CN108808123B - Charging method and charger for lead-acid storage battery - Google Patents

Charging method and charger for lead-acid storage battery Download PDF

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CN108808123B
CN108808123B CN201810879191.1A CN201810879191A CN108808123B CN 108808123 B CN108808123 B CN 108808123B CN 201810879191 A CN201810879191 A CN 201810879191A CN 108808123 B CN108808123 B CN 108808123B
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lead
storage battery
acid storage
charging
battery
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CN108808123A (en
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宋万生
金广锋
耿同明
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SHUANGXIN ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES (ZHENGZHOU) MANUFACTURING CO LTD
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SHUANGXIN ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES (ZHENGZHOU) MANUFACTURING CO LTD
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/06—Lead-acid accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

The invention relates to a charging method and a charger for a lead-acid storage battery, wherein the lead-acid storage battery is charged by I1＝0.7C5(C5 is the 5-hour rate rated capacity of the lead-acid storage battery) to charge the storage battery; when the voltage of a single lead-acid storage battery (the single lead-acid storage battery with the voltage of 6V) reaches 7.2V, the current is reduced to I2＝0.5I1Charging continuously until the voltage of a single lead-acid storage battery reaches 7.5V and the current is reduced to I3＝1/3I1Continuously charging t is 0.2C0/I3Hour, C0Is I1Step charging capacity C1And I2Step charging capacity C2The sum of (1). The charging time of the charging method of the invention is automatically adjusted according to different degrees of insufficient battery, thereby not only ensuring reasonable charging time, but also preventing the battery from being overcharged and undercharged.

Description

Charging method and charger for lead-acid storage battery
Technical Field
The invention relates to a charging method and a charger for a lead-acid storage battery, and belongs to the technical field of lead-acid storage batteries.
Background
At present, electric vehicles are more and more, and due to the reasons of cost and production technology, low-speed electric vehicles, particularly electric forklifts and electric trailers for industrial and mining enterprises, still use a large amount of power type common lead-acid storage batteries. Therefore, charging batteries becomes a work which is necessary for many people every day, but the working process of the batteries is an electrochemical process, and unreasonable charging methods can cause serious damage to the batteries, particularly the service life of the power lead-acid storage batteries is seriously reduced. The batteries are scrapped after the batteries are used for a long time and no batteries are scrapped for half a year, so that a large number of batteries are scrapped in advance, the environment is polluted, and resources are wasted. The reason for this is that the charging method at present is difficult to ensure how much electricity is charged when the battery is used in a reasonable state, and both over-charging and under-charging in charging can cause irreversible damage to the lead-acid storage battery.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a charging method and a charger for a lead-acid storage battery, which are used for solving the problem that how much electricity is charged when the amount of electricity is used is difficult to charge the lead-acid storage battery.
In order to achieve the above object, the scheme of the invention comprises:
the invention relates to a charging method of a lead-acid storage battery, which comprises the following steps:
1) with I1＝X·C5,X∈[0.699,0.711]The constant current value of the charging circuit charges the lead-acid storage battery until the voltage of a single lead-acid storage battery reaches the gasification voltage point of the battery; wherein C5 is the 5-hour rate rated capacity of the lead-acid battery, and a single lead-acid battery is the smallest lead-acid battery unit forming the lead-acid battery;
2) then with I2＝Y×I1,Y∈[0.486,0.509]The constant current value of the charging circuit charges the lead-acid storage battery until the voltage of a single lead-acid storage battery reaches 1.25 times of the rated voltage of the single lead-acid storage battery.
Further, the method also comprises a step 3) of charging the lead-acid storage battery, wherein in the step, the charging capacity C of the lead-acid storage battery3＝0.2(C1+C2) (ii) a Wherein, C1Is the charge capacity of step 1), C2The charging capacity of step 2).
Through actual tests and theoretical calculation, the lead-acid storage battery needs to be fully charged and must be charged to 1.2 times of the last discharge capacity of the battery after being discharged.
Further, in the step 3), the lead-acid storage battery is charged by the method I3＝Z×I1,Z∈[0.312,0.337]The constant current value of (1) is 0.2C for charging the lead-acid storage battery0/I3Hour, C0＝C1+C2(ii) a Wherein C is0And the discharge capacity of the corresponding lead-acid storage battery after the last charging is obtained.
