CN108823612A - A kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating solution and its electroplating technology - Google Patents
A kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating solution and its electroplating technology Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108823612A CN108823612A CN201810706030.2A CN201810706030A CN108823612A CN 108823612 A CN108823612 A CN 108823612A CN 201810706030 A CN201810706030 A CN 201810706030A CN 108823612 A CN108823612 A CN 108823612A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- workpiece
- inner hole
- hard chrome
- electroplating
- current density
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/04—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of chromium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/10—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals
- C25D5/12—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals at least one layer being of nickel or chromium
- C25D5/14—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals at least one layer being of nickel or chromium two or more layers being of nickel or chromium, e.g. duplex or triplex layers
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
- Electroplating And Plating Baths Therefor (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating solution, constitutive material includes H2SO4、CrO3And Cr3+, the H2SO4With CrO3Ratio is 0.8~1.2: 100；The present invention also provides a kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating technologies, include the following steps：(1) workpiece pre-treatment；(2) it preheats；(3) it anti-carves；(4) it activates；(5) chromium plating；(6) workpiece goes out slot and recovery and rinsing；(7) extension and polishing are unloaded；(8) it is electroplated for second；(9) inspection is handed over.A kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating solution and electroplating technology provided by the invention keep layers of chrome upper and lower side deposition velocity close, Cr after ingredient and the ratio adjustment of electroplating solution3+Formation speed relative drop, electroplating technology adjustment after, improve product quality, meet design requirement.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to electroplating technology field, especially a kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating solution and its electroplating technology.
Background technique
Inner hole hard chrome electroplating technology currently on the market, there is also following disadvantages：(1) chamfer site has ingotism
(chromium slag) or burn phenomenon；(2) hard chromium layers are in uneven thickness, since deposition velocity is uneven everywhere for inner hole.
SO in inner hole hard chrome electroplating solution currently on the market4 2-With Cro3Ratio is 1~2：100, accelerate Cr3+Life
At SO4 2-Higher, covering power is poor, and formation tolerance dimension is big, and inner hole upper and lower side deposition velocity differs greatly, so that we are in life
Produce the cost for not being able to and needing plus 40%, it is difficult to meet product design requirement.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating solution and its electroplating technology, electroplating solution at
Divide with after ratio adjustment, keeps layers of chrome upper and lower side deposition velocity close, Cr3+Formation speed relative drop, electroplating technology adjustment after,
Product quality is improved, design requirement is met.
The technical scheme is that：A kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating solution, constitutive material include H2SO4、CrO3With
Cr3+, the H2SO4With CrO3Ratio is 0.8~1.2：100.
Preferably, the H2SO4、CrO3And Cr3+Ingredient be respectively 200~230g/L, 1.6~2.5g/L, 1~8g/L.
Preferably, the H2SO4、CrO3And Cr3+Ingredient be respectively 210 ± 10g/L, 1.6~2.5g/L, 5 ± 3g/L.
A kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating technology, includes the following steps,
(1) workpiece pre-treatment：Workpiece successively carry out it is inside and outside slightly wash, plate before inspection, fine purifiation oil removing, fill extension, electrochemical deoiling, clearly
Water rinses pre-treatment；
(2) it preheats：Workpiece is placed in coating into slot and impregnates preheating；
(3) it anti-carves；After preheating, corresponding current density is inputted on control cabinet touch screen and is anti-carved, wherein electric current is close
It spends and anti-carves time control and be suitable for；
(4) it activates：After anti-carving, corresponding current density is inputted on control cabinet touch screen and is activated, wherein electric current is close
Degree and activation time control are being suitable for；
(5) chromium plating；Corresponding current density is inputted on control cabinet touch screen and carries out chromium plating, wherein current density, plating
Time and the control of electroplating solution temperature are being suitable for；
(6) workpiece goes out slot and recovery and rinsing；Hanger hook is tangled with traveling crane band slowly to sling workpiece, after slinging out slot,
The washing of level-one adverse current is respectively adopted, second level adverse current is washed, three-level adverse current washing carries out recovery and rinsing to workpiece；
(7) extension and polishing are unloaded；Workpiece and hanger are unloaded from winged bar, and uses and is directly thrown to manual polishing machine
Light；
(8) it is electroplated for second；Corresponding current density is inputted on control cabinet touch screen and carries out chromium plating, and wherein electric current is close
Degree, electroplating time and the control of electroplating solution temperature are being suitable for；
(9) inspection is handed over.
