > 4, each Set the mixing gradient between 0-1 for the matrix type: matrix type-2;

Measure the physical and chemical properties of the mixed matrix with different ratios, and use the multiple regression method to establish the regression equation of the physical and chemical properties of the mixed matrix;

(3) Determine the ratio of mixed matrix raw materials by regression equation

According to the influence coefficient of each matrix raw material on the physical and chemical properties in the regression equation, determine the influence of the matrix raw material on the physical and chemical properties of the mixed matrix; according to the required physical properties of the mixed matrix, use the regression equation to determine the ratio of the matrix raw materials, and prepare according to the proportion ;

(4) Adjustment of mixed matrix EC (conductivity) value and pH value

After the matrix is mixed, reduce the EC by soaking in water; then adjust the pH of the mixed matrix by adding dilute acid or dilute alkali;

(5) Continuous use of mixed matrix

After the mixed substrate completes a cultivation cycle, the physical and chemical properties need to be re-measured and mixed with a new substrate for adjustment.

Preferably, the single matrix raw material in step (1) includes any organic matrix or inorganic matrix raw material, specifically including vermiculite, peat, coconut peat, mushroom dregs, perlite and the like.

Preferably, the physical and chemical properties in step (1) include bulk density, total porosity, water-holding pores, ventilation pores, air-water ratio, EC value, pH value, CEC and C/N ratio.

Preferably, before the determination of the physical and chemical properties of the single matrix raw material in step (1), the organic matrix is fully decomposed.

Preferably, in step (3), the proportion of the mixed matrix is determined through a regression equation: wherein the bulk density is controlled at 0.3-0.5 g/cm ³ .

Preferably, the adjustment of EC value and pH value of the mixed matrix in step (4): EC is controlled below 1000 μS/cm, and pH is controlled at 5.5-7.0.

The beneficial effect of the present invention is: the present invention determines the addition ratio of each raw material component in the mixed matrix according to the requirements of vegetable growth on the key physical and chemical properties of the matrix through the measurement of the physical and chemical properties of the single matrix raw material components in the mixed matrix. The method of the present invention can determine the suitable substrate mixing raw materials and mixing ratio according to the difference of single substrate type or the difference of planting varieties, so as to meet the requirements of different vegetable growth periods, and the mixed substrate can effectively promote the growth of vegetable seedlings and plants , improve the yield and benefit of vegetables, realize the recycling of resources at the same time, reduce the cost of substrate, and then promote the application in production.

Description of drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the following will briefly introduce the drawings that need to be used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art. Obviously, the accompanying drawings in the following description are only It is an embodiment of the present invention, and those skilled in the art can also obtain other drawings according to the provided drawings without creative work.

Accompanying drawing of Fig. 1 is the mixing contour diagram of bulk density of the present invention;

Accompanying drawing of Fig. 2 is the mixing contour map of total porosity of the present invention;

Accompanying drawing of Fig. 3 is the mixing contour map of water-holding pores of the present invention;

Accompanying drawing of Fig. 4 is the mixing contour map of ventilation pores of the present invention;

Fig. 5 accompanying drawing is the mixing contour map of air-water ratio of the present invention;

Figure 6 is a mixed contour map of the EC of the present invention.

Detailed ways

The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific embodiments, and the advantages and characteristics of the present invention will become clearer along with the description. However, it should be understood that the described embodiments are only exemplary and do not constitute any limitation to the scope of the present invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that the details and forms of the technical solution of the present invention can be modified or replaced without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, but these modifications or replacements all fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

The preparation method of embodiment vegetable soilless culture mixed matrix

(1) Experimental design

a. When there are less than 4 types of substrates

The "simplex lattice method" is selected, the matrix type is 3, and each matrix is set with 3 mixed gradients between 0-1, which are 0.17, 0.33 and 0.67, respectively, through the center point and axis point enhancement design respectively, the whole The number of replicates designed was 1, and finally 13 mixing methods were obtained. The results are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Mixing methods of three kinds of matrix raw materials

Note: Matrix mixing adopts volume ratio mixing, 0.17=22ml, 0.33=43ml, 0.67=87ml, 1.0=130ml.

b. When there are more than 4 types of matrix

The "simplex lattice method" is selected, the matrix type is 5, and each matrix is set with 3 mixed gradients between 0-1, which are 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75, and are designed through the center point and axis point enhancement respectively. The number of replicates designed was 1, and finally 76 collocation methods were obtained. The results are shown in Table 2.