The invention is in1、I2、I3The charging time of the three stages is automatically adjusted according to different degrees of insufficient power of the battery, so that the charging amount can be adjusted by using a small amount of power without charging, the charging is not over-charged or under-charged every time, the rationality of the charging time is ensured, and the battery is 100% sufficient. After the test, the storage battery is fully charged about 8 hours after 100 percent of discharge every time when the storage battery is charged according to the method, becauseThe charging time of the battery can not exceed 10 hours even if the battery is overdischarged, and the requirement of using the electric vehicle at night in the daytime during charging can be completely met.
Further, X is 0.7, Y is 0.5, and Z is 1/3.
Further, in the step 1), the standard that the voltage of a single lead-acid storage battery reaches 7.2V is as follows: the voltage of the corresponding lead-acid storage battery reaches 7.2 aV; in the step 2), the standard that the voltage of a single lead-acid storage battery reaches 7.5V is as follows: the voltage of the corresponding lead-acid storage battery reaches 7.5 aV; wherein a is the number of single lead-acid storage batteries in the lead-acid storage battery.
The invention has wide application range and can be quickly applied to the battery charging of lead-acid storage batteries with different voltage grades, which are formed by a plurality of single lead-acid storage batteries.
The invention relates to a lead-acid storage battery charger, which comprises a controller, wherein the controller executes instructions for realizing the following charging method:
1) with I1＝X·C5,X∈[0.699,0.711]The constant current value of the charging circuit charges the lead-acid storage battery until the voltage of a single lead-acid storage battery reaches the gasification voltage point of the battery; wherein C5 is the 5-hour rate rated capacity of the lead-acid battery, and a single lead-acid battery is the smallest lead-acid battery unit forming the lead-acid battery;
2) then with I2＝Y·I1,Y∈[0.486,0.509]The constant current value of the charging circuit charges the lead-acid storage battery until the voltage of a single lead-acid storage battery reaches 1.25 times of the rated voltage of the single lead-acid storage battery.
Further, the method also comprises a step 3) of charging the lead-acid storage battery, wherein in the step, the charging capacity C of the lead-acid storage battery3＝0.2(C1+C2) (ii) a Wherein, C1Is the charge capacity of step 1), C2The charging capacity of step 2).
Further, in the step 3), the lead-acid storage battery is charged by the method I3＝Z·I1,Z∈[0.312,0.337]The constant current value of (1) is 0.2. C0/I3Hour, C0＝C1+C2(ii) a Wherein C is0For storing electric power for corresponding lead-acidDischarge capacity after the last fill of the cell.
Further, X is 0.7, Y is 0.5, and Z is 1/3.
Further, in the step 1), the standard that the voltage of a single lead-acid storage battery reaches 7.2V is as follows: the voltage of the corresponding lead-acid storage battery reaches 7.2 aV; in the step 2), the standard that the voltage of a single lead-acid storage battery reaches 7.5V is as follows: the voltage of the corresponding lead-acid storage battery reaches 7.5 aV; wherein a is the number of single lead-acid storage batteries in the lead-acid storage battery.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a charger circuit of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph of discharge current versus voltage for experimental data;
FIG. 3 is a graph of battery discharge capacity versus time in experimental data;
fig. 4 is a graph of charge current versus time in experimental data.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The invention aims to provide a charging method, which is used for solving the problems that the conventional power type common lead-acid storage battery charging technology is easy to cause overcharge and undercharge. The reasons for the above problems are: 1) the discharge capacity of the lead-acid storage battery cannot be accurately calculated; 2) The final charging current cannot be reasonably selected, the final charging current is easy to overcharge when the final charging current is too large, and the final charging current is too small and the charging time is too long. This embodiment is described with respect to a lead-acid battery composed of a single lead-acid battery of a rated voltage of 6V.
In order to solve the problems, the scheme of the invention is as follows: charging lead-acid accumulator with I1Charging the battery at a current value of 0.7C5(C5 is the 5-hour rate rated capacity of the power type lead-acid battery); when the voltage charged into a single lead-acid storage battery (the single lead-acid storage battery with the voltage of 6V) reaches 7.2V, the current is reduced to I2＝0.5I1Continuously charging until the voltage of the single lead-acid storage battery reaches 7.5V, and reducing the current to I3＝1/3I1Continuing to charge; tested according to I1、I2Two stages of chargingCharge capacity (i.e. I)1Step charging capacity C1And I2Step charging capacity C2And) should be the discharge capacity C after the last full charge of the battery0(i.e. C)0＝C1+C2) Then according to I3Current charging t is 0.2. C0/I3After hours, the charging capacity of the storage battery is ensured to be about 1.2 times of the last discharging capacity.
