CN108887144A - Preparation method of vegetable soilless culture mixed substrate - Google Patents
Preparation method of vegetable soilless culture mixed substrate Download PDFInfo
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- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 12
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- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
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- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000365 copper sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
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- PTKRHFQQMJPPJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipotassium;oxido-(oxido(dioxo)chromio)oxy-dioxochromium;sulfuric acid Chemical compound [K+].[K+].OS(O)(=O)=O.[O-][Cr](=O)(=O)O[Cr]([O-])(=O)=O PTKRHFQQMJPPJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/28—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing peat, moss or sphagnum
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
- A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
- A01G24/15—Calcined rock, e.g. perlite, vermiculite or clay aggregates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/22—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing plant material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/22—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing plant material
- A01G24/25—Dry fruit hulls or husks, e.g. chaff or coir
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种蔬菜无土栽培所用混配基质的配制方法,具体包括以下步骤:单一基质理化性质的测定;混配基质理化性质回归方程的建立;通过回归方程确定混配基质的配比;混配基质EC值、pH值的调节;基质后续管理。本发明的方法可以依据单一基质种类的不同或种植蔬菜品种的不同,确定不同情况下的混配成分,混配后的基质可以有效提高无土栽培蔬菜产量和质量,进而在生产中推广应用。
The invention discloses a method for preparing a mixed substrate used in soilless cultivation of vegetables, which specifically comprises the following steps: measuring the physical and chemical properties of a single substrate; establishing a regression equation for the physical and chemical properties of the mixed substrate; and determining the ratio of the mixed substrate through the regression equation ; Adjustment of EC value and pH value of mixed matrix; Subsequent management of matrix. The method of the present invention can determine the mixed components in different situations according to the difference of the single substrate type or the difference of the planted vegetable variety, and the mixed substrate can effectively improve the yield and quality of soilless cultivation vegetables, and then be popularized and applied in production.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种蔬菜无土栽培混配基质的配制方法,特别涉及利用各类农业废弃物作为蔬菜育苗基质和栽培基质使用时的配制方法,属于蔬菜栽培技术领域。The invention relates to a method for preparing mixed substrates for soilless cultivation of vegetables, in particular to a preparation method for using various agricultural wastes as vegetable seedling raising substrates and cultivation substrates, and belongs to the technical field of vegetable cultivation.
背景技术Background technique
无土栽培基质目前在蔬菜育苗、生产中使用越来越多,由于单一基质理化性质很难满足作物生长需要,因此生产中主要以使用混配基质为主。现有无土基质混配没有较为规范的方法,生产中主要靠经验的摸索或者使用混配的商品基质。Soilless culture substrates are currently used more and more in vegetable seedling cultivation and production. Since the physical and chemical properties of a single substrate are difficult to meet the needs of crop growth, mixed substrates are mainly used in production. There is no more standardized method for mixing soilless substrates at present, and the production mainly depends on experience or the use of mixed commercial substrates.
随着农业废弃物在基质混配中应用的增多,亟需确定一种科学的无土栽培混配基质配制方法,充分利用农业资源,提高蔬菜的生产品质。With the increasing application of agricultural waste in substrate mixing, it is urgent to determine a scientific method for soilless culture mixed substrate preparation to make full use of agricultural resources and improve the production quality of vegetables.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的在于提供一种适用于蔬菜无土栽培混配基质的配制方法,可以充分利用各类无机、有机基质以及适宜的农业废弃物混配,促进蔬菜幼苗和植株生长,提高蔬菜产量和效益,同时实现资源的循环利用,降低基质成本。The purpose of the present invention is to provide a preparation method suitable for mixing substrates in soilless cultivation of vegetables, which can make full use of various inorganic and organic substrates and suitable agricultural wastes to mix, promote the growth of vegetable seedlings and plants, and increase the yield and quality of vegetables. Benefits, while realizing the recycling of resources and reducing the cost of substrates.