Preferably, 10min is preheated in the step (2).
Preferably, it is 15 ± 1A/dm that current density is anti-carved in the step (3)2, described to anti-carve the time as 30~90s.
Preferably, activation current density is 5 ± 0.5A/dm in the step (4)2, the activation time is 3~5min.
Preferably, chromium plating current density is 30 ± 1A/dm in the step (5)2, electroplating time 4h, electroplating solution temperature
Degree control is at 57 ± 1 DEG C.
Preferably, started in the step (6) driving will be carried out respectively in workpiece transfer to rinsing bowl level-one adverse current washing,
The washing of second level adverse current, three-level adverse current are washed, washing trough inner water adverse current.
Preferably, polishing wheel uses 120 mesh in the step (7).
Preferably, chromium plating current density is 30 ± 1A/dm in the step (8)2, electroplating time 6h, electroplating solution temperature
Degree control is at 57 ± 1 DEG C.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has the advantages that：
(1) electroplating cost, energy saving are reduced；
(2) stablize layers of chrome upper and lower side deposition velocity；
(3) product quality is improved, design requirement is met.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the chromium plating deposition velocity schematic diagram of existing inner hole of workpiece each position.
Fig. 2 is the chromium plating deposition velocity schematic diagram of inner hole of workpiece each position of the invention.
Specific embodiment
With reference to the accompanying drawing and specific embodiment, the present invention will be further described.
As shown in Figure 1 to Figure 2, a kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating solution, constitutive material include H2SO4、CrO3And Cr3+,
The H2SO4With CrO3Ratio is 0.8~1.2：100.
Preferably, H2SO4、CrO3And Cr3+Ingredient be respectively 200~230g/L, 1.6~2.5g/L, 1~8g/L.It is more excellent
Ground, H2SO4、CrO3And Cr3+Ingredient be respectively 210 ± 10g/L, 1.6~2.5g/L, 5 ± 3g/L.
A kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating technology, includes the following steps,
(1) workpiece pre-treatment：Workpiece successively carry out it is inside and outside slightly wash, plate before inspection, fine purifiation oil removing, fill extension, electrochemical deoiling, clearly
Water rinses pre-treatment；Specifically：
(1.1) cleaning solution using 15~25g/L of sodium hydroxide, 10~15ml/L of dish washing liquid, cleaning 3 are slightly washed inside and outside workpiece
~5 minutes；
(1.2) it is checked before plating
(1.21) process inspection：First confirm that whether plating piece is approved by preceding process inspection person；
(1.22) dimensional gaughing：Self-test is plated preceding size and is made a record；
(1.23) visual examination：The defects of being answered Ra < 0.2, smooth, non-threaded line, scratch, pit, the non-top gem of a girdle-pendant to rise by surfacing：
The welding defects such as answer pore-free, pit, be mingled in all welding positions.The preceding technical requirements of plating should be met by plating surface roughness；
(1.24) inspection item should notify inspector or Production Supervisor at once if any exception, execute by handling suggestion；
(1.3) fine purifiation oil removing：After passed examination, oil water removal is stained with scouring pad and carefully wipes inner hole oral area, removes outer surface
Greasy dirt；
(1.4) dress is hung：Corresponding frock clamp is selected according to specification of workpieces, frock clamp is using preceding reply conductive contact
The oxide skin at position is cleared up, and work piece holder is considering the insulation of part and the installation of shielding using preceding reply；
(1.5) electrochemical deoiling：Degreasing powder carry out electrochemical deoiling, degreasing powder concentration be 50~75g/L, the oil removing time be 3~
5min, except oil temperature is 55~65 DEG C；
(1.6) clear water rinses：10~15s is rinsed using cold water wash.
(2) it preheats：Workpiece is placed in coating into slot and impregnates preheating 10min.
(3) it anti-carves；After preheating, corresponding electric current is inputted on control cabinet touch screen according to (conveying cylinder is electroplated into parameter list)
Density is anti-carved, wherein anti-carving current density is 15 ± 1A/dm2, anti-carving the time is 30~90s.
