CN108872359A - A kind of magnetic mixing non-linear detection method for ferrimagnet hardness characterization - Google Patents
A kind of magnetic mixing non-linear detection method for ferrimagnet hardness characterization Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of magnetic for ferrimagnet hardness characterization to be mixed non-linear detection method, select a certain signal acquisition position, sensor is tightly attached to ferromagnetic component surface, the sinusoidal signal of excitation one low-and high-frequency modulation carries out magnetic and be mixed non-linear detection as composite excitation signal；Collected magnetic mixing nonlinear properties are handled by computer；Detection signal and frequency and difference frequency component and high frequency fundamental component amplitude are extracted, the non-linear characterization parameter of magnetic is calculated.Using height frequency modulation excitation, avoid influence of the system resonance frequencies nonlinear effect to material nonlinearity effect, the material magnetic nonlinear effect of detection changes more sensitivity to ferrimagnet mechanical property, can be used for the characterization of material early mechanics characteristics degeneration.By being analyzed and processed to magnetic mixed frequency signal, is changed using magnetic mixing nonlinear factor characterization material hardness, be conducive to the accurate characterization of material mechanical performance variation.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of characterizing methods of Testing of Ferromagnetic Material Hardness, are based particularly on the ferromagnetic of magnetic mixing nonlinear technology
Property material surface hardness characterizing method.This method is characterized suitable for ferrimagnet surface hardness, belongs to field of non destructive testing.
Background technique
Ferrimagnet has been widely used in aerospace, petrochemical industry and machinery as a kind of high reliability material
The fields such as manufacture, such as the gear and pipe-line of turbogenerator.Lattice structure member is during military service, due to environment
Diversity (high temperature, irradiation etc.) and load bearing complexity (circulation thermal force, mechanical load etc.), the power of ferrimagnet
Learning performance can gradually degenerate, and cause a plurality of types of earlier damages to be accumulated, become the multiple position of Fault-Sensitive of whole system.?
In a variety of mechanical properties that assessment material is degenerated, material hardness is one of the main indicator for calculating component service life, therefore is compeled
A kind of lossless detection method that can effectively detect ferrimagnet hardness will be developed by being essential, and the technology as component safe operation is protected
Barrier.
Magnetism characteristic based on ferrimagnet has the characterization of damage using the non-destructive testing technology of electromagnetic principle
Peculiar advantage.Conventional electromagnetic nondestructive testing, such as eddy current detection, Magnetic memory testing, Magnetic testing and Magnetic Flux Leakage Inspecting,
The macroscopic damage (such as crackle, corrosion) of material can be effectively detected, but for the material early stage power of microcosmic crystal boundary exercise induced
Learning performance degradation has lower detection sensitivity.In contrast, utilizing the microcosmic magnetic performance variation characterization mechanics of materials of material
Micro- magnetic non-destructive testing technology (such as Magnetic Barkhausen noise detection, magnetic harmonic detecting) of performance degradation, damages material early stage
Hurt sensibility with higher.But since Magnetic Barkhausen noise detection is made an uproar caused by by background magnetic field and detection coil fuel factor
Sound shadow is rung, and the stability of testing result is lower.And magnetic harmonic detecting is difficult to peel test mission nonlinear to the non-linear effect of detection
The influence answered, detection error are often larger.
