CN108872359A - A kind of magnetic mixing non-linear detection method for ferrimagnet hardness characterization - Google Patents
A kind of magnetic mixing non-linear detection method for ferrimagnet hardness characterization Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种用于铁磁性材料硬度表征的磁混频非线性检测方法，选定某一信号采集位置，将传感器紧贴于铁磁构件表面，激励一高低频调制的正弦信号作为混合励磁信号，进行磁混频非线性检测；由计算机对采集到的磁混频非线性信号进行处理；提取检测信号和频与差频分量及高频基频分量幅值，计算磁非线性表征参量。采用高低频调制信号励磁，避免了系统谐振频率非线性效应对材料非线性效应的影响，检测的材料磁非线性效应对铁磁性材料力学性能变化较为敏感，可用于材料早期力学性能退化的表征。通过对磁混频信号进行分析处理，利用磁混频非线性因子表征材料硬度变化，有利于材料力学性能变化的准确表征。
The invention discloses a magnetic mixing nonlinear detection method for hardness characterization of ferromagnetic materials. A certain signal acquisition position is selected, the sensor is closely attached to the surface of a ferromagnetic component, and a high and low frequency modulated sinusoidal signal is excited as a mixed The excitation signal is used for magnetic mixing nonlinear detection; the collected magnetic mixing nonlinear signal is processed by the computer; the detection signal sum frequency and difference frequency components and the amplitude of the high frequency fundamental frequency component are extracted to calculate the magnetic nonlinear characteristic parameters. The high and low frequency modulation signal is used for excitation, which avoids the influence of the nonlinear effect of the system resonant frequency on the material nonlinear effect. The detected material magnetic nonlinear effect is sensitive to the change of the mechanical properties of ferromagnetic materials, and can be used for the characterization of the degradation of the early mechanical properties of the material. By analyzing and processing the magnetic mixing signal, the nonlinear factor of the magnetic mixing is used to characterize the hardness change of the material, which is beneficial to the accurate characterization of the mechanical property change of the material.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种铁磁材料硬度的表征方法，特别是基于磁混频非线性技术的铁磁性材料表面硬度表征方法。该方法适用于铁磁性材料表面硬度表征，属于无损检测领域。The invention relates to a method for characterizing the hardness of ferromagnetic materials, in particular to a method for characterizing the surface hardness of ferromagnetic materials based on magnetic frequency mixing nonlinear technology. The method is applicable to the characterization of the surface hardness of ferromagnetic materials and belongs to the field of nondestructive testing.
背景技术Background technique
铁磁性材料作为一种高可靠性材料，现已广泛应用于航空航天、石油化工和机械制造等领域，如涡轮发动机的齿轮和油气输送管道等。格结构部件在服役过程中，由于环境的多样性(高温、辐照等)和承受载荷的复杂性(循环热载荷、机械载荷等)，铁磁性材料的力学性能会逐渐退化，引起多种类型的早期损伤累积，成为整个系统的故障敏感多发部位。在评估材料退化的多种力学性能中，材料硬度是推算构件服役寿命的主要指标之一，因此迫切需要发展一种可有效检测铁磁性材料硬度的无损检测方法，作为构件安全运行的技术保障。As a high-reliability material, ferromagnetic materials have been widely used in aerospace, petrochemical and machinery manufacturing, such as gears of turbine engines and oil and gas pipelines. During the service of lattice structural components, due to the diversity of the environment (high temperature, radiation, etc.) and the complexity of the load (cyclic thermal load, mechanical load, etc.), the mechanical properties of ferromagnetic materials will gradually degrade, causing various types of The early damage accumulation of the system becomes the fault sensitive and frequent part of the whole system. Among the various mechanical properties for evaluating material degradation, material hardness is one of the main indicators for estimating the service life of components. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a non-destructive testing method that can effectively detect the hardness of ferromagnetic materials as a technical guarantee for the safe operation of components.