为实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:To achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:
一种蔬菜无土栽培混配基质的配制方法,具体包括以下步骤:A method for preparing mixed substrates for soilless cultivation of vegetables, specifically comprising the following steps:
(1)单一基质原料理化性质的测定(1) Determination of physical and chemical properties of a single matrix raw material
根据所使用的基质原料,分别测定各单一基质原料的理化性质;According to the matrix raw materials used, the physical and chemical properties of each single matrix raw material are determined respectively;
(2)混配基质理化性质回归方程的建立(2) Establishment of the regression equation for the physical and chemical properties of the mixed matrix
按照混配基质原料的种类数量确定各基质的混配梯度,当基质原料种类≤4时,每一种基质在0-1之间设置3个混配梯度;当基质种类>4时,每一种基质在0-1之间设置混配梯度为:基质种类-2;The mixing gradient of each matrix is determined according to the number of mixed matrix raw materials. When the types of matrix raw materials are ≤ 4, 3 mixing gradients are set between 0-1 for each matrix; when the types of matrix are > 4, each Set the mixing gradient between 0-1 for the matrix type: matrix type-2;
测定不同配比的混配基质理化性质,并采用多元回归方法建立混配基质理化性质回归方程;Measure the physical and chemical properties of the mixed matrix with different ratios, and use the multiple regression method to establish the regression equation of the physical and chemical properties of the mixed matrix;
(3)通过回归方程确定混配基质原料的配比(3) Determine the ratio of mixed matrix raw materials by regression equation
根据回归方程中各基质原料对理化性质的影响系数,确定基质原料对混配基质理化性质的影响;根据所需混配基质物理性质,利用回归方程确定基质原料的配比,并按照比例进行配制;According to the influence coefficient of each matrix raw material on the physical and chemical properties in the regression equation, determine the influence of the matrix raw material on the physical and chemical properties of the mixed matrix; according to the required physical properties of the mixed matrix, use the regression equation to determine the ratio of the matrix raw materials, and prepare according to the proportion ;
(4)混配基质EC(电导率)值、pH值的调节(4) Adjustment of mixed matrix EC (conductivity) value and pH value
基质混配完成后,通过清水浸泡的方法降低EC;再通过添加稀酸或稀碱调节混配基质的pH;After the matrix is mixed, reduce the EC by soaking in water; then adjust the pH of the mixed matrix by adding dilute acid or dilute alkali;
(5)混配基质连续使用(5) Continuous use of mixed matrix
混配基质在完成一个栽培周期后,需要重新测定理化性质,并混入新的基质进行调整。After the mixed substrate completes a cultivation cycle, the physical and chemical properties need to be re-measured and mixed with a new substrate for adjustment.
优选地,步骤(1)所述单一基质原料包括任意有机基质或无机基质原料,具体包括蛭石、草炭、椰糠、菇渣、珍珠岩等。Preferably, the single matrix raw material in step (1) includes any organic matrix or inorganic matrix raw material, specifically including vermiculite, peat, coconut peat, mushroom dregs, perlite and the like.
优选地,步骤(1)所述理化性质包括容重、总孔隙度、持水孔隙、通气孔隙、气水比、EC值、pH值、CEC和C/N比。Preferably, the physical and chemical properties in step (1) include bulk density, total porosity, water-holding pores, ventilation pores, air-water ratio, EC value, pH value, CEC and C/N ratio.
优选地,步骤(1)所述单一基质原料理化性质的测定前,先将有机基质充分腐熟。Preferably, before the determination of the physical and chemical properties of the single matrix raw material in step (1), the organic matrix is fully decomposed.
优选地,步骤(3)所述通过回归方程确定混配基质的配比:其中容重控制在0.3-0.5g/cm3。Preferably, in step (3), the proportion of the mixed matrix is determined through a regression equation: wherein the bulk density is controlled at 0.3-0.5 g/cm 3 .
优选地,步骤(4)所述混配基质EC值和pH值的调节:其中EC控制在1000μS/cm以下,pH控制在5.5-7.0。Preferably, the adjustment of EC value and pH value of the mixed matrix in step (4): EC is controlled below 1000 μS/cm, and pH is controlled at 5.5-7.0.
本发明的有益效果是:本发明通过混配基质中单一基质原料成分理化性质的测定,根据蔬菜生长对基质关键理化性质的要求,确定混配基质中各原料成分的添加比例。本发明的方法可以依据单一基质种类的不同或种植品种的不同,确定适宜的基质混配原料和混配比例,满足不同蔬菜生育时期的要求,混配后的基质可以有效促进蔬菜幼苗和植株生长,提高蔬菜产量和效益,同时实现资源的循环利用,降低基质成本,进而在生产中推广应用。The beneficial effect of the present invention is: the present invention determines the addition ratio of each raw material component in the mixed matrix according to the requirements of vegetable growth on the key physical and chemical properties of the matrix through the measurement of the physical and chemical properties of the single matrix raw material components in the mixed matrix. The method of the present invention can determine the suitable substrate mixing raw materials and mixing ratio according to the difference of single substrate type or the difference of planting varieties, so as to meet the requirements of different vegetable growth periods, and the mixed substrate can effectively promote the growth of vegetable seedlings and plants , improve the yield and benefit of vegetables, realize the recycling of resources at the same time, reduce the cost of substrate, and then promote the application in production.