Frequency mixing technique is a kind of effective means for detecting weak effect, is widely used in the neck such as Acoustic detection, spectrum analysis
Domain changes the weak nonlocal media caused mainly for detection of material properties in recent years, which is introduced by domestic and foreign scholars
Electromagnetic arts.When the different ac signal of two frequencies acts on simultaneously generates mixed magnetic field, periodic low frequency magnetic field intensity
It is larger, saturated magnetization can be carried out to measured material；High frequency magnetic field intensity is smaller, and the local reversible for measured material magnetizes.Base
In the non-linear hysteresis characteristic of ferrimagnet, in detection signal high-frequency region, it can generate multistage and be mixed frequently with difference frequency magnetic point
Amount.This frequency range detection signal is influenced smaller, detection signal signal-to-noise ratio with higher [1-3] by experimental system.Using above-mentioned
Magnetic frequency mixing technique has been used for the development and the dynamic (dynamical) research of magnetic particle fluid of magnetoelectricity sensing element by advantage, domestic and foreign scholars
In.When developing magnet-sensitive element, frequency mixing technique is for magnetizing magnetoelectricity pressurized layer composite material, according to the magnetostriction of ferromagnetic material
Effect, it is generation and frequently very sensitive with disturbance of the difference frequency mixing voltages to externally-applied magnetic field.Using the characteristic, magnetoelectricity pressurized layer is compound
Material can be used for making highly sensitive magnetic electric sensitive element [4-6].In the research of particle Blang's relaxation effect, according to ferromagnetic micro-
Grain dynamic hysteresis characteristic, can generate multistage mixed components in the mixing magnetizing field of formation of iron based nanoparticles in fluid.Utilize mixing point
Phase information is measured to the hypersensitivity of formation of iron based nanoparticles real time kinematics state, magnetic frequency mixing technique can be used for magnetic particle fluid power
Learn the characterization [7-9] of distribution character.In addition, domestic and foreign scholars are investigated the characterization parameter of magnetic mixing detection technique, propose
The method for calculating incremental permeability using mixing detection time domain waveform, and material plasticity deformation etc. is realized using this feature parameter
Effective detection [10,11] of earlier damage.In conclusion outer research work of the scholar to magnetic frequency mixing technique of Current Domestic, main
It concentrates on the research based on mixing magnetostrictive effect and is mixed two aspect of calculating of time domain incremental permeability characterization parameter.It is right
In the research of dynamic hysteresis mixing nonlinear effect, the extraction of magnetic mixed frequency signal frequency domain character parameter and its to material earlier damage
The analysis of sensitivity, still category blank.
In view of the advantage of limitation and frequency mixing technique existing for conventional micro-magnetic detection method, propose a kind of based on magnetic frequency mixing technique
Ferrimagnet detection method, for realizing the detection of ferrimagnet surface hardness.According to the dynamic hysteresis of ferromagnetic material
Characteristic, the magnetic nonlinear effect of material, it is relatively high to obtain noise when this method has studied low-and high-frequency alternating voltage composite excitation
And the magnetic non-linear frequency mixing signal not influenced by background magnetic field and mission nonlinear.Utilize the mixed components in detection signal, meter
Magnetic mixing nonlinear factor is calculated, to realize the characterization of material surface hardness.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of Testing of Ferromagnetic Material Hardness characterizing methods, are based particularly on magnetic and are mixed non-linear inspection
Survey technology method.Under the conditions of background magnetic field and mission nonlinear influence lesser, this method is believed using low-and high-frequency AC sine
Number composite excitation calculates magnetic and is mixed nonlinear factor using the variation of detection signal mixed components (and frequency and difference frequency) amplitude, from
And realize the characterization of ferrimagnet surface hardness.
A kind of magnetic for ferrimagnet hardness characterization proposed by the present invention is mixed non-linear detection method, substantially former
Reason is：
Magnetic proposed in this paper is mixed nonlinear detection techniques, and under the conditions of low-and high-frequency composite excitation, low frequency magnetizes field frequencies range
Lower (being less than 50Hz), amplitude is larger, carries out irreversible magnetization to ferrimagnet, and electronic curing field is higher due to frequency
(being greater than 100Hz), amplitude is smaller, carries out reversible magnetization to material.