基于铁磁性材料的磁学特性，利用电磁原理的无损检测技术对于损伤的表征具有特殊优势。常规的电磁无损检测技术，如电涡流检测、磁记忆检测、磁粉检测和漏磁检测等，均可有效检测材料的宏观损伤(如裂纹、腐蚀等)，但对于微观晶界运动诱发的材料早期力学性能退化具有较低的检测灵敏度。与之相比，利用材料微观磁学性能变化表征材料力学性能退化的微磁无损检测技术(如磁巴克豪森噪声检测、磁谐波检测等)，对于材料早期损伤具有较高的敏感性。但由于磁巴克豪森噪声检测受背景磁场及检测线圈热效应引起的噪声影响，检测结果的稳定性较低。而磁谐波检测难以剥离实验系统非线性对检测非线性效应的影响，检测误差往往较大。Based on the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials, the non-destructive testing technology using electromagnetic principles has special advantages for the characterization of damage. Conventional electromagnetic nondestructive testing techniques, such as eddy current testing, magnetic memory testing, magnetic particle testing, and magnetic flux leakage testing, can effectively detect macroscopic damage (such as cracks, corrosion, etc.) The degradation of mechanical properties has a lower detection sensitivity. In contrast, micromagnetic nondestructive testing techniques (such as magnetic Barkhausen noise testing, magnetic harmonic testing, etc.) that use changes in the microscopic magnetic properties of materials to characterize the degradation of mechanical properties of materials have high sensitivity to early damage to materials. However, because the magnetic Barkhausen noise detection is affected by the noise caused by the background magnetic field and the thermal effect of the detection coil, the stability of the detection result is low. However, the magnetic harmonic detection is difficult to strip the influence of the nonlinearity of the experimental system on the nonlinear effect of the detection, and the detection error is often large.
混频技术是一种检测弱效应的有效手段，被广泛应用于声学检测、光谱分析等领域，主要用于检测材料属性变化引发的弱非线性效应近年来，该技术已被国内外学者引入电磁领域。当两频率不同的交流电信号同时作用产生混合磁场时，周期性的低频磁场强度较大，可对被测材料进行饱和磁化；高频磁场强度较小，用于被测材料的局部可逆磁化。基于铁磁性材料的非线性磁滞特性，在检测信号高频区域，会产生多阶和频与差频磁混频分量。此频段检测信号受实验系统的影响较小，检测信号具有较高的信噪比[1-3]。利用上述优势，国内外学者已将磁混频技术用于磁电敏感元件的研制和磁微粒流体动力学的研究中。在研制磁敏感元件时，混频技术用于磁化磁电压层复合材料，根据铁磁材料的磁致伸缩效应，产生的和频与差频混频电压对外加磁场的扰动十分敏感。利用该特性，磁电压层复合材料可用于制作高灵敏度磁电敏感元件[4-6]。在微粒布朗松弛效应的研究中，根据铁磁微粒动态磁滞特性，流体中铁基纳米粒子的混频磁化场中会产生多阶混频分量。利用混频分量相位信息对铁基纳米粒子实时运动状态的高敏感性，磁混频技术可用于磁微粒流体动力学分布特性的表征[7-9]。此外，国内外学者还研究了磁混频检测技术的表征参量，提出了利用混频检测时域波形计算增量磁导率的方法，并利用该特征参量实现了材料塑性变形等早期损伤的有效检测[10,11]。综上所述，现阶段国内外学者对磁混频技术的研究工作，主要集中在基于混频磁致伸缩效应的研究和混频时域增量磁导率表征参量的计算两方面。对于动态磁滞混频非线性效应的研究，磁混频信号频域特征参量的提取及其对材料早期损伤敏感程度的分析，尚属空白。Frequency mixing technology is an effective means to detect weak effects, and is widely used in the fields of acoustic detection, spectral analysis, etc. It is mainly used to detect weak nonlinear effects caused by changes in material properties. In recent years, this technology has been introduced by domestic and foreign scholars into electromagnetic field. When two alternating current signals with different frequencies act simultaneously to generate a mixed magnetic field, the periodic low-frequency magnetic field is stronger, which can saturate the material under test; the high-frequency magnetic field is weaker, and is used for local reversible magnetization of the material under test. Based on the nonlinear hysteresis characteristics of ferromagnetic materials, multi-order sum frequency and difference frequency magnetic mixing components will be generated in the high frequency region of the detection signal. The detection signal in this frequency band is less affected by the experimental system, and the detection signal has a higher signal-to-noise ratio [1-3]. Taking advantage of the above advantages, scholars at home and abroad have applied magnetic frequency mixing technology to the development of magnetoelectric sensitive elements and the study of magnetic particle fluid dynamics. When developing magnetically sensitive components, frequency mixing technology is used to magnetize magnetic voltage layer composite materials. According