Table 2 Mixing methods of 5 kinds of matrix raw materials

Note: Matrix mixing adopts volume ratio mixing, 0.25=32.5ml, 0.5=65ml, 0.1=13ml, 0.6=78ml, 0.2=26ml, 0.75=97.5ml.

(2) Test items and methods

① Bulk density

Test procedure: Weigh the mass of a plastic bottle with a volume of V=130mL, denoted as m ₁ , fill it with the dry substrate to be tested and then weigh it, denoted as m ₂ .

Calculation method: bulk density = (m ₂ -m ₁ )/V

②Total porosity

Test procedure: Same as the above-mentioned bulk density procedure, then immerse it in water for 24 hours, then weigh the mass (m ₄ ) of the substrate and the plastic bottle after absorbing enough water; when adding water, the water level must be higher than the top of the container.

Total porosity (%)=(m ₄ -m ₂ )/V*100%

③Water-holding pores WHP

Test procedure: Same as the above bulk density procedure, wrap the top of the container with gauze, place it upside down in a water tank that can absorb water upwards, absorb water for 24 hours, and weigh the mass (m ₃ ) after absorbing enough water.

Calculation method: water holding pore WHP(%)=(m ₃ -m ₂ )/V*100%

④ Ventilation pore AP

Calculation method: Ventilation pore AP(%)=(m ₄ -m ₃ )/V*100%

⑤ Air-water ratio

Calculation method: air-water ratio=AP/WHP*100%

⑥EC value and pH value

experiment procedure:

a. Sampling: Prepare 3 Erlenmeyer flasks, and put 20ml of dry matrix from different matrix samples in each bottle;

b. Add water: Pour 100ml of distilled water into the container where the matrix sample has been installed, and the ratio of water to soil is 5:1.

c. Stirring and standing still: fully stir with a glass rod, measure the EC value of the homogeneous solution after standing for 20 minutes, and measure the pH value of the uniform solution after standing for 30 minutes.

d. Measurement: Measure the value with a pH meter and a conductivity meter, and record the obtained data.

⑦ Determination of matrix CEC (cation exchange capacity)

experiment procedure:

a. Weigh 100mL of dried matrix from 3 different matrix sampling points in a 150mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add 30mL of 0.1mol·L ^-1 BaCl ₂ solution respectively, and stir with a cleaned glass rod for 1-2min to make the sample fully contact with the BaCl ₂ solution. Afterwards, seal it with gauze and carry out suction filtration. The filtrate was discarded and the matrix was retained. (If a small amount of matrix leaks from the gauze, use a washing bottle filled with distilled water to wash a small amount of matrix in the Buchner funnel back to the Erlenmeyer flask) Repeat the operation several times.

b. Pipette 25mL of 0.1mol·L ^-1 H ₂ SO ₄ solution into the above 150mL Erlenmeyer flask respectively. Stir with a cleaned glass rod for 1-2 minutes to fully react the sample with the sulfuric acid solution. Afterwards, suction filtration was performed. Discard the matrix, keep the filtrate, and transfer the filtrate from the suction filter flask to a 250mL Erlenmeyer flask.

c. Add 1-2 drops of 0.1% phenolphthalein indicator to the filtrate, and then titrate with 0.3 mol·L ^-1 NaOH solution, the end point is that the solution changes color (light pink or red) and does not fade within half a minute. Record the titration scale.

d. Result calculation

Cation exchange capacity (CEC) =

[C(H ₂ SO ₄ )×L(H ₂ SO ₄ )×2-C(H ₂ SO ₄ )×B(NaOH))]×50/W(substrate)

In the formula:

C is known concentration of sulfuric acid solution;

L is the volume of sulfuric acid solution known to be pipetted;

B is the volume of NaOH solution consumed at the end of the titration;

W is the mass of the known weighing matrix.