附图说明Description of drawings
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据提供的附图获得其他的附图。In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the following will briefly introduce the drawings that need to be used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art. Obviously, the accompanying drawings in the following description are only It is an embodiment of the present invention, and those skilled in the art can also obtain other drawings according to the provided drawings without creative work.
图1附图为本发明容重的混合等值线图;Accompanying drawing of Fig. 1 is the mixing contour diagram of bulk density of the present invention;
图2附图为本发明总孔隙度的混合等值线图;Accompanying drawing of Fig. 2 is the mixing contour map of total porosity of the present invention;
图3附图为本发明持水孔隙的混合等值线图;Accompanying drawing of Fig. 3 is the mixing contour map of water-holding pores of the present invention;
图4附图为本发明通气孔隙的混合等值线图;Accompanying drawing of Fig. 4 is the mixing contour map of ventilation pores of the present invention;
图5附图为本发明气水比的混合等值线图;Fig. 5 accompanying drawing is the mixing contour map of air-water ratio of the present invention;
图6附图为本发明EC的混合等值线图。Figure 6 is a mixed contour map of the EC of the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面结合具体实施例来进一步描述本发明,本发明的优点和特点将会随着描述而更为清楚。但是应理解所述实施例仅是范例性的,不对本发明的范围构成任何限制。本领域技术人员应该理解的是,在不偏离本发明的精神和范围下可以对本发明技术方案的细节和形式进行修改或替换,但这些修改或替换均落入本发明的保护范围。The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific embodiments, and the advantages and characteristics of the present invention will become clearer along with the description. However, it should be understood that the described embodiments are only exemplary and do not constitute any limitation to the scope of the present invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that the details and forms of the technical solution of the present invention can be modified or replaced without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, but these modifications or replacements all fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
实施例蔬菜无土栽培混配基质的配制方法The preparation method of embodiment vegetable soilless culture mixed matrix
(1)试验设计(1) Experimental design
a.基质种类少于4种时a. When there are less than 4 types of substrates
选用“单纯形格点法”,基质种类为3,每一种基质在0-1之间设置3个混配梯度,分别为0.17,0.33和0.67,分别通过中心点和轴点增强设计,整个设计的仿行数为1,最终得13种混配方法,结果见表1。The "simplex lattice method" is selected, the matrix type is 3, and each matrix is set with 3 mixed gradients between 0-1, which are 0.17, 0.33 and 0.67, respectively, through the center point and axis point enhancement design respectively, the whole The number of replicates designed was 1, and finally 13 mixing methods were obtained. The results are shown in Table 1.
表1 3种基质原料的混配方法Table 1 Mixing methods of three kinds of matrix raw materials
注:基质混配采用体积比混配,0.17=22ml,0.33=43ml,0.67=87ml,1.0=130ml。Note: Matrix mixing adopts volume ratio mixing, 0.17=22ml, 0.33=43ml, 0.67=87ml, 1.0=130ml.
b.基质种类大于4种时b. When there are more than 4 types of matrix
选用“单纯形格点法”,基质种类为5,每一种基质在0-1之间设置3个混配梯度,分别为0.25,0.5和0.75,分别通过中心点和轴点增强设计,整个设计的仿行数为1,最终得到76种搭配方法,结果见表2。The "simplex lattice method" is selected, the matrix type is 5, and each matrix is set with 3 mixed gradients between 0-1, which are 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75, and are designed through the center point and axis point enhancement respectively. The number of replicates designed was 1, and finally 76 collocation methods were obtained. The results are shown in Table 2.
表2 5种基质原料的混配方法Table 2 Mixing methods of 5 kinds of matrix raw materials
注:基质混配采用体积比混配,0.25=32.5ml,0.5=65ml,0.1=13ml,0.6=78ml,0.2=26ml,0.75=97.5ml。Note: Matrix mixing adopts volume ratio mixing, 0.25=32.5ml, 0.5=65ml, 0.1=13ml, 0.6=78ml, 0.2=26ml, 0.75=97.5ml.