When AC field is applied on magnet exciting coil, alternating magnetic field caused by magnet exciting coil, which magnetizes ferromagnetic material, to be produced
Raw magnetizing field M, magnetizing field M are expressed as
In formula, MsIndicate saturated magnetization field, m0Indicate magnetic moment, μ0Indicate that magnetic conductivity, H (t) indicate the outer of t variation at any time
Add magnetic field, kBIndicate that Boltzmann constant, T indicate absolute temperature,Indicate Langevin equation.If the externally-applied magnetic field H (t) is two
The mixing field in different frequency magnetic field, is expressed as
H (t)=A1sin(2πf1t+φ1)+A2sin(2πf2t+φ2) (2)
In formula, A1And A2Respectively indicate the amplitude of two driving voltages, f1And f2Respectively indicate the frequency of two driving voltages, and f1
>f2, φ1And φ2Respectively indicate the phase (as shown in Figure 1) of two excitation voltages.Externally-applied magnetic field H (t) is substituted into formula (1), magnetic
The taylor series expansion of M (t) for changing field M t variation at any time is
By formula (3) it is found that the magnetic fields of two different frequencies not only will appear linear response component when ferromagnetic material,
Since the interaction in two magnetic fields can also generate nonlinear component, such as harmonic component 3f1With mixed components f1±2f2(such as Fig. 2 institute
Show).Fourier transformation is carried out to formula (3), the frequency spectrum M (f) of magnetizing field is expressed as
In formula, α=m0μ0/kBT, δ indicate unit impulse function, and j is imaginary unit.Formula (4) is
In formula, Af1、Af2、A3f1、A3f2And Af1±2f2Respectively detect signal high frequency fundamental, low frequency fundamental frequency, high frequency frequency tripling,
Low frequency frequency tripling, difference frequency with and frequency amplitude.Extraction detects in mixed frequency signal and the amplitude of frequency and difference frequency component, the sum of two amplitudes
It is mixed nonlinear factor Q for magnetic with the ratio between fundamental frequency high fdrequency component amplitude, Q is expressed as
Magnetic mixing nonlinear characteristic parameter can be obtained with inspection in the magnetic mixing nonlinear factor Q for calculating different test specimens
It measures and monitor the growth of standing timber and expects the characterization result of firmness change.It is mixed the variation of nonlinear characteristic parameter representative material hardness by the magnetic of detection, can be had
Effect weakens influence of the fundamental frequency noise to mixed components, while it is non-linear to avoid system resonance frequencies nonlinear effect from being mixed material
The influence of effect.
Technical scheme is as follows：
Device of the present invention realizes that the device of this method includes computer 1, signal excitation collection plate referring to Fig. 3
Card 2, power amplifier 3 and magnetic mixed frequency sensor 4.Firstly, computer 1 is connected with signal excitation analog input card, for controlling
The excitation of magnetic mixed frequency signal is pumping signal and the display and analysis processing for detecting signal.The output end of signal excitation capture card 2
Mouth is connected with the input port of power amplifier, the amplification for pumping signal.Then, the output of power amplifier 3 is terminated
The input terminal for entering magnetic mixed frequency sensor 4, the magnetization for sensor to detection test specimen.Meanwhile output end and the excitation of sensor 4
The input terminal of analog input card 2 is connected, and is used for transmission collected magnetic mixing nonlinear properties.
It is proposed by the present invention it is a kind of for ferrimagnet hardness characterization magnetic mixing non-linear detection method be by with
What lower step was realized：
S1 test specimen chooses the ferromagnetic component under different heat treatment technique, and the size of each test specimen is consistent, and hardness is not
Together, the defects of and pit, hole and crackle is not present for surfacing.Three different locations are chosen as biography on test specimen surface
The data collection point of sensor detection, the detection position consistency of different test specimens；
Magnetic mixed frequency sensor is placed in a certain detection position in test specimen surface by S2, adjustment sensor internal magneto sensor
Picking up signal direction, that is, sensor detection direction, when sensor detection direction is tangential parallel with test specimen surface, detection
It as a result is the nonlinear effect of test specimen surface tangential magnetic field.When sensor detection direction and the normal direction on test specimen surface are flat
When row, testing result is the nonlinear effect in test specimen surface normal magnetic field.The magnetic in two directions is mixed non-linear detection signal
It is used to the characterization of material hardness.The lift off of sensor and test specimen is less than 1mm；
S3 motivates analog input card using computer control signal, and the sinusoidal signal of output one low-and high-frequency modulation is encouraged for mixing
Magnetic.The Amplitude Ration of low-and high-frequency mixing excitation is usually less than 0.2, and frequency ratio is greater than 102.Startup power amplifier, when sensor position
When sensor surface a certain data collection point, the magnetic mixed frequency signal detected can motivate analog input card to be shown in meter by signal
On calculation machine, computer saves the magnetic mixed frequency signal detected；
The detection position of S4 sensor is constant, saves and the magnetic mixed frequency signal that acquisition testing arrives is repeated several times, and changes sensor
Detection position repeat S3, record the testing result of same test specimen different location.Test specimen is replaced, aforesaid operations are repeated, it is complete
At the acquisition of different hardness test specimen magnetic mixing nonlinear properties；
S5 is handled collected magnetic mixing nonlinear properties by computer.It is non-thread to the magnetic mixing detected first
Property signal carry out Fourier transformation, extract single order and frequently and difference frequency mixed components and fundamental frequency high fdrequency component amplitude, according to formula
(6) magnetic for calculating the single position single detection of test specimen is mixed nonlinear factor Q；
S6 counts the magnetic mixing nonlinear factor Q average value of same test specimen different location repeated detection result, draws
Magnetic is mixed nonlinear factor Q average value with the characterization result of different test specimen firmness changes.Nonlinear factor Q is mixed according to magnetic
The firmness change of variation characterization test specimen；Test specimen is ferromagnetism test specimen.