(4) it activates：After anti-carving, corresponding electric current is inputted on control cabinet touch screen according to (conveying cylinder is electroplated into parameter list)
Density is activated, and wherein activation current density is 5 ± 0.5A/dm2, activation time is 3~5min.
(5) chromium plating；Inputted on control cabinet touch screen according to (conveying cylinder be electroplated into parameter list) corresponding current density into
Row chromium plating, wherein chromium plating current density is 30 ± 1A/dm2, electroplating time 4h, the control of electroplating solution temperature is at 57 ± 1 DEG C.
Lifting/lowering is in staged, every 5min up/down current 5A/dm on electric current2To required electroplating current density.It preheats, is anti-
Quarter, activation, chromium plating carry out in electroplating bath, and the temperature control of electroplating solution uses the installation temperature control on the inner wall of electroplating bath to fill
Set (for example electric heater and temperature sensor, temperature sensor and control cabinet are electrically connected, and send temperature signal to control
Cabinet, control cabinet and electric heater are electrically connected, control cabinet controls the unlatching of electric heater) it adjusts.Control cabinet, ammeter, electricity
Heater, temperature sensor are using model conventional in the industry.
(6) workpiece goes out slot and recovery and rinsing；Hanger hook is tangled with traveling crane band slowly to sling workpiece；
After slinging out slot, the washing of level-one adverse current, two stage countercurrents will be carried out respectively by starting driving in workpiece transfer to rinsing bowl
Washing, three-level adverse current are washed, and washing trough inner water adverse current carries out recovery and rinsing.
(7) extension and polishing are unloaded；Workpiece and hanger are unloaded from winged bar, and uses and is directly thrown to manual polishing machine
Light, polishing wheel use 120 mesh.
(8) it is electroplated for second；Corresponding electric current is inputted on control cabinet touch screen according to (conveying cylinder is electroplated into parameter list)
Density carries out chromium plating, and wherein chromium plating current density is 30 ± 1A/dm2, electroplating time 6h, the control of electroplating solution temperature 57 ±
1℃。
(9) inspection is handed over：Workpiece is examined to conform to quality requirements.
A kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating solution provided by the invention, has adjusted H2SO4With CrO3Ratio is 0.8~1.2：
100, SO4 2-Lower, covering power is good, and formation tolerance dimension is small, keeps layers of chrome upper and lower side deposition velocity close, Cr3+Formation speed
Relative drop, specific Fig. 1 is the layers of chrome deposition velocity schematic diagram of existing inner hole of workpiece each position as shown in Figs. 1-2, wherein
0.25,0.27,0.27,0.29,0.33,0.26 be inner hole of workpiece each position deposition velocity, some places are high, some places
It is low, cause salient point；And Fig. 2 be inner hole of workpiece each position of the present invention layers of chrome deposition velocity schematic diagram, wherein 0.25,0.25,
0.26,0.27,0.28,0.27 be inner hole of workpiece each position deposition velocity, deposition velocity is close, avoids salient point.
A kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating technology provided by the invention, it is final it is electroplated after workpiece product, have following
Excellent performance characteristic：
(1) layers of chrome crystallize careful light smooth, no point, pit, peeling, peeling, piebald, chromium tumor machine locally without coating or
Surface chromium-free layer etc. allows bad pinhole number and chromium eye number≤8Pc/m2, pin hole directly passes through≤0.3mm, do not concentrate and without feel；
(2) layers of chrome guarantees product size after plating, coating hardness >=800HV with a thickness of 0.14~0.17mm；
(3) layers of chrome thickness difference≤0.02mm.
The above embodiments are merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and cannot limit interest field of the invention with this, because
This is still within the scope of the present invention according to modification, equivalent variations, improvement etc. made by scope of the present invention patent.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating solution, it is characterised in that：Its constitutive material includes H2SO4、CrO3And Cr3+, described
H2SO4With CrO3Ratio is 0.8~1.2: 100.
2. a kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating solution according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The H2SO4、CrO3With
Cr3+Ingredient be respectively 200~230g/L, 1.6~2.5g/L, 1~8g/L.