⑧Matrix C/N Determination

experiment procedure:

a. Determination of matrix total nitrogen (semi-micro Kelvin method)

a) Weighing: weigh 1.0 g of air-dried matrix;

b) Sample digestion: put the sample into the bottom of a clean Kejeldah bottle, add 1ml of potassium permanganate solution, and shake the Kejeldah bottle gently. Slowly add 2ml of 1+1 sulfuric acid solution (the ratio of concentrated sulfuric acid to water is the same), and turn the opener. After standing for 5min, add 1 drop of octanol. Send 0.5g of reduced iron powder into the bottom of the Kaiser bottle through a long-necked funnel, cover the bottle mouth with a small funnel, turn the Kaiser bottle to make the iron powder contact with the acid, and when the violent reaction stops (about 5min), put the Kessler bottle Place it on an electric furnace and heat slowly for 45 minutes (the test solution in the bottle should be kept slightly boiling so as not to cause a large amount of water loss), stop heating, and after the Kelvin flask is cooled, add 1.8 g of accelerator through a long-necked funnel (weighed 100g of potassium sulfate, 10g of copper sulfate (CuSO ₄ 5H ₂ O, 1g of selenium powder, grind finely in a mortar, mix well) and 5ml of concentrated sulfuric acid, shake well. Heat at low temperature, when the reaction in the bottle is moderate (about 10-15min ), increase the temperature to keep the digested test solution slightly boiled, and the digesting temperature is preferably reflux at the upper 1/3 of the neck of the bottle with sulfuric acid vapor. Digest until the test solution completely turns yellow-green, then continue to digest for 1 hour, cool down, to be distilled.

c) Distillation of ammonia: Before distillation, check whether the distillation device is leaking, and clean the pipeline through the distillate of water (empty steam). After the digestion liquid is cooled, transfer all the digestion liquid into the distiller, and wash the Kejeldren flask with a small amount of water for 4 to 5 times (the total water consumption should not exceed 35ml) into a 150ml Erlenmeyer flask, add 10ml 2% boric acid-indication Place the mixed solution of the agent at the end of the condenser tube, place the nozzle at 2-3cm above the boric acid liquid level, then add 20ml of 10mol L ^-1 sodium hydroxide solution into the distilled water bottle, and distill it with steam until the volume of the distillate is about At 40ml, the distillation is complete, and the end of the condenser tube is rinsed with a small amount of water adjusted to pH 4.5.

d) Titration: Titrate the distillate with 0.01mol L ^-1 hydrochloric acid standard solution, from blue-green to red-purple. Record the volume (ml) of the acid standard solution used.

e) Calculation of results

Total nitrogen (g kg ^-1 )＝(V-V0)*c*0.014*1000/m

In the formula: V—the volume of the acid standard solution used when titrating the test solution, ml;

V0—the volume of the acid standard solution used when titrating the blank, ml;

0.014—mmol mass of nitrogen atom, g;

c—concentration of standard solution of acid, mol L ^-1 ;

m—mass of dried sample, g;

b. Determination of matrix organic carbon content (potassium dichromate-sulfuric acid solution oxidation method)

a) Weighing: Weigh 1.00 g of air-dried matrix, put it into a dry hard test tube, accurately add 10 ml of 0.13 molL ^-1 potassium dichromate solution with a pipette, then add 10 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid with a graduated cylinder, and shake carefully.