The present invention has the following advantages that：(1) height frequency modulation excitation is used, it is non-linear to avoid system resonance frequencies
The material magnetic nonlinear effect of influence of the effect to material nonlinearity effect, detection changes more ferrimagnet mechanical property
Sensitivity can be used for the characterization of material early mechanics characteristics degeneration；(2) by being analyzed and processed to magnetic mixed frequency signal, magnetic is utilized
It is mixed nonlinear factor characterization material hardness variation, can effectively weaken influence of the fundamental frequency noise to characterization parameter, be conducive to material
The accurate characterization of mechanical property variation.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 low-and high-frequency modulation mixing excitation signal.
Fig. 2 is mixed non-linear detection signal with the magnetic of difference frequency containing multistage and frequency.
Fig. 3 detection device system diagram.
In figure：1, computer, 2, excitation analog input card, 3, power amplifier, 4, magnetic mixing detection sensor.
Fig. 4 model experiment pumping signal time-frequency domain figure.
In figure：Time-domain diagram abscissa is the time, and ordinate is signal amplitude；Spectrogram abscissa is frequency, and ordinate is
Frequency amplitude.
Fig. 5 model experiment detects signal time-domain diagram.
In figure：Time-domain diagram abscissa is the time, and ordinate is signal amplitude；Spectrogram abscissa is frequency, and ordinate is
Frequency amplitude.
Fig. 6 magnetic is mixed nonlinear factor with firmness change result.
In figure：Abscissa is the Vickers hardness of material, and ordinate is that magnetic is mixed nonlinear factor.
Specific embodiment
Below with reference to specific experiment, the invention will be further described：
This experiment implementation process includes the following steps：
S1, experimental system are built：Experimental system is built according to detection device system diagram shown in Fig. 3, system includes calculating
Machine 1, signal excitation analog input card 2, power amplifier 3 and magnetic mixed frequency sensor 4.Firstly, computer 1 and signal excitation are acquired
Board is connected, for controlling the excitation i.e. pumping signal of magnetic mixed frequency signal and detecting the display and analysis processing of signal.Signal swashs
The output port for encouraging capture card 2 is connected with the input port of power amplifier, the amplification for pumping signal.Then, by power
The input terminal of the output end access magnetic mixed frequency sensor 4 of amplifier 3, the magnetization for sensor to detection test specimen.Meanwhile it sensing
The output end of device 4 is connected with the input terminal of excitation analog input card 2, is used for transmission collected magnetic mixing nonlinear properties.
S2, detection mode selection：It is 100mm × 100mm × 6mm 45# steel plate, table 1 that test specimen, which chooses 9 block sizes,
Give its main chemical compositions.The tempering of quenching and different temperatures is carried out to test specimen, table 2 gives the tempering of each test specimen
Temperature and Vickers hardness.The data collection point that 3 different locations are detected as sensor is chosen 9 test specimen upper surfaces respectively,
The data acquiring location of each test specimen is consistent, is Vickers hardness detection position.Detection 3 times is repeated in each data acquiring location,
Experiment acquires 81 groups of data (3 × 3 position × 9 test specimens of repetition detection) altogether.
S3, the setting of sensor detection parameters：Magnetic mixed frequency sensor is placed in a certain selected check bit in test specimen surface
It sets, adjusts the signal pickup coil direction of sensor, when keeping its detection direction tangential parallel with test specimen surface, detection examination
The nonlinear effect of part surface tangential magnetic field.Sensor is close to surface of test piece, and lift off is less than 0.5mm.Utilize computer control
The sinusoidal signal of system excitation analog input card, output one low-and high-frequency modulation is used for composite excitation (as shown in Figure 4).Its higher frequency is
709Hz, high frequency amplitude are 1V, Frequency 1Hz, low frequency amplitude 7.5V.