3. a kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating solution according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The H2SO4、CrO3With
Cr3+Ingredient be respectively 210 ± 10g/L, 1.6~2.5g/L, 5 ± 3g/L.
4. a kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating technology, it is characterised in that：Include the following steps,
(1) workpiece pre-treatment：Workpiece successively carry out it is inside and outside slightly wash, plate before inspection, fine purifiation oil removing, fill extension, electrochemical deoiling, clear water and rush
Wash pre-treatment；
(2) it preheats：Workpiece is placed in coating into slot and impregnates preheating；
(3) it anti-carves；After preheating, corresponding current density is inputted on control cabinet touch screen and is anti-carved, wherein current density and
Anti-carving time control is being suitable for；
(4) it activates：After anti-carving, corresponding current density is inputted on control cabinet touch screen and is activated, wherein current density and
Activation time control is suitable；
(5) chromium plating；Corresponding current density is inputted on control cabinet touch screen and carries out chromium plating, wherein current density, electroplating time
And the control of electroplating solution temperature is being suitable for；
(6) workpiece goes out slot and recovery and rinsing；It tangles hanger hook with traveling crane band slowly to sling workpiece, after slinging out slot, respectively
Recovery and rinsing is carried out to workpiece using the washing of level-one adverse current, the washing of second level adverse current, three-level adverse current washing；
(7) extension and polishing are unloaded；Workpiece and hanger are unloaded from winged bar, and uses and is directly polished to manual polishing machine；
(8) it is electroplated for second；Corresponding current density is inputted on control cabinet touch screen and carries out chromium plating, wherein current density, electricity
It plates the time and the control of electroplating solution temperature is being suitable for；
(9) inspection is handed over.
5. a kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating technology according to claim 4, it is characterised in that：It is anti-in the step (3)
Quarter current density is 15 ± 1A/dm2, described to anti-carve the time as 30~90s.
6. a kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating technology according to claim 4, it is characterised in that：It is living in the step (4)
Galvanic current density is 5 ± 0.5A/dm2, the activation time is 3~5min.
7. a kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating technology according to claim 4, it is characterised in that：Plating in the step (5)
Chromium current density is 30 ± 1A/dm2, electroplating time 4h, the control of electroplating solution temperature is at 57 ± 1 DEG C.
8. a kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating technology according to claim 4, it is characterised in that：It is opened in the step (6)
Dynamic driving will carry out respectively the washing of level-one adverse current, second level in workpiece transfer to rinsing bowl countercurrently washing, three-level adverse current are washed, washing
Trough inner water adverse current.
9. a kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating technology according to claim 4, it is characterised in that：It is thrown in the step (7)
Halo uses 120 mesh.
10. a kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating technology according to claim 4, it is characterised in that：Plating in the step (8)
Chromium current density is 30 ± 1A/dm2, electroplating time 6h, the control of electroplating solution temperature is at 57 ± 1 DEG C.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810706030.2A CN108823612A (en) | 2018-06-29 | 2018-06-29 | A kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating solution and its electroplating technology |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810706030.2A CN108823612A (en) | 2018-06-29 | 2018-06-29 | A kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating solution and its electroplating technology |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN108823612A true CN108823612A (en) | 2018-11-16 |
Family
ID=64134166
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810706030.2A Pending CN108823612A (en) | 2018-06-29 | 2018-06-29 | A kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating solution and its electroplating technology |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN108823612A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112226796A (en) * | 2020-08-31 | 2021-01-15 | 江苏友富薄板科技有限公司 | Chromium plating method for roller |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1356407A (en) * | 2001-09-27 | 2002-07-03 | 王金财 | Process for plating Cr on iner cavity of cylinder sleeve |