to the magnetostrictive effect of ferromagnetic materials, the sum frequency and difference frequency mixing voltage generated are very sensitive to the disturbance of the applied magnetic field. Utilizing this characteristic, the magnetic voltage layer composite material can be used to make high-sensitivity magnetoelectric sensitive elements [4-6]. In the study of particle Brownian relaxation effect, according to the dynamic hysteresis characteristics of ferromagnetic particles, multi-order mixing components will be generated in the mixed frequency magnetization field of iron-based nanoparticles in fluid. Using the high sensitivity of the phase information of the frequency mixing component to the real-time motion state of iron-based nanoparticles, magnetic frequency mixing technology can be used to characterize the hydrodynamic distribution characteristics of magnetic particles[7-9]. In addition, scholars at home and abroad have also studied the characteristic parameters of the magnetic mixing detection technology, and proposed a method to calculate the incremental magnetic permeability using the time-domain waveform of the mixing detection technology, and used this characteristic parameter to realize the effective detection of early damage such as material plastic deformation. Detection [10,11]. To sum up, at present, domestic and foreign scholars' research work on magnetic frequency mixing technology mainly focuses on the research based on the frequency mixing magnetostrictive effect and the calculation of the characteristic parameters of frequency mixing time domain incremental permeability. For the study of the nonlinear effect of dynamic hysteresis mixing, the extraction of frequency-domain characteristic parameters of magnetic mixing signals and the analysis of the sensitivity to early damage of materials are still blank.
鉴于常规微磁检测方法存在的局限与混频技术的优势，提出一种基于磁混频技术的铁磁性材料检测方法，用于实现铁磁性材料表面硬度的检测。根据铁磁材料的动态磁滞特性，本方法研究了高低频交变电压混合励磁时材料的磁非线性效应，获取了信噪比较高且不受背景磁场及系统非线性影响的磁非线性混频信号。利用检测信号中的混频分量，计算了磁混频非线性因子，从而实现了材料表面硬度的表征。In view of the limitations of conventional micro-magnetic detection methods and the advantages of frequency mixing technology, a ferromagnetic material detection method based on magnetic mixing technology is proposed to detect the surface hardness of ferromagnetic materials. According to the dynamic hysteresis characteristics of ferromagnetic materials, this method studies the magnetic nonlinear effect of materials when high and low frequency alternating voltage is excited, and obtains the magnetic nonlinearity with high signal-to-noise ratio and not affected by the background magnetic field and system nonlinearity. mixed signal. Using the frequency mixing component in the detection signal, the nonlinear factor of magnetic mixing is calculated, thus realizing the characterization of the material surface hardness.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的在于提供一种铁磁材料硬度表征方法，特别是基于磁混频非线性检测技术方法。在背景磁场及系统非线性影响较小的条件下，该方法采用高低频交流正弦信号混合励磁，利用检测信号混频分量(和频与差频)幅值的变化，计算磁混频非线性因子，从而实现铁磁性材料表面硬度的表征。The purpose of the present invention is to provide a ferromagnetic material hardness characterization method, especially a method based on magnetic mixing nonlinear detection technology. Under the condition that the influence of the background magnetic field and the nonlinearity of the system is small, the method adopts the mixed excitation of high and low frequency AC sinusoidal signals, and calculates the nonlinear factor of the magnetic mixing frequency by using the amplitude change of the mixing frequency component (sum frequency and difference frequency) of the detection signal , so as to realize the characterization of the surface hardness of ferromagnetic materials.