The principle of the invention comprises: 1) i, I1The value of (A) is selected according to the charging current standard of a power type lead-acid storage battery (hereinafter referred to as a lead-acid storage battery), and is 0.7 times of the 5-hour rate rated capacity C5 of the lead-acid storage battery. 2) After actual test and theoretical calculation, the lead-acid storage battery is fully charged and must be charged to 1.2 times of the last discharge capacity of the battery after being discharged; if the voltage exceeds the preset value, the battery is easy to overcharge, so that the battery loses water and is damaged by powder removal; if the voltage is insufficient, the battery is easy to be insufficiently charged, so that the power is insufficient and the vulcanization capacity of the battery is reduced. 3) The charging current at the last stage of the lead-acid storage battery is less than 1/2 value of 0.7C5, and excessive charging current can cause a large amount of water loss of the battery and lead plate powder removal and early scrapping; charging current is too small, charging time is too long, and use efficiency is affected. 4) Theoretical research and practical test show that the vaporizing voltage point of the 6V monomer power type lead-acid storage battery, namely the critical point of decomposing water into hydrogen and oxygen, is about 7.2V.
In view of the above, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the key to the method is how to charge a lead acid battery to 1.2 times the discharge capacity of the battery after the last charge. Because the lead-acid storage battery has different use conditions every time, for example, the electric vehicle runs in different routes every time, the discharge capacity of the battery every time is uncertain, and the last discharge capacity of the battery cannot be accurately judged. After a plurality of tests, no matter how much the battery discharges, when I is used1After charging to 7.2V at 0.7C5, I is used again2＝0.5I1Charging to 7.5V, I1Charging capacity C of charging stage1And I2Charging capacity of stage C2The sum is exactly the discharge capacity C of the battery after the last full charge0Therefore, charging the discharge capacity C01.2 times of that of the general formula I3＝1/3I1Current charging (t ═0.2C0/I3The charging time is only hours, so that the constant current charging current is reduced to I when the voltage reaches 7.5V3Charging, since the current drop time between each phase is short, does not affect the result. So that the constant current of the holding voltage decreases to I when the battery is charged to 7.2V2Charging, because 7.2V is a vaporization voltage point of a single battery with the rated capacity of 6V, reducing the current can reduce the water decomposition of the battery, reduce the temperature rise of the battery and prolong the service life of the battery, and the voltage of the current drop selected to be 7.5V in the second stage is the result of practical tests and is 1.25 times of the rated voltage of 6V of a single lead-acid storage battery; above I1、I2、I3Are all charged with constant current. Due to I1、I2、I3The charging time of the three charging stages is automatically adjusted according to different degrees of insufficient power of the battery, so that the charging amount can be adjusted by using a small amount of power without charging, the charging is not over-charged or under-charged every time, the rationality of the charging time is ensured, and the battery is 100% sufficient. The test shows that the storage battery is fully charged about 8 hours after 100% of the discharge of the storage battery each time according to the charging method, so that the charging time does not exceed 10 hours even if the battery is overdischarged, and the requirement of using the electric vehicle in the night charging day can be completely met.
It should be noted that, in the present invention, the expressions of charging to 7.2V, charging to 7.5V, or charging to a single lead-acid battery to reach the gasification voltage point of the battery are described, and it is difficult to achieve a certain actual voltage value in actual operation due to measurement accuracy, charging accuracy, and other factors, and therefore, in actual application, it should be determined whether the above expressions are satisfied according to factors such as equipment accuracy.
The charging method comprises the following steps:
firstly with I1The battery was charged at a constant current value of 0.7C5(C5 is 5-hour rate capacity of the power type lead-acid battery).
When the voltage charged into a single lead-acid storage battery (the single lead-acid storage battery with the voltage of 6V) reaches 7.2V, the current is reduced to I2＝0.5I1Continuously charging to a single lead-acid storage battery at constant currentWhen the voltage reaches 7.5V, the current is reduced to I3＝1/3I1And continues constant current charging.
Will I1Charging capacity C of charging stage1And I2Charging capacity C of charging stage2Summing to obtain C0I.e. C0＝C1+C2。C0Namely the discharge capacity of the lead-acid storage battery after the last full charge.