| CN1687486A (en) * | 2005-02-17 | 2005-10-26 | 建设工业(集团)有限责任公司 | Method for plating hard chromium on surface of metallic material |
| CN1804144A (en) * | 2005-12-09 | 2006-07-19 | 张喜成 | Crystallizer copper tube with transitional chromium coating and hard chromium coating and production process thereof |
| CN101343768A (en) * | 2008-08-18 | 2009-01-14 | 南京飞燕活塞环股份有限公司 | Functional end face chromium plating method for piston ring and special jig |
| CN101839340A (en) * | 2009-11-14 | 2010-09-22 | 襄樊新立恒星活塞环有限责任公司 | Piston ring and surface spongy tin plating technique thereof |
| CN102330127A (en) * | 2011-10-10 | 2012-01-25 | 长沙中联重工科技发展股份有限公司 | Conveying tank and manufacturing method thereof, and pumping equipment with conveying tank |
| CN105586613A (en) * | 2014-10-22 | 2016-05-18 | 北京实验工厂 | Hard chromium plating method and solution formula for piston rod class parts |
-
2018
- 2018-06-29 CN CN201810706030.2A patent/CN108823612A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1356407A (en) * | 2001-09-27 | 2002-07-03 | 王金财 | Process for plating Cr on iner cavity of cylinder sleeve |
| CN1687486A (en) * | 2005-02-17 | 2005-10-26 | 建设工业(集团)有限责任公司 | Method for plating hard chromium on surface of metallic material |
| CN1804144A (en) * | 2005-12-09 | 2006-07-19 | 张喜成 | Crystallizer copper tube with transitional chromium coating and hard chromium coating and production process thereof |
| CN101343768A (en) * | 2008-08-18 | 2009-01-14 | 南京飞燕活塞环股份有限公司 | Functional end face chromium plating method for piston ring and special jig |
| CN101839340A (en) * | 2009-11-14 | 2010-09-22 | 襄樊新立恒星活塞环有限责任公司 | Piston ring and surface spongy tin plating technique thereof |
| CN102330127A (en) * | 2011-10-10 | 2012-01-25 | 长沙中联重工科技发展股份有限公司 | Conveying tank and manufacturing method thereof, and pumping equipment with conveying tank |
| CN105586613A (en) * | 2014-10-22 | 2016-05-18 | 北京实验工厂 | Hard chromium plating method and solution formula for piston rod class parts |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 施加斌等: "《船机检修技术》", 30 September 2006 * |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112226796A (en) * | 2020-08-31 | 2021-01-15 | 江苏友富薄板科技有限公司 | Chromium plating method for roller |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| EP0411936B1 (en) | Electroforming mandrel and method of fabricating and using same | |
| CN106119915A (en) | The electro-plating method of lead frame | |
| CN102477574B (en) | The preparation method hotting plate container including painted hard anodizing outer surface | |
| US1792082A (en) | Metallic coating and process of producing the same | |
| CN106987863A (en) | The preparation technology of the bimodal nano-crystal nickel cobalt alloy of single pulse electrodpositing light two-phase | |
| CN107574470A (en) | A kind of preparation method of the silver-colored graphene composite deposite of nickeliferous transition zone | |
| JP2015517353A (en) | Method for obtaining a cooking vessel with an anodized and electrochemically colored outer surface | |
| CN108823612A (en) | A kind of inner hole of workpiece hard chrome electroplating solution and its electroplating technology | |
| US3616285A (en) | Repair of chromium plated surfaces | |
| CN113235142B (en) | Method for plating chromium on outer surface of undercarriage and chromium plating tool | |
| US2603593A (en) | Electeodepositiqn of metaiis | |
| US1984335A (en) | Metal coated ferrous article and process of making it | |
| US3393134A (en) | Method of chromium plating | |
| US3207679A (en) | Method for electroplating on titanium | |
| US2023364A (en) | Metal coated ferrous article and process of making it | |
| US5543028A (en) | Electroforming semi-step carousel, and process for using the same | |
| US3202589A (en) | Electroplating | |
| CN113430604A (en) | Method for uniformly plating hard chromium on surface of GH4169 conical block gasket | |
| CN107059082A (en) | A kind of zincate barrel plating zinc technology | |
| CN208869677U (en) | High rigidity high life chrome-plated mould | |
| CN104451792A (en) | Imitation gold electroplating method | |
| US2417133A (en) | Electrodepositing and heat-treating molybdenum-oxygen deposits | |
| US2755537A (en) | Electroplated article | |
| JPS6024381A (en) | Steel sheet plated on one surface and having excellent chemical convertibility and its production | |
| CN108774739A (en) | High rigidity high life chrome-plated mould and its mould making process |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication | ||
| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication |
Application publication date: 20181116 |