本发明提出的一种用于铁磁性材料硬度表征的磁混频非线性检测方法，其基本原理在于：The present invention proposes a magnetic mixing nonlinear detection method for hardness characterization of ferromagnetic materials, the basic principle of which is:
本文提出的磁混频非线性检测技术，在高低频混合励磁条件下，低频磁化场频率较低(小于50Hz)，幅值较大，对铁磁性材料进行不可逆磁化，而高频磁化场由于频率较高(大于100Hz)，幅值较小，对材料进行可逆磁化。The magnetic mixing nonlinear detection technology proposed in this paper, under the condition of high and low frequency mixed excitation, the frequency of the low frequency magnetization field is low (less than 50Hz), the amplitude is large, and the ferromagnetic material is irreversibly magnetized, while the high frequency magnetization field is due to the frequency Higher (greater than 100Hz), the amplitude is small, and the material is reversibly magnetized.
当交流电场施加到励磁线圈上时，励磁线圈所产生的交变磁场将铁磁材料磁化产生磁化场M，该磁化场M表示为When an AC electric field is applied to the excitation coil, the alternating magnetic field generated by the excitation coil will magnetize the ferromagnetic material to generate a magnetization field M, which is expressed as
式中，Ms表示饱和磁化场，m0表示磁矩，μ0表示磁导率，H(t)表示随时间t变化的外加磁场，kB表示玻耳兹曼常数，T表示绝对温度，表示郎之万方程。若该外加磁场H(t)为两不同频率磁场的混合场，表示为In the formula, M s represents the saturation magnetization field, m 0 represents the magnetic moment, μ 0 represents the magnetic permeability, H(t) represents the external magnetic field changing with time t, k B represents the Boltzmann constant, T represents the absolute temperature, represents the Langevin equation. If the applied magnetic field H(t) is a mixed field of two magnetic fields with different frequencies, expressed as
H(t)＝A1sin(2πf1t+φ1)+A2sin(2πf2t+φ2) (2)H(t)＝A 1 sin(2πf 1 t+φ 1 )+A 2 sin(2πf 2 t+φ 2 ) (2)
式中，A1和A2分别表示两激励电压的幅值，f1和f2分别表示两激励电压的频率，且f1>f2，φ1和φ2分别表示两励磁电压的相位(如图1所示)。将外加磁场H(t) 代入公式(1)，磁化场M随时间t变化的M(t)的泰勒级数展开式为In the formula, A 1 and A 2 represent the amplitudes of the two excitation voltages, f 1 and f 2 represent the frequencies of the two excitation voltages, and f 1 >f 2 , φ 1 and φ 2 represent the phases of the two excitation voltages ( As shown in Figure 1). Substituting the external magnetic field H(t) into formula (1), the Taylor series expansion of M(t) in which the magnetization field M changes with time t is
由公式(3)可知，两不同频率的磁场作用于铁磁材料时不仅会出现线性响应分量，由于两磁场的相互作用还会产生非线性分量，如谐波分量3f1和混频分量f1±2f2(如图2所示)。对公式(3)进行傅里叶变换，磁化场的频谱M(f)表示为It can be seen from formula (3) that when two magnetic fields of different frequencies act on ferromagnetic materials, not only linear response components will appear, but also nonlinear components will be generated due to the interaction of the two magnetic fields, such as harmonic components 3f 1 and mixing frequency components f 1 ±2f 2 (as shown in Figure 2). Perform Fourier transform on formula (3), and the spectrum M(f) of the magnetization field is expressed as
式中，α＝m0μ0/kBT，δ表示单位冲激函数，j为虚数单位。公式(4)为In the formula, α=m 0 μ 0 /k B T, δ represents the unit impulse function, and j is the imaginary unit. Formula (4) is
式中，Af1、Af2、A3f1、A3f2和Af1±2f2分别为检测信号高频基频、低频基频、高频三倍频、低频三倍频、差频与和频的幅值。提取检测混频信号中和频与差频分量的幅值，两幅值之和与基频高频分量幅值之比为磁混频非线性因子Q，Q表示为In the formula, A f1 , A f2 , A 3f1 , A 3f2 and A f1±2f2 are the amplitudes of the high-frequency fundamental frequency, low-frequency fundamental frequency, high-frequency triple frequency, low-frequency triple frequency, difference frequency and sum frequency of the detection signal, respectively. Extract and detect the amplitude of the sum frequency and difference frequency components in the mixed frequency signal, the ratio of the sum of the two amplitudes to the amplitude of the high frequency component of the fundamental frequency is the magnetic mixing nonlinear factor Q, and Q is expressed as
计算不同被测试件的磁混频非线性因子Q，即可得到磁混频非线性特征参量随检测材料硬度变化的表征结果。通过检测的磁混频非线性特征参量表征材料硬度变化，能有效减弱基频噪声对混频分量的影响，同时避免系统谐振频率非线性效应对材料混频非线性效应的影响。By calculating the magnetic mixing nonlinear factor Q of different tested pieces, the characterization results of the magnetic mixing nonlinear characteristic parameters changing with the hardness of the tested material can be obtained. The change of material hardness is characterized by the detected magnetic mixing nonlinear characteristic parameters, which can effectively reduce the influence of fundamental frequency noise on mixing components, and at the same time avoid the influence of system resonant frequency nonlinear effects on material mixing nonlinear effects.