b) Oil bath boiling: Insert the test tube into the wire cage and put it into the oil bath pot preheated to 185-190°C. At this time, the temperature is controlled between 170-180°C, and the timing starts when a large number of bubbles appear in the test tube. , keep the solution boiling for 5 minutes, take out the wire cage, and after the test tube has cooled slightly, wipe off the oil outside the test tube with straw paper, and let it cool.

c) After cooling, wash the contents of the test tube into a 250ml Erlenmeyer flask, make the total volume of the solution reach 60-80ml, and the acidity is 2-3mol L ^-1 , add 3-5 drops of phenanthroline indicator and shake well .

d) Titrate with a standard ferrous sulfate solution, the color of the solution changes from orange (or yellow-green) to green, gray-green to brown-red, which is the end point.

e) Calculation of results

In the formula: c—represents the consumption molar concentration of ferrous sulfate (mol L ^-1 );

V ₀ - the volume (ml) of the ferrous sulfate solution consumed by the blank test;

V——the volume (ml) of ferrous sulfate consumed by titration of the soil sample to be tested;

0.003——grams of 1/4mmol carbon.

c. Matrix C/N calculation

Matrix C/N=organic carbon/total nitrogen.

(3) Linear regression analysis

① Number Table 1 according to the operation sequence, and perform physical and chemical property determination.

See Table 2 for the test results of the physical and chemical properties of different proportioning matrices.

Table 2 Physicochemical properties of five kinds of matrix raw materials mixed in different proportions

② Normalize Table 2 to get Table 3.

Table 3 Normalization treatment of physical and chemical properties

(4) Linear relationship between different proportioning matrix and physical and chemical properties

① The linear relationship between bulk density and different proportioning matrix is shown in Table 4.

Table 4 The linear relationship between bulk density and different mixing matrices

The mixed contour map of bulk density is shown in Figure 1.

It can be seen from Table 4 and Figure 1 that peat and mushroom dregs have a greater impact on the bulk density, while vermiculite has a lesser impact, and both are positively correlated; therefore, to control the bulk density, the amount of peat and mushroom dregs should be mainly controlled.

② The linear relationship between total porosity and matrix with different proportions is shown in Table 5.

Table 5 Linear relationship between total porosity and different mixed matrices

The mixed contour map of total porosity is shown in Fig. 2.

It can be seen from Table 5 and Figure 2 that perlite has a greater impact on the total porosity, while vermiculite and peat have less impact, and they are all negatively correlated. The total porosity decreases with the increase of perlite content; therefore , to control the total porosity, the amount of perlite should be mainly controlled.

③ The linear relationship between the water-holding pores and the matrix with different ratios is shown in Table 6.

Table 6 Linear relationship between water-holding pores and different mixed matrices

The mixed contour map of water-holding pores is shown in Fig. 3.

As can be seen from Table 6 and Figure 3, vermiculite, coconut peat, and perlite have a greater impact on the water-holding void, and vermiculite, coconut peat are positively correlated with the water-holding void, and perlite is negatively correlated with the water-holding void; therefore , the size of the water-holding pores of the mixed matrix can be controlled mainly by controlling the amount of vermiculite, coconut peat and perlite.

④ The linear relationship between ventilation pores and matrix with different proportions is shown in Table 7.

Table 7 Linear relationship between ventilation pores and different mixed matrices

The mixed contour map of the ventilation pores is shown in Fig. 4.

It can be seen from Table 7 and Figure 4 that vermiculite and coconut peat have a greater impact on the ventilation pores, and they are negatively correlated; mushroom residues have a lesser impact on the ventilation pores, and they are positively correlated; The amount to control the ventilation pores.

⑤ The linear relationship between the air-water ratio and different ratios of substrates is shown in Table 8.

Table 8 The linear relationship between gas-water ratio and different ratio matrix

The mixture contour map of air-water ratio is shown in Fig. 5.