(2)测试项目与方法(2) Test items and methods
①容重① Bulk density
试验步骤:称量容积为V=130mL塑料瓶的质量,记为m1,装满待测的干基质后再称重,记为m2。Test procedure: Weigh the mass of a plastic bottle with a volume of V=130mL, denoted as m 1 , fill it with the dry substrate to be tested and then weigh it, denoted as m 2 .
计算方法:容重=(m2-m1)/VCalculation method: bulk density = (m 2 -m 1 )/V
②总孔隙度②Total porosity
试验步骤:同上述容重步骤,然后将其浸入水中24h,再称吸足水分后的基质及塑料瓶的质量(m4);加水时水位一定要高于容器顶部。Test procedure: Same as the above-mentioned bulk density procedure, then immerse it in water for 24 hours, then weigh the mass (m 4 ) of the substrate and the plastic bottle after absorbing enough water; when adding water, the water level must be higher than the top of the container.
总孔隙度(%)=(m4-m2)/V*100%Total porosity (%)=(m 4 -m 2 )/V*100%
③持水孔隙WHP③Water-holding pores WHP
试验步骤:同上述容重步骤,将容器顶部用纱布包好,倒置放置在可向上吸水的水槽中,吸水24h,称其倒吸足水分后的质量(m3)。Test procedure: Same as the above bulk density procedure, wrap the top of the container with gauze, place it upside down in a water tank that can absorb water upwards, absorb water for 24 hours, and weigh the mass (m 3 ) after absorbing enough water.
计算方法:持水孔隙WHP(%)=(m3-m2)/V*100%Calculation method: water holding pore WHP(%)=(m 3 -m 2 )/V*100%
④通气孔隙AP④ Ventilation pore AP
计算方法:通气孔隙AP(%)=(m4-m3)/V*100%Calculation method: Ventilation pore AP(%)=(m 4 -m 3 )/V*100%
⑤气水比⑤ Air-water ratio
计算方法:气水比=AP/WHP*100%Calculation method: air-water ratio=AP/WHP*100%
⑥EC值与pH值⑥EC value and pH value
试验步骤:experiment procedure:
a、取样:准备3个锥形瓶,每个瓶内放来自不同基质样本的20ml干基质;a. Sampling: Prepare 3 Erlenmeyer flasks, and put 20ml of dry matrix from different matrix samples in each bottle;
b、加水:在已装好基质样本的容器中倒入100ml蒸馏水,水土比例为5:1。b. Add water: Pour 100ml of distilled water into the container where the matrix sample has been installed, and the ratio of water to soil is 5:1.
c、搅拌及静置:用玻璃棒充分搅拌,静置20min后测均匀液的EC值,静置30分钟后测定均匀液的pH值。c. Stirring and standing still: fully stir with a glass rod, measure the EC value of the homogeneous solution after standing for 20 minutes, and measure the pH value of the uniform solution after standing for 30 minutes.
d、测量:用pH计与电导率仪测量数值,并记录所得数据。d. Measurement: Measure the value with a pH meter and a conductivity meter, and record the obtained data.
⑦基质CEC(阳离子代换量)测定⑦ Determination of matrix CEC (cation exchange capacity)
试验步骤:experiment procedure:
a、从3个不同的基质采样点各称量100mL的烘干基质于150mL锥形瓶内。分别加入30mL 0.1mol·L-1BaCl2溶液,用洗净的玻璃棒搅拌1-2min,使样本与BaCl2溶液充分接触。之后,用纱布封口,进行抽滤。弃去滤液,保留基质。(如有少量基质从纱布内漏出,应用装有蒸馏水的洗瓶,将布氏漏斗内的少量基质冲洗回锥形瓶)重复操作数次。a. Weigh 100mL of dried matrix from 3 different matrix sampling points in a 150mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add 30mL of 0.1mol·L -1 BaCl 2 solution respectively, and stir with a cleaned glass rod for 1-2min to make the sample fully contact with the BaCl 2 solution. Afterwards, seal it with gauze and carry out suction filtration. The filtrate was discarded and the matrix was retained. (If a small amount of matrix leaks from the gauze, use a washing bottle filled with distilled water to wash a small amount of matrix in the Buchner funnel back to the Erlenmeyer flask) Repeat the operation several times.