本发明的技术方案如下：Technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:
本发明所采用的装置参见图3，实现该方法的装置包括计算机1、信号激励采集板卡2、功率放大器3和磁混频传感器4。首先，将计算机1与信号激励采集板卡相连，用于控制磁混频信号的激发即激励信号和检测信号的显示与分析处理。信号激励采集卡2的输出端口与功率放大器的输入端口相连，用于激励信号的放大。接着，将功率放大器3的输出端接入磁混频传感器4的输入端，用于传感器对检测试件的磁化。同时，传感器4的输出端与激励采集板卡2的输入端相连，用于传输采集到的磁混频非线性信号。Referring to FIG. 3 for the device used in the present invention, the device for realizing the method includes a computer 1 , a signal excitation acquisition board 2 , a power amplifier 3 and a magnetic mixing sensor 4 . Firstly, the computer 1 is connected to the signal excitation acquisition board, which is used to control the excitation of the magnetic mixing signal, that is, the display, analysis and processing of the excitation signal and the detection signal. The output port of the signal excitation acquisition card 2 is connected to the input port of the power amplifier for amplifying the excitation signal. Next, the output end of the power amplifier 3 is connected to the input end of the magnetic mixing sensor 4 for the magnetization of the sensor to the test piece. At the same time, the output end of the sensor 4 is connected to the input end of the excitation acquisition board 2 for transmitting the collected magnetic mixing nonlinear signal.
本发明提出的一种用于铁磁性材料硬度表征的磁混频非线性检测方法是通过以下步骤实现的：A magnetic mixing nonlinear detection method for hardness characterization of ferromagnetic materials proposed by the present invention is realized through the following steps:
S1被测试件选取不同热处理工艺下的铁磁构件，各被测试件的尺寸一致，硬度不同，且表面平整不存在凹坑、孔洞和裂纹等缺陷。在被测试件表面选取三个不同位置作为传感器检测的数据采集点，不同被测试件的检测位置一致；S1 The ferromagnetic components under different heat treatment processes are selected for the tested parts. The size of each tested part is the same, the hardness is different, and the surface is smooth without defects such as pits, holes and cracks. Select three different positions on the surface of the tested piece as the data collection points for sensor detection, and the detection positions of different tested pieces are consistent;
S2将磁混频传感器置于被测试件表面某一检测位置，调整传感器内部磁敏元件的信号拾取方向即传感器检测方向，当传感器检测方向与被测试件表面的切向平行时，检测结果为被测试件表面切向磁场的非线性效应。当传感器检测方向与被测试件表面的法向平行时，检测结果为被测试件表面法向磁场的非线性效应。两方向的磁混频非线性检测信号均用于材料硬度的表征。传感器与被测试件的提离距离小于1mm；S2 Place the magnetic mixing sensor at a certain detection position on the surface of the test piece, adjust the signal pickup direction of the magnetic sensitive element inside the sensor, that is, the sensor detection direction, when the sensor detection direction is parallel to the tangential direction of the test piece surface, the detection result is The nonlinear effect of a tangential magnetic field on the surface of the test piece. When the detection direction of the sensor is parallel to the normal direction of the surface of the test piece, the detection result is the nonlinear effect of the normal magnetic field of the surface of the test piece. The magnetic mixing nonlinear detection signals in both directions are used for the characterization of material hardness. The lift-off distance between the sensor and the tested piece is less than 1mm;
S3利用计算机控制信号激励采集板卡，输出一高低频调制的正弦信号用于混合励磁。高低频混频励磁的幅值比通常小于0.2，频率比大于102。启动功率放大器，当传感器位于传感器表面某一数据采集点时，检测到的磁混频信号会通过信号激励采集板卡显示在计算机上，计算机保存检测到的磁混频信号；S3 uses the computer control signal to excite the acquisition board, and outputs a high and low frequency modulated sinusoidal signal for mixed excitation. The amplitude ratio of high and low frequency mixed frequency excitation is usually less than 0.2, and the frequency ratio is greater than 10 2 . Start the power amplifier, when the sensor is located at a certain data collection point on the sensor surface, the detected magnetic mixing signal will be displayed on the computer through the signal excitation acquisition board, and the computer will save the detected magnetic mixing signal;