It can be seen from Table 8 and Figure 5 that vermiculite and coconut peat have a greater impact on the air-water ratio, while peat has less influence on the air-water ratio, and they are all negatively correlated; to control the air-to-water ratio.

⑥ The linear relationship between the EC value and different ratios of substrates is shown in Table 9.

Table 9 Linear relationship between EC and different ratio matrix

The mixed contour map of EC is shown in Fig. 6.

It can be seen from Table 9 and Figure 6 that mushroom dregs, peat, and coconut peat all have a greater impact on the EC value, and mushroom dregs have the most obvious impact, and they are all positively correlated with EC; therefore, it can be controlled mainly by controlling the amount of mushroom dregs EC of mixed matrix.

(5) Through the above regression equation, the physical and chemical properties are adjusted and improved by controlling the amount of the adjusted substrate, the results are shown in Table 10; different substrate ratios are used to obtain substrates with similar physical and chemical properties, and the results are shown in Table 11.

Table 10 Matrix formula change law with bulk density and air-water ratio

Table 11 Matrix formulations with approximate physical and chemical properties

Each embodiment in this specification is described in a progressive manner, each embodiment focuses on the difference from other embodiments, and the same and similar parts of each embodiment can be referred to each other. The above description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Therefore, the present invention will not be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims (6)

1. A preparation method for vegetable soilless culture mixed matrix, is characterized in that, specifically comprises the following steps: (1) Determination of physical and chemical properties of a single matrix raw material According to the matrix raw materials used, the physical and chemical properties of each single matrix raw material are determined respectively; (2) Establishment of the regression equation for the physical and chemical properties of the mixed matrix The mixing gradient of each matrix is determined according to the number of mixed matrix raw materials. When the types of matrix raw materials are ≤ 4, 3 mixing gradients are set between 0-1 for each matrix; when the types of matrix are > 4, each Set the mixing gradient between 0-1 for the matrix type: matrix type-2; Measure the physical and chemical properties of the mixed matrix with different ratios, and use the multiple regression method to establish the regression equation of the physical and chemical properties of the mixed matrix; (3) Determine the ratio of mixed matrix raw materials by regression equation According to the influence coefficient of each matrix raw material on the physical and chemical properties in the regression equation, determine the influence of each matrix raw material on the physical and chemical properties of the mixed matrix; according to the physical properties of the matrix required for vegetable growth, use the regression equation to determine the ratio of the matrix raw materials, and carry out according to the proportion preparation; (4) Adjustment of EC value and pH value of mixed matrix After the matrix is mixed, reduce the EC by soaking in water; then adjust the pH of the mixed matrix by adding dilute acid or dilute alkali; (5) Continuous use of mixed matrix After the mixed substrate completes a cultivation cycle, the physical and chemical properties need to be re-measured and mixed with a new substrate for adjustment. 2. The preparation method of a mixed substrate for soilless cultivation of vegetables according to claim 1, wherein the single substrate raw material in step (1) includes any organic substrate or inorganic substrate raw material. 3. The preparation method of a kind of vegetable soilless cultivation mixed matrix according to claim 1, characterized in that, the physical and chemical properties of step (1) include bulk density, total porosity, water-holding pores, ventilation pores, air-water Ratio, EC value, pH value, CEC and C/N ratio. 4. The preparation method of a kind of vegetable soilless cultivation mixed substrate according to claim 1, characterized in that, before the measurement of the physical and chemical properties of the single substrate raw material in step (1), the organic substrate is fully decomposed. 5. The preparation method of a kind of vegetable soilless cultivation mixed matrix according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the described in step (3) determines the proportioning of mixed matrix by regression equation: wherein bulk density is controlled at 0.3-0.5 g/cm ³ . 6. The preparation method of a kind of vegetable soilless culture mixed matrix according to claim 1, is characterized in that, step (4) the adjustment of EC value and pH value of mixed matrix: wherein pH is controlled at 5.5-7.0 , EC controlled below 1000μS/cm.