S4, magnetic mixing non-linear detection experiment：Startup power amplifier, when sensor is located at a certain data of sensor surface
When acquisition position, the magnetic mixed frequency signal detected can motivate analog input card to show on computers by signal, save the detection
Signal (as shown in Figure 5).Replacement experiment test specimen, changes detection position, repeats to detect, and stores 81 experiments acquisition magnetic mixing letter
Number；
S5, Digital Signal Analysis and Processing：Collected magnetic mixing nonlinear properties are handled by computer.Detection is believed
Number Fourier transformation is carried out, extracts single order and frequency (711Hz) and single order difference frequency (707Hz) mixed components and fundamental frequency high fdrequency component
The amplitude of (709Hz) is mixed nonlinear factor Q according to the magnetic that formula (6) calculate the single position single detection of a certain test specimen.Statistics
The average magnetic of same test specimen different location repeated detection result is mixed nonlinear factor, draw average magnetic mixing nonlinear factor with
The characterization result (as shown in Figure 6) of different specimen hardness variations.；
S6, analysis of experimental results：The hardness of known 9 pieces of test specimens is distributed between 194HV and 595HV, the hardness of each test specimen
Difference, and be in be gradually increased trend.It will be appreciated from fig. 6 that the value of magnetic mixing nonlinear factor increases with specimen hardness and is gradually increased,
And it changes approximately linear and increases.The R of first-order linear fitting result2Value is 0.931, i.e. detection nonlinear characteristic parameter is to hard
The linear characterization result of degree is preferable.Since magnetic mixing nonlinear factor can obviously distinguish the firmness change of material, using magnetic
It is feasible for being mixed non-linear detection method characterization ferrimagnet hardness.
It is a typical case of the invention above, it is of the invention using without being limited thereto.
Table 1 detects test specimen chemical component table (wt.%)
Table 2 detects test specimen Vickers hardness scale
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Claims (3)
1. a kind of magnetic for ferrimagnet hardness characterization is mixed non-linear detection method, it is characterised in that：
The magnetic that this method proposes is mixed nonlinear detection techniques, and under the conditions of low-and high-frequency composite excitation, low frequency magnetization field frequencies range is low,
Amplitude is big, to ferrimagnet carry out irreversible magnetization, and electronic curing field due to frequency height, amplitude is small, to material progress can
Magnetic reversal；
When AC field is applied on magnet exciting coil, alternating magnetic field caused by magnet exciting coil, which magnetizes ferromagnetic material, generates magnetic
Change field M, magnetizing field M is expressed as
In formula, MsIndicate saturated magnetization field, m0Indicate magnetic moment, μ0Indicate that magnetic conductivity, H (t) indicate the additional magnetic of t variation at any time
, kBIndicate that Boltzmann constant, T indicate absolute temperature,Indicate Langevin equation；If the externally-applied magnetic field H (t) is two different
The mixing field of frequency magnatic field, is expressed as
H (t)=A1sin(2πf1t+φ1)+A2sin(2πf2t+φ2) (2)
In formula, A1And A2Respectively indicate the amplitude of two driving voltages, f1And f2Respectively indicate the frequency of two driving voltages, and f1>f2,
φ1And φ2Respectively indicate the phase of two excitation voltages；Externally-applied magnetic field H (t) is substituted into formula (1), t changes magnetizing field M at any time
The taylor series expansion of M (t) be
By formula (3) it is found that the magnetic fields of two different frequencies not only will appear linear response component when ferromagnetic material, due to
The interaction in two magnetic fields can also generate nonlinear component, such as harmonic component 3f1With mixed components f1±2f2；To formula (3) into
The frequency spectrum M (f) of row Fourier transformation, magnetizing field is expressed as
In formula, α=m0μ0/kBT, δ indicate unit impulse function, and j is imaginary unit；Formula (4) is
In formula, Af1、Af2、A3f1、A3f2And Af1±2f2Respectively detect signal high frequency fundamental, low frequency fundamental frequency, high frequency frequency tripling, low frequency
Frequency tripling, difference frequency with and frequency amplitude；Extraction detects in mixed frequency signal and the amplitude of frequency and difference frequency component, the sum of two amplitudes and base
The ratio between frequency high fdrequency component amplitude is that magnetic is mixed nonlinear factor Q, and Q is expressed as
The magnetic mixing nonlinear factor Q for calculating different test specimens, can be obtained magnetic mixing nonlinear characteristic parameter with detection material
Expect the characterization result of firmness change；It is mixed the variation of nonlinear characteristic parameter representative material hardness by the magnetic of detection, can effectively be subtracted
Influence of the weak fundamental frequency noise to mixed components, while system resonance frequencies nonlinear effect being avoided to be mixed nonlinear effect to material
Influence.