According to I3Current charging t is 0.2. C0/I3After hours, the charging capacity of the whole charging process of the lead-acid storage battery reaches 1.2 times of the discharging capacity after the last full charge; i.e. I3Charge capacity of phase C3And then: 1.2C0＝C1+C2+C3. The battery is ensured to be sufficient, and the battery is not overcharged or undercharged.
Lead-acid batteries (lead-acid battery pack) comprising a plurality of single lead-acid batteries (rated voltage 6V), I1The judgment voltage at the end of the charging stage is a multiple of 7.2V, wherein the multiple is the number of single lead-acid storage batteries contained in the lead-acid storage battery; it I2The determination voltage at the end of the charging phase should be a multiple of 7.5V, which is the number of lead-acid batteries contained in the lead-acid battery.
The following gives 1 specific circuit examples of chargers suitable for the method of the invention:
fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of an HF-7230 type intelligent electric vehicle charger, which is designed for charging a 72V 210Ah battery pack.
The machine comprises a rectification filter circuit for converting AC220V into DC330V, a DC/DC inversion conversion circuit for converting DC330V into DC98V, a control relay, a microcontroller control circuit, a voltage detection circuit, a current detection circuit, an inverse connection protection circuit, a voltage and current display circuit and the like.
The 220V alternating current is rectified and filtered after K to be changed into 330V direct current, and the 330V direct current is converted into 98V direct current through the inverter conversion circuit. When the machine is connected with a lead-acid storage battery to be charged (hereinafter referred to as a battery to be charged), the microcontroller switches on the relay after detecting the voltage of the battery,at this time, the microcontroller gradually turns on the duty ratio of the DC/DC conversion circuit, and simultaneously detects the magnitude of the charging current. When the current reaches the set current I1(I1At 0.7 times the rated battery capacity, 30A in this example), the duty ratio is controlled to maintain I1Remains unchanged while I1The phase start timing is t1(ii) a When the battery voltage reaches 7.2V (if the battery to be charged contains a plurality of 6V lead-acid cells, the voltage is 7.2nV, n is the number of 6V lead-acid cells in the battery to be charged; in this embodiment, a 48V battery pack, i.e., n is 8), the charging current is reduced to I2(I2＝0.5I1) At the same time, the timing is started to be t2(ii) a When the voltage rises to a single voltage of 7.5V, I is calculated1Capacity C in charging phase1＝I1·t1；I2Capacity in charging phase C2＝I2·t2Then calculate I3(I3＝1/3I1) The charging time of the charging stage is t 0.2. C0/I3Hour, C0＝C1+C2(ii) a When I is3The stage charging time reaches t3And then, releasing the relay and finishing charging.
The experimental data are as follows:
table 1 shows the discharge data of the battery, in which 12 cells are connected in series, each cell has 6V, the total cell has 72V, the capacity is 210AH, and when the rated capacity is 5 hours, the discharge current is 42A, that is, C5 is 42.
TABLE 1 lead-acid accumulator discharge data sheet
Figure BDA0001754059260000061
Figure BDA0001754059260000071
Figure BDA0001754059260000081
Figure BDA0001754059260000091
Figure BDA0001754059260000101
Figure BDA0001754059260000111
Figure BDA0001754059260000121
The total discharge capacity was 191.7 AH. The discharge current-voltage curve is shown in fig. 2. The discharge capacity-time curve is shown in fig. 3.
Table 2 shows the charging data for the same batteries:
TABLE 2 charging data sheet for lead-acid accumulator
Figure BDA0001754059260000122
Figure BDA0001754059260000131
Figure BDA0001754059260000141
Figure BDA0001754059260000151
Figure BDA0001754059260000161
Figure BDA0001754059260000171
Figure BDA0001754059260000181
Figure BDA0001754059260000191
Figure BDA0001754059260000201
Figure BDA0001754059260000211
Figure BDA0001754059260000221
Figure BDA0001754059260000231
Figure BDA0001754059260000241
Figure BDA0001754059260000251
As can be seen from the above charging data, the data of serial numbers 2 to 160 are I1Charging data of a phase in which I1Maximum 29.86A and minimum 29.34A, and constant current charging current I at this stage1Between 0.699C5 and 0.711C 5. The data of serial numbers 177 to 240 are I2Charging data of a phase in which I2Maximum 14.92A and minimum 14.50A, and constant current charging current I at this stage2At 0.486I1To 0.509I1In the meantime. Data of sequence numbers 243 to 351 are I3Charging data of a phase in which I3Maximum 9.9A and minimum 9.33A, and constant current charging current I at this stage3At 0.312I1To 0.337I1In between, as can also be seen from the table, I3The constant current charging time is 11.42H-8.06H-3.36H. The final charge was 230.04 AH. To put inThe electric charge 191.7AH is 1.2 times (191.7 × 1.2 ═ 230.04).