b、分别移取25mL 0.1mol·L-1H2SO4溶液至上述150mL锥形瓶内。用洗净的玻璃棒搅拌1-2min,使样本与硫酸溶液充分反应。之后,进行抽滤。弃去基质,保留滤液,将滤液由抽滤瓶转移至250mL锥形瓶。b. Pipette 25mL of 0.1mol·L -1 H 2 SO 4 solution into the above 150mL Erlenmeyer flask respectively. Stir with a cleaned glass rod for 1-2 minutes to fully react the sample with the sulfuric acid solution. Afterwards, suction filtration was performed. Discard the matrix, keep the filtrate, and transfer the filtrate from the suction filter flask to a 250mL Erlenmeyer flask.
c、向滤液中加入1-2滴0.1%酚酞指示剂,再用0.3mol·L-1NaOH溶液滴定,以溶液变色(浅粉色或红色)并在半分钟内不褪色为终点。记录滴定刻度。c. Add 1-2 drops of 0.1% phenolphthalein indicator to the filtrate, and then titrate with 0.3 mol·L -1 NaOH solution, the end point is that the solution changes color (light pink or red) and does not fade within half a minute. Record the titration scale.
d、结果计算d. Result calculation
阳离子代换量(CEC)=Cation exchange capacity (CEC) =
[C(H2SO4)×L(H2SO4)×2-C(H2SO4)×B(NaOH))]×50/W(基质)[C(H 2 SO 4 )×L(H 2 SO 4 )×2-C(H 2 SO 4 )×B(NaOH))]×50/W(substrate)
式中:In the formula:
C为已知的硫酸溶液浓度;C is known concentration of sulfuric acid solution;
L为已知移取的硫酸溶液体积;L is the volume of sulfuric acid solution known to be pipetted;
B为滴定终点时消耗的NaOH溶液体积;B is the volume of NaOH solution consumed at the end of the titration;
W为已知称量基质的质量。W is the mass of the known weighing matrix.
⑧基质C/N测定⑧Matrix C/N Determination
试验步骤:experiment procedure:
a、基质全氮测定(半微量开氏法)a. Determination of matrix total nitrogen (semi-micro Kelvin method)
a)称样:称取风干基质1.0g;a) Weighing: weigh 1.0 g of air-dried matrix;
b)样品消煮:将试样送入干净的开氏瓶底部,加1ml高锰酸钾溶液,轻轻摇动开氏瓶。缓缓加入2ml 1+1硫酸溶液(浓硫酸和水的比例相同),转动开氏瓶。放置5min后,再加入1滴辛醇。通过长颈漏斗将0.5g还原铁粉送入开氏瓶底部,瓶口盖上小漏斗,转动开氏瓶,使铁粉与酸接触,待剧烈反应停止时(约5min),将开氏瓶置于电炉上缓缓加热45min(瓶内试液应保持微沸,以不引起大量水分损失为宜),停止加热,待开氏瓶冷却后,通过长颈漏斗加1.8g加速剂(称取100g硫酸钾,10g硫酸铜(CuSO4·5H2O,1g硒粉于研钵中研细,充分混合均匀)和5ml浓硫酸,摇匀。低温加热,待瓶内反应缓和时(约10~15min),提高温度使消煮的试液保持微沸,消煮温度以硫酸蒸气在瓶颈上部1/3处回流为宜。消煮至试液完全变为黄绿色,再继续消煮1h,冷却,待蒸馏。b) Sample digestion: put the sample into the bottom of a clean Kejeldah bottle, add 1ml of potassium permanganate solution, and shake the Kejeldah bottle gently. Slowly add 2ml of 1+1 sulfuric acid solution (the ratio of concentrated sulfuric acid to water is the same), and turn the opener. After standing for 5min, add 1 drop of octanol. Send 0.5g of reduced iron powder into the bottom of the Kaiser bottle through a long-necked funnel, cover the bottle mouth with a small funnel, turn the Kaiser bottle to make the iron powder contact with the acid, and when the violent reaction stops (about 5min), put the Kessler bottle Place it on an electric furnace and heat slowly for 45 minutes (the test solution in the bottle should be kept slightly boiling so as not to cause a large amount of water loss), stop heating, and after the Kelvin flask is cooled, add 1.8 g of accelerator through a long-necked funnel (weighed 100g of potassium sulfate, 10g of copper sulfate (CuSO 4 5H 2 O, 1g of selenium powder, grind finely in a mortar, mix well) and 5ml of concentrated sulfuric acid, shake well. Heat at low temperature, when the reaction in the bottle is moderate (about 10-15min ), increase the temperature to keep the digested test solution slightly boiled, and the digesting temperature is preferably reflux at the upper 1/3 of the neck of the bottle with sulfuric acid vapor. Digest until the test solution completely turns yellow-green, then continue to digest for 1 hour, cool down, to be distilled.
