CN108788436B - Process for diffusion bonding of fusion reactor material tungsten and steel by using hydrogen-containing metal - Google Patents
Process for diffusion bonding of fusion reactor material tungsten and steel by using hydrogen-containing metal Download PDFInfo
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- CN108788436B CN108788436B CN201810566930.1A CN201810566930A CN108788436B CN 108788436 B CN108788436 B CN 108788436B CN 201810566930 A CN201810566930 A CN 201810566930A CN 108788436 B CN108788436 B CN 108788436B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/02—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating by means of a press ; Diffusion bonding
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- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
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Abstract
The invention discloses a process for connecting tungsten and steel of a fusion reactor material by adopting a hydrogen-containing metal diffusion, wherein pure titanium (vanadium) and alloy thereof which are pre-hydrogenated are used as a transition layer material, so that the welding temperature can be reduced, and reaction products generated between the transition layer and the steel are reduced; the yield strength of the transition layer is reduced, and the slow release of stress is facilitated; the low activation requirement of the fusion reactor on the material is met, and the weakened connection quality of the brittle reaction product generated by the intermediate layer material and the steel is reduced; but also can improve the capability of the intermediate layer material for slowly releasing residual stress at high temperature.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a process for diffusion bonding of fusion reactor materials tungsten and steel by using hydrogen-containing metal, belonging to the field of metal diffusion welding.
Background
The first wall parts of the Chinese Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) and various foreign demonstration reactors (DEMO) are all in a hydrogen isotope environment and can bear the irradiation of 14MeV neutrons and other high-energy particles generated by the reaction of deuterium (D) + tritium (T), so that the first wall parts are mostly designed to be connected by facing plasma materials (such as tungsten) and structural materials (such as low-activation ferrite/martensite steel). However, tungsten and steel are two dissimilar metal materials with large difference of thermal physical properties, and the tungsten and the steel not only have large difference of linear expansion coefficients and can generate large thermal stress, but also can generate brittle reaction products to weaken the welding performance of joints.
In the current research situation at home and abroad, the solid phase diffusion welding process with the addition of the intermediate transition layer is a potential tungsten/steel connection technology. However, the choice of the material of the intermediate layer is a great problem, because the intermediate layer not only needs to improve the welding performance of tungsten/steel, such as the connection strength, the interface reaction products, the thermal stress slow release effect, etc., but also needs to be able to adapt to the harsh future service environment of the first wall material of the fusion reactor: (1) the D + T reaction generates 14MeV neutrons, and requires low activation of material elements to meet the standard of low-emission nuclear waste; (2) the hydrogen isotope environment in the fusion reactor requires that the material does not generate brittle fracture in the hydrogen isotope atmosphere; (3) d, T impurity particle flow requires that the material has good thermal shock resistance under the plasma irradiation condition.
However, the materials of the intermediate layer adopted by the existing tungsten/steel connection can not meet the requirements:
(1) effective connection of tungsten/steel can be realized by using metals such as Ni, Cu and the like. The thermal conductivity of Ni and Cu is high, and even a high-quality tungsten/steel joint with small interface residual stress and no reaction product can be obtained by utilizing Ni and Cu, but both are high-activation elements and are not suitable for the requirement of a future fusion reactor on low-activation materials.
(2) The low-activation metals such as Ti, V and the like can also realize the connection of tungsten/steel, but compared with Ni and Cu, the pure metals such as Ti, V and steel are easy to form FeTi when being welded at higher temperature (more than or equal to 900℃)2,V2C, and the like, weakening the joint properties.
Taking pure titanium as an example, the pure titanium structure at room temperature is an alpha-Ti structure, and the main elements of Fe, Cr and the like in the steel have the same crystal structure with the beta-Ti element in a high-temperature phase, so that the solubility of Fe and Cr in beta-Ti is higher, and the solubility of Fe and Cr in alpha-Ti is lower. The transformation temperature of alpha-Ti to beta-Ti is about 880 ℃, if welding at higher temperature is adopted, Ti and steel are easy to form brittle reaction products, and if welding at lower temperature is adopted, the diffusion between Ti and steel is weakened.