2. a kind of magnetic for ferrimagnet hardness characterization according to claim 1 is mixed non-linear detection method,
It is characterized in that：The device for realizing this method includes computer (1), signal excitation analog input card (2), power amplifier (3) and magnetic
Mixed frequency sensor (4)；Firstly, computer (1) is connected with signal excitation analog input card, for controlling the excitation of magnetic mixed frequency signal
That is the display and analysis of pumping signal and detection signal are handled；Signal motivates output port and the power amplification of analog input card (2)
The input port of device is connected, the amplification for pumping signal；Then, the output end access magnetic mixing of power amplifier (3) is passed
The input terminal of sensor (4), the magnetization for sensor to detection test specimen；Meanwhile the output end and signal of magnetic mixed frequency sensor (4)
It motivates the input terminal of analog input card (2) to be connected, is used for transmission collected magnetic mixing nonlinear properties.
3. a kind of magnetic for ferrimagnet hardness characterization according to claim 1 is mixed non-linear detection method,
It is characterized in that：This method through the following steps that realize：
S1 test specimen chooses the ferromagnetic component under different heat treatment technique, and the size of each test specimen is consistent, and hardness is different, and
The defects of pit, hole and crackle is not present in surfacing；Three different locations are chosen as sensor on test specimen surface
The data collection point of detection, the detection position consistency of different test specimens；
Magnetic mixed frequency sensor is placed in a certain detection position in test specimen surface by S2, adjusts the signal of sensor internal magneto sensor
Pick up direction, that is, sensor detection direction, when sensor detection direction is tangential parallel with test specimen surface, testing result
For the nonlinear effect of test specimen surface tangential magnetic field；When sensor detection direction is parallel with the normal direction on test specimen surface
When, testing result is the nonlinear effect in test specimen surface normal magnetic field；The magnetic mixing non-linear detection signal in two directions is equal
Characterization for material hardness；The lift off of sensor and test specimen is less than 1mm；
S3 motivates analog input card using computer control signal, and the sinusoidal signal of output one low-and high-frequency modulation is used for composite excitation；
The Amplitude Ration of low-and high-frequency mixing excitation is usually less than 0.2, and frequency ratio is greater than 102；Startup power amplifier is passed when sensor is located at
When a certain data collection point of sensor surfaces, the magnetic mixed frequency signal detected can motivate analog input card be shown in computer by signal
On, computer saves the magnetic mixed frequency signal detected；
The detection position of S4 sensor is constant, saves and the magnetic mixed frequency signal that acquisition testing arrives is repeated several times, change the inspection of sensor
Location sets repetition S3, records the testing result of same test specimen different location；Test specimen is replaced, aforesaid operations are repeated, is completed not
With the acquisition of hardness test specimen magnetic mixing nonlinear properties；
S5 is handled collected magnetic mixing nonlinear properties by computer；Non-linear letter is mixed to the magnetic detected first
Number carry out Fourier transformation, extract single order and frequency and difference frequency mixed components and fundamental frequency high fdrequency component amplitude, according to formula (6) meter
The magnetic for calculating the single position single detection of test specimen is mixed nonlinear factor Q；
S6 counts the magnetic mixing nonlinear factor Q average value of same test specimen different location repeated detection result, and it is mixed to draw magnetic
Frequency nonlinear factor Q average value with different test specimen firmness changes characterization result；Nonlinear factor Q variation is mixed according to magnetic
Characterize the firmness change of test specimen；Test specimen is ferromagnetism test specimen.
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