c)氨的蒸馏:蒸馏前先检查蒸馏装置是否漏气,并通过水的馏出液将管道洗净(空蒸)。待消煮液冷却后,将消煮液全部转入蒸馏器内,并用少量水洗涤开氏瓶4~5次(总用水量不超过35ml)于150ml三角瓶中,加入10ml 2%硼酸-指示剂混合液,放在冷凝管末端,管口置于硼酸液面以上2~3cm处,然后向蒸馏水瓶内加入20ml 10mol L-1氢氧化钠溶液,同入蒸气蒸馏,待馏出液体积约40ml时,即蒸馏完毕,用少量已调节至pH4.5的水冲洗冷凝管的末端。c) Distillation of ammonia: Before distillation, check whether the distillation device is leaking, and clean the pipeline through the distillate of water (empty steam). After the digestion liquid is cooled, transfer all the digestion liquid into the distiller, and wash the Kejeldren flask with a small amount of water for 4 to 5 times (the total water consumption should not exceed 35ml) into a 150ml Erlenmeyer flask, add 10ml 2% boric acid-indication Place the mixed solution of the agent at the end of the condenser tube, place the nozzle at 2-3cm above the boric acid liquid level, then add 20ml of 10mol L -1 sodium hydroxide solution into the distilled water bottle, and distill it with steam until the volume of the distillate is about At 40ml, the distillation is complete, and the end of the condenser tube is rinsed with a small amount of water adjusted to pH 4.5.
d)滴定:用0.01mol L-1盐酸标准溶液滴定馏出液,由蓝绿色滴定至刚变为红紫色。记录所用酸标准溶液的体积(ml)。d) Titration: Titrate the distillate with 0.01mol L -1 hydrochloric acid standard solution, from blue-green to red-purple. Record the volume (ml) of the acid standard solution used.
e)结果计算e) Calculation of results
全氮(g kg-1)=(V-V0)*c*0.014*1000/mTotal nitrogen (g kg -1 )=(V-V0)*c*0.014*1000/m
式中:V—滴定试液时所用酸标准溶液的体积,ml;In the formula: V—the volume of the acid standard solution used when titrating the test solution, ml;
V0—滴定空白时所用酸标准溶液的体积,ml;V0—the volume of the acid standard solution used when titrating the blank, ml;
0.014—氮原子的毫摩尔质量,g;0.014—mmol mass of nitrogen atom, g;
c—酸的标准溶液浓度,mol L-1;c—concentration of standard solution of acid, mol L -1 ;
m—烘干试样质量,g;m—mass of dried sample, g;
b、基质有机碳量测定(重铬酸钾—硫酸溶液氧化法)b. Determination of matrix organic carbon content (potassium dichromate-sulfuric acid solution oxidation method)
a)称样:称取风干基质1.00g,放入干燥硬质试管中,用移液管准确加入0.13molL-1重铬酸钾溶液10ml,再用量筒加入浓硫酸10ml,小心摇动。a) Weighing: Weigh 1.00 g of air-dried matrix, put it into a dry hard test tube, accurately add 10 ml of 0.13 molL -1 potassium dichromate solution with a pipette, then add 10 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid with a graduated cylinder, and shake carefully.
b)油浴煮沸:将试管插入铁丝笼内,放入预先加热至185~190℃间的油浴锅中,此时温度控制在170~180℃之间,自试管内大量出现气泡时开始计时,保持溶液沸腾5min,取出铁丝笼,代试管稍冷却后,用草纸擦拭干净试管外部油液,放凉。b) Oil bath boiling: Insert the test tube into the wire cage and put it into the oil bath pot preheated to 185-190°C. At this time, the temperature is controlled between 170-180°C, and the timing starts when a large number of bubbles appear in the test tube. , keep the solution boiling for 5 minutes, take out the wire cage, and after the test tube has cooled slightly, wipe off the oil outside the test tube with straw paper, and let it cool.