According to the method of the invention, I of the battery1The stage charging current should be I1＝0.7C5＝0.7×42＝29.4A；I2The charging current of the stage should be I2＝0.5I1＝0.5×29.4＝14.7A；I3The charging current of the stage should be I3＝1/3I1When the charging time is 9.8A, the charging time is
Figure BDA0001754059260000261
(C0Is I1Charge capacity and charge stage I2The sum of the charging capacities of the phases, from the charging data table, numbers 2 to 160 (I)1Stage) of the battery accumulated charged capacity plus serial numbers 177 to 240 (I)2Stage) the accumulated charging capacity of the battery is I1Charge capacity and charge stage I2Sum of step charging capacity C0)。

Claims (6)

1. A charging method of a lead-acid storage battery is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) with I1＝X·C5,X∈[0.699,0.711]The constant current value of the charging circuit charges the lead-acid storage battery until the voltage of a single lead-acid storage battery reaches the gasification voltage point of the battery; wherein C5 is the 5-hour rate rated capacity of the lead-acid battery, and a single lead-acid battery is the smallest lead-acid battery unit forming the lead-acid battery;
2) then with I2＝Y·I1,Y∈[0.486,0.509]The constant current value of the charging circuit charges the lead-acid storage battery until the voltage of a single lead-acid storage battery reaches 1.25 times of the rated voltage of the single lead-acid storage battery;
3) then with I3＝Z·I1,Z∈[0.312,0.337]The constant current value of (1) is 0.2. C0/I3Hours; wherein, C0＝C1+C2，C1Is the charge capacity of step 1), C2The charging capacity of step 2).
2. The method for charging a lead-acid storage battery according to claim 1, wherein X is 0.7, Y is 0.5, and Z is 1/3.
3. The method for charging the lead-acid storage battery according to claim 1, wherein in the step 1), the standard that the voltage of the single lead-acid storage battery reaches 7.2V is as follows: the voltage of the corresponding lead-acid storage battery reaches 7.2 aV; in the step 2), the standard that the voltage of a single lead-acid storage battery reaches 7.5V is as follows: the voltage of the corresponding lead-acid storage battery reaches 7.5 aV; wherein a is the number of single lead-acid storage batteries in the lead-acid storage battery.
4. A lead-acid storage battery charger is characterized by comprising a controller, wherein the controller executes instructions for realizing the following charging method:
1) with I1＝X·C5,X∈[0.699,0.711]The constant current value of the charging circuit charges the lead-acid storage battery until the voltage of a single lead-acid storage battery reaches the gasification voltage point of the battery; wherein C5 is the 5-hour rate rated capacity of the lead-acid battery, and a single lead-acid battery is the smallest lead-acid battery unit forming the lead-acid battery;
2) then with I2＝Y·I1,Y∈[0.486,0.509]The constant current value of the charging circuit charges the lead-acid storage battery until the voltage of a single lead-acid storage battery reaches 1.25 times of the rated voltage of the single lead-acid storage battery;
3) then with I3＝Z·I1,Z∈[0.312,0.337]The constant current value of (1) is 0.2. C0/I3Hours; wherein, C0＝C1+C2，C1Is the charge capacity of step 1), C2The charging capacity of step 2).
5. The lead-acid battery charger according to claim 4, wherein X is 0.7, Y is 0.5, and Z is 1/3.
6. The lead-acid battery charger according to claim 4, characterized in that in step 1), the standard that the voltage of a single lead-acid battery reaches 7.2V is as follows: the voltage of the corresponding lead-acid storage battery reaches 7.2 aV; in the step 2), the standard that the voltage of a single lead-acid storage battery reaches 7.5V is as follows: the voltage of the corresponding lead-acid storage battery reaches 7.5 aV; wherein a is the number of single lead-acid storage batteries in the lead-acid storage battery.
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