S4传感器的检测位置不变，保存多次重复采集检测到的磁混频信号，改变传感器的检测位置重复S3，记录同一试件不同位置的检测结果。更换被测试件，重复上述操作，完成不同硬度试件磁混频非线性信号的采集；The detection position of the sensor in S4 remains unchanged, and the magnetic mixing signals detected by repeated collection are saved, and the detection position of the sensor is changed to repeat S3, and the detection results of different positions of the same specimen are recorded. Replace the tested piece, repeat the above operations, and complete the collection of magnetic mixing nonlinear signals of different hardness test pieces;
S5由计算机对采集到的磁混频非线性信号进行处理。首先对检测到的磁混频非线性信号进行傅里叶变换，提取一阶和频与差频混频分量与基频高频分量的幅值，根据公式(6)计算被测试件单一位置单次检测的磁混频非线性因子Q；In S5, the computer processes the collected magnetic mixing nonlinear signal. First, Fourier transform is performed on the detected magnetic mixing nonlinear signal, and the amplitude of the first-order sum frequency and difference frequency mixing components and the fundamental frequency high frequency component are extracted, and the single position of the tested object is calculated according to the formula (6). The non-linear factor Q of the magnetic mixing frequency detected for the second time;
S6统计同一被测试件不同位置多次检测结果的磁混频非线性因子Q平均值，绘制磁混频非线性因子Q平均值随不同被测试件硬度变化的表征结果。根据磁混频非线性因子Q变化表征被测试件的硬度变化；被测试件为铁磁性试件。S6 counts the average value of the magnetic mixing nonlinear factor Q of the multiple detection results at different positions of the same tested piece, and plots the characterization results of the magnetic mixed nonlinear factor Q averaged with the hardness of different tested pieces. The hardness change of the tested piece is characterized according to the change of the magnetic mixing nonlinear factor Q; the tested piece is a ferromagnetic test piece.
本发明具有以下优点：(1)采用高低频调制信号励磁，避免了系统谐振频率非线性效应对材料非线性效应的影响，检测的材料磁非线性效应对铁磁性材料力学性能变化较为敏感，可用于材料早期力学性能退化的表征；(2)通过对磁混频信号进行分析处理，利用磁混频非线性因子表征材料硬度变化，可有效减弱基频噪声对表征参量的影响，有利于材料力学性能变化的准确表征。The present invention has the following advantages: (1) High and low frequency modulation signals are used for excitation, which avoids the influence of the nonlinear effect of the system resonant frequency on the nonlinear effect of the material, and the detected magnetic nonlinear effect of the material is relatively sensitive to the change of the mechanical properties of the ferromagnetic material, and can be used (2) By analyzing and processing the magnetic mixing signal and using the magnetic mixing nonlinear factor to characterize the hardness change of the material, it can effectively weaken the influence of the fundamental frequency noise on the characterization parameters, which is beneficial to the mechanical properties of materials. Accurate characterization of performance changes.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1高低频调制混频励磁信号。Figure 1 High and low frequency modulation mixing excitation signal.
图2含多阶和频与差频的磁混频非线性检测信号。Figure 2 contains the magnetic mixing nonlinear detection signal of multi-order sum frequency and difference frequency.
图3检测装置系统图。Figure 3 System diagram of the detection device.
图中：1、计算机，2、激励采集板卡，3、功率放大器，4、磁混频检测传感器。In the figure: 1. computer, 2. excitation acquisition board, 3. power amplifier, 4. magnetic mixing detection sensor.