c)经冷却后,将试管内容物洗入250ml的三角瓶中,使溶液的总体积达60~80ml,酸度为2~3mol L-1,加入邻啡罗啉指示剂3~5滴摇匀。c) After cooling, wash the contents of the test tube into a 250ml Erlenmeyer flask, make the total volume of the solution reach 60-80ml, and the acidity is 2-3mol L -1 , add 3-5 drops of phenanthroline indicator and shake well .
d)用标准的硫酸亚铁溶液滴定,溶液颜色由橙色(或黄绿色)经绿色、灰绿色变到棕红色即为终点。d) Titrate with a standard ferrous sulfate solution, the color of the solution changes from orange (or yellow-green) to green, gray-green to brown-red, which is the end point.
e)结果计算e) Calculation of results
式中:c——表示硫酸亚铁消耗摩尔浓度(mol L-1);In the formula: c—represents the consumption molar concentration of ferrous sulfate (mol L -1 );
V0——空白试验消耗得硫酸亚铁溶液的体积(ml);V 0 - the volume (ml) of the ferrous sulfate solution consumed by the blank test;
V——滴定待测土样消耗的硫酸亚铁的体积(ml);V——the volume (ml) of ferrous sulfate consumed by titration of the soil sample to be tested;
0.003——1/4mmol碳的克数。0.003——grams of 1/4mmol carbon.
c、基质C/N计算c. Matrix C/N calculation
基质C/N=有机碳量/全氮。Matrix C/N=organic carbon/total nitrogen.
(3)线性回归分析(3) Linear regression analysis
①将表1按运行序进行编号,进行理化性质测定。① Number Table 1 according to the operation sequence, and perform physical and chemical property determination.
不同配比基质的理化性质的测试结果,见表2。See Table 2 for the test results of the physical and chemical properties of different proportioning matrices.
表2 5种基质原料按不同配比混配基质的理化性质Table 2 Physicochemical properties of five kinds of matrix raw materials mixed in different proportions
②将表2进行归一化处理,得表3。② Normalize Table 2 to get Table 3.
表3理化性质归一化处理Table 3 Normalization treatment of physical and chemical properties
(4)不同配比基质与理化性质之间的线性关系(4) Linear relationship between different proportioning matrix and physical and chemical properties
①容重与不同配比基质的线性关系如表4所示。① The linear relationship between bulk density and different proportioning matrix is shown in Table 4.
表4容重与不同混配基质的线性关系Table 4 The linear relationship between bulk density and different mixing matrices
容重的混合等值线图,如图1所示。The mixed contour map of bulk density is shown in Figure 1.
由表4和图1可看出草炭和菇渣对容重影响较大,蛭石影响较小,且都成正相关;因此,要控制容重,应主要控制草炭和菇渣的量。It can be seen from Table 4 and Figure 1 that peat and mushroom dregs have a greater impact on the bulk density, while vermiculite has a lesser impact, and both are positively correlated; therefore, to control the bulk density, the amount of peat and mushroom dregs should be mainly controlled.
②总孔隙度与不同配比基质的线性关系,如表5所示。② The linear relationship between total porosity and matrix with different proportions is shown in Table 5.
表5总孔隙度与不同混配基质的线性关系Table 5 Linear relationship between total porosity and different mixed matrices
总孔隙度的混合等值线图,如图2所示。The mixed contour map of total porosity is shown in Fig. 2.
由表5和图2可看出,珍珠岩对总孔隙度影响较大,蛭石、草炭影响较小,且都成负相关,总孔隙度随着珍珠岩量的增大而减小;因此,要控制总孔隙度,应主要控制珍珠岩的量。It can be seen from Table 5 and Figure 2 that perlite has a greater impact on the total porosity, while vermiculite and peat have less impact, and they are all negatively correlated. The total porosity decreases with the increase of perlite content; therefore , to control the total porosity, the amount of perlite should be mainly controlled.
③持水孔隙与不同配比基质的线性关系,如表6所示。③ The linear relationship between the water-holding pores and the matrix with different ratios is shown in Table 6.
表6持水孔隙与不同混配基质的线性关系Table 6 Linear relationship between water-holding pores and different mixed matrices
持水孔隙的混合等值线图,如图3所示。The mixed contour map of water-holding pores is shown in Fig. 3.