Meanwhile, the yield strength of the transition layer can influence the residual stress between the slow-release tungsten and the steel, and compared with Cu and Ni metals, the yield strength of Ti is relatively high, so that the slow release of the residual stress is not facilitated.
However, the Ti and V elements meet the requirement of low-activation materials of the fusion reactor, so that the research on improving the performance of the Ti or V metal and enabling the Ti or V metal to meet the welding requirement of tungsten and steel has very important significance for the continuous operation of the fusion reactor.
It has long been thought that hydrogen causes embrittlement of Ti metals, but recent studies have shown that:
(1) as can be seen from a Ti-H phase diagram, H is a strong beta-Ti stable element, and can obviously reduce the phase transition temperature (from 880 ℃ to 330 ℃) of alpha-beta Ti, which is beneficial to reducing the connection temperature of tungsten/titanium/steel and reducing the occurrence of brittle reaction products between Ti and steel. The formation of beta-Ti can promote the diffusion between Ti and steel, improve the connection strength and compensate the influence of reducing the welding temperature on the diffusion to a certain extent.
(2) The addition of a small amount of hydrogen element in titanium and its alloys can improve the processability and the rheological stress of Ti, so that the yield strength is reduced, which is beneficial to the slow release of residual stress.
(3) As a temporary alloying element, the existence state of hydrogen in titanium is reversible, and hydrogen isotopes dissolved in Ti can be removed by annealing.
Therefore, the hydrogen-containing titanium alloy is used as a transition layer material, so that the low activation requirement of the fusion reactor on the material can be well met, and the problems that a brittle reaction product can be generated between tungsten/titanium/steel, the diffusion between titanium/steel is weak, the yield strength is high, the slow release of residual stress is not favorable and the like are solved. The method for welding tungsten and steel by adopting the hydrogen-containing titanium (vanadium) alloy as the transition layer material through solid phase diffusion is a potential method for connecting the tungsten and steel of the first wall material of the fusion reactor.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problem that common pure metal transition layers such as nickel, copper and the like in the prior art can not be used as low-activation materials to be applied to fusion reactor parts; titanium, vanadium and the like are easy to generate brittle reaction products with steel, and the yield strength of titanium metal is high. The novel hydrogen-containing metal intermediate layer can meet the low activation requirement of the fusion reactor material; reducing the formation of brittle reaction products with steel; but also can effectively improve the slow-release stress capability.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a process for diffusion bonding of fusion reactor materials tungsten and steel by using hydrogen-containing metal is characterized by comprising the following process steps:
1) preparing tungsten, steel and a non-hydrogenated transition layer material required by solid phase diffusion welding, performing grinding and polishing treatment on the surfaces to be welded of the tungsten, the steel and the transition layer material to ensure that the surface roughness of the surfaces to be welded of the tungsten, the steel and the transition layer material is less than or equal to Ra and less than or equal to 3.2 mu m, and cleaning and vacuum packaging the materials for later use after grinding and polishing;
2) presetting the obtained transition layer material into hydrogen-containing alloy with the mass fraction of 0-1 wt% by using a solid hydrogen-containing method;
3) placing the hydrogen-containing alloy between a tungsten sheet and a steel block, overlapping the tungsten sheet and the steel block, and performing welding treatment by adopting a solid phase diffusion welding method such as vacuum hot pressing or hot isostatic pressing to obtain a welded workpiece;
4) and (3) carrying out dehydrogenation treatment on the welded workpiece by adopting a vacuum annealing method to realize the connection of the fusion reactor material tungsten and steel.
The process for diffusion bonding of fusion reactor materials tungsten and steel by using hydrogen-containing metal is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the steel is low activation ferrite/martensite (RAFM) steel or other low activation steel.
The process for diffusion bonding of fusion reactor materials tungsten and steel by using hydrogen-containing metal is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the transition layer is made of titanium, vanadium, titanium alloy or vanadium alloy.
The process for diffusion bonding of fusion reactor materials tungsten and steel by using hydrogen-containing metal is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the solid state hydrogen placing method in the step 2) is to place the transition layer material in a heating furnace, fill high-purity hydrogen with the pressure of 200Pa-0.1MPa, raise the temperature to accelerate the diffusion of the hydrogen in the transition layer material, keep the temperature at 200 