图4典型实验激励信号时频域图。Fig. 4 Time-frequency domain diagram of typical experimental excitation signal.
图中：时域图横坐标为时间，纵坐标为信号幅值；频谱图横坐标为频率，纵坐标为频率幅值。In the figure: the abscissa of the time domain graph is time, and the ordinate is the signal amplitude; the abscissa of the spectrogram is frequency, and the ordinate is the frequency amplitude.
图5典型实验检测信号时域图。Figure 5 Typical experimental detection signal time domain diagram.
图中：时域图横坐标为时间，纵坐标为信号幅值；频谱图横坐标为频率，纵坐标为频率幅值。In the figure: the abscissa of the time domain graph is time, and the ordinate is the signal amplitude; the abscissa of the spectrogram is frequency, and the ordinate is the frequency amplitude.
图6磁混频非线性因子随硬度变化结果。Fig. 6 The results of the nonlinear factor of magnetic mixing with hardness.
图中：横坐标为材料的维氏硬度，纵坐标为磁混频非线性因子。In the figure: the abscissa is the Vickers hardness of the material, and the ordinate is the magnetic mixing nonlinear factor.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面结合具体实验对本发明作进一步说明：Below in conjunction with concrete experiment the present invention will be further described:
本实验实施过程包括以下步骤：The implementation process of this experiment includes the following steps:
S1、实验系统搭建：按照图3所示的检测装置系统图搭建实验系统，系统包括计算机1、信号激励采集板卡2、功率放大器3和磁混频传感器4。首先，将计算机1与信号激励采集板卡相连，用于控制磁混频信号的激发即激励信号和检测信号的显示与分析处理。信号激励采集卡2的输出端口与功率放大器的输入端口相连，用于激励信号的放大。接着，将功率放大器3的输出端接入磁混频传感器4的输入端，用于传感器对检测试件的磁化。同时，传感器4的输出端与激励采集板卡2的输入端相连，用于传输采集到的磁混频非线性信号。S1. Construction of the experimental system: build the experimental system according to the detection device system diagram shown in Figure 3. The system includes a computer 1, a signal excitation acquisition board 2, a power amplifier 3 and a magnetic mixing sensor 4. Firstly, the computer 1 is connected to the signal excitation acquisition board, which is used to control the excitation of the magnetic mixing signal, that is, the display, analysis and processing of the excitation signal and the detection signal. The output port of the signal excitation acquisition card 2 is connected to the input port of the power amplifier for amplifying the excitation signal. Next, the output end of the power amplifier 3 is connected to the input end of the magnetic mixing sensor 4 for the magnetization of the sensor to the test piece. At the same time, the output end of the sensor 4 is connected to the input end of the excitation acquisition board 2 for transmitting the collected magnetic mixing nonlinear signal.
S2、检测方式选择：被测试件选取9块尺寸为100mm×100mm×6mm的 45#钢板，表1给出了其主要化学成分。对试件进行淬火和不同温度的回火处理，表2给出了各试件的回火温度及维氏硬度。分别在9个试件上表面选取3个不同位置作为传感器检测的数据采集点，各试件的数据采集位置一致，均为维氏硬度检测位置。在每个数据采集位置重复检测3次，实验共采集81组数据(3次重复检测×3位置×9个试件)。S2. Selection of detection methods: 9 pieces of 45# steel plates with a size of 100mm×100mm×6mm were selected for the test piece. Table 1 shows its main chemical composition. The specimens were quenched and tempered at different temperatures. Table 2 shows the tempering temperature and Vickers hardness of each specimen. Three different positions were selected on the upper surface of the nine test pieces as the data collection points for sensor detection. The data collection positions of each test piece were consistent, and they were all Vickers hardness detection positions. The detection was repeated 3 times at each data collection position, and a total of 81 sets of data were collected in the experiment (3 repeated detections × 3 positions × 9 specimens).
S3、传感器检测参数设定：将磁混频传感器置于被测试件表面某一选定的检测位置，调整传感器的信号拾取线圈方向，使其检测方向与被测试件表面的切向平行时，检测试件表面切向磁场的非线性效应。传感器紧贴试件表面，提离距离小于0.5mm。利用计算机控制激励采集板卡，输出一高低频调制的正弦信号用于混合励磁(如图4所示)。其高频频率为709Hz，高频幅值为1V，低频频率为 1Hz，低频幅值为7.5V。S3. Sensor detection parameter setting: place the magnetic mixing sensor at a selected detection position on the surface of the test piece, adjust the signal pickup coil direction of the sensor so that the detection direction is parallel to the tangential direction of the test piece surface, To detect the nonlinear effect of the tangential magnetic field on the surface of the specimen. The sensor is close to the surface of the test piece, and the lifting distance is less than 0.5mm. Use the computer to control the excitation acquisition board, and output a high and low frequency modulated sinusoidal signal for mixed excitation (as shown in Figure 4). Its high-frequency frequency is 709Hz, high-frequency amplitude is 1V, low-frequency frequency is 1Hz, and low-frequency amplitude is 7.5V.
S4、磁混频非线性检测实验：启动功率放大器，当传感器位于传感器表面某一数据采集位置时，检测到的磁混频信号会通过信号激励采集板卡显示在计算机上，保存该检测信号(如图5所示)。更换实验试件，改变检测位置，重复检测，存储81次实验采集磁混频信号；S4, magnetic mixing nonlinear detection experiment: start the power amplifier, when the sensor is located at a certain data acquisition position on the sensor surface, the detected magnetic mixing signal will be displayed on the computer through the signal excitation acquisition board, and save the detection signal ( as shown in Figure 5). Replace the experimental specimen, change the detection position, repeat the detection, and store 81 experiments to collect magnetic mixing signals;
S5、信号分析与处理：由计算机对采集到的磁混频非线性信号进行处理。对检测信号进行傅里叶变换，提取一阶和频(711Hz)与一阶差频(707Hz)混频分量与基频高频分量(709Hz)的幅值，根据公式(6)计算某一试件单一位置单次检测的磁混频非线性因子Q。统计同一试件不同位置多次检测结果的平均磁混频非线性因子，绘制平均磁混频非线性因子随不同试件硬度变化的表征结果 (如图6所示)。；S5. Signal analysis and processing: the collected magnetic mixing nonlinear signal is processed by the computer. Perform Fourier transform on the detection signal, extract the amplitude of the mixing component of the first-order sum frequency (711Hz) and first-order difference frequency (707Hz) and the high-frequency component of the fundamental frequency (709Hz), and calculate a certain experimental value according to formula (6). Magnetic mixing nonlinearity factor Q for a single detection at a single position of the component. The average magnetic mixing nonlinear factor of the multiple detection results at different positions of the same specimen was counted, and the characterization results of the average magnetic mixing nonlinear factor changing with the hardness of different specimens were plotted (as shown in Figure 6). ;
S6、实验结果分析：已知9块试件的硬度分布在194HV和595HV之间，各试件的硬度不同，且呈逐渐增大趋势。由图6可知，磁混频非线性因子的值随试件硬度增大而逐渐增加，且其变化近似线性增长。一阶线性拟合结果的R2值为 0.931，即检测非线性特征参量对硬度的线性表征结果较好。由于磁混频非线性因子可明显区分材料的硬度变化，因此，采用磁混频非线性检测方法表征铁磁性材料硬度是可行的。S6. Analysis of experimental results: It is known that the hardness distribution of the 9 test pieces is between 194HV and 595HV, and the hardness of each test piece is different and tends to increase gradually. It can be seen from Figure 6 that the value of the magnetic mixing nonlinear factor increases gradually with the hardness of the specimen, and its change increases approximately linearly. The R 2 value of the first-order linear fitting result is 0.931, which means that the linear characterization result of the detection nonlinear characteristic parameters to the hardness is better. Since the magnetic mixing nonlinear factor can clearly distinguish the hardness change of the material, it is feasible to use the magnetic mixing nonlinear detection method to characterize the hardness of ferromagnetic materials.
以上是本发明的一个典型应用，本发明的应用不限于此。The above is a typical application of the present invention, and the application of the present invention is not limited thereto.
表1检测试件化学成分表.(wt.％)Table 1 The chemical composition table of test pieces. (wt.%)
表2检测试件维氏硬度表Table 2 Test piece Vickers hardness table
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