由表6和图3可看出,蛭石,椰糠,珍珠岩对持水空隙影响较大,且蛭石,椰糠与持水空隙成正相关,珍珠岩与持水空隙成负相关;因此,可主要通过控制蛭石、椰糠和珍珠岩的量来控制混配基质持水孔隙的大小。As can be seen from Table 6 and Figure 3, vermiculite, coconut peat, and perlite have a greater impact on the water-holding void, and vermiculite, coconut peat are positively correlated with the water-holding void, and perlite is negatively correlated with the water-holding void; therefore , the size of the water-holding pores of the mixed matrix can be controlled mainly by controlling the amount of vermiculite, coconut peat and perlite.
④通气孔隙与不同配比基质的线性关系,如表7所示。④ The linear relationship between ventilation pores and matrix with different proportions is shown in Table 7.
表7通气孔隙与不同混配基质的线性关系Table 7 Linear relationship between ventilation pores and different mixed matrices
通气孔隙的混合等值线图,如图4所示。The mixed contour map of the ventilation pores is shown in Fig. 4.
由表7和图4可看出,蛭石,椰糠对通气孔隙影响较大,且成负相关;菇渣对通气孔隙影响较小,成正相关;因此,可主要通过控制蛭石、椰糠的量来控制通气孔隙。It can be seen from Table 7 and Figure 4 that vermiculite and coconut peat have a greater impact on the ventilation pores, and they are negatively correlated; mushroom residues have a lesser impact on the ventilation pores, and they are positively correlated; The amount to control the ventilation pores.
⑤气水比与不同配比基质的线性关系,如表8所示。⑤ The linear relationship between the air-water ratio and different ratios of substrates is shown in Table 8.
表8气水比与不同配比基质的线性关系Table 8 The linear relationship between gas-water ratio and different ratio matrix
气水比的混合等值线图,如图5所示。The mixture contour map of air-water ratio is shown in Fig. 5.
由表8和图5可看出,蛭石,椰糠对气水比影响较大,草炭对气水比影响较小,且都成负相关;因此,可主要通过控制蛭石、椰糠的量来控制气水比。It can be seen from Table 8 and Figure 5 that vermiculite and coconut peat have a greater impact on the air-water ratio, while peat has less influence on the air-water ratio, and they are all negatively correlated; to control the air-to-water ratio.
⑥EC值与不同配比基质的线性关系,如表9所示。⑥ The linear relationship between the EC value and different ratios of substrates is shown in Table 9.
表9 EC与不同配比基质的线性关系Table 9 Linear relationship between EC and different ratio matrix
EC的混合等值线图,如图6所示。The mixed contour map of EC is shown in Fig. 6.
由表9和图6可看出,菇渣,草炭,椰糠对EC值影响都较大,菇渣影响最明显,且都与EC成正相关;因此,可主要通过控制菇渣的量来控制混配基质的EC。It can be seen from Table 9 and Figure 6 that mushroom dregs, peat, and coconut peat all have a greater impact on the EC value, and mushroom dregs have the most obvious impact, and they are all positively correlated with EC; therefore, it can be controlled mainly by controlling the amount of mushroom dregs EC of mixed matrix.
(5)通过上述回归方程,通过控制调节基质的量来调节改善理化性质,结果如表10所示;利用不同的基质配比出理化性质近似的基质,结果如表11所示。(5) Through the above regression equation, the physical and chemical properties are adjusted and improved by controlling the amount of the adjusted substrate, the results are shown in Table 10; different substrate ratios are used to obtain substrates with similar physical and chemical properties, and the results are shown in Table 11.
表10基质配方随容重和气水比变化规律表Table 10 Matrix formula change law with bulk density and air-water ratio
表11近似理化性质的基质配方Table 11 Matrix formulations with approximate physical and chemical properties
本说明书中各个实施例采用递进的方式描述,每个实施例重点说明的都是与其他实施例的不同之处,各个实施例之间相同相似部分互相参见即可。对所公开的实施例的上述说明,使本领域专业技术人员能够实现或使用本发明。对这些实施例的多种修改对本领域的专业技术人员来说将是显而易见的,本文中所定义的一般原理可以在不脱离本发明的精神或范围的情况下,在其它实施例中实现。因此,本发明将不会被限制于本文所示的这些实施例,而是要符合与本文所公开的原理和新颖特点相一致的最宽的范围。Each embodiment in this specification is described in a progressive manner, each embodiment focuses on the difference from other embodiments, and the same and similar parts of each embodiment can be referred to each other. The above description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Therefore, the present invention will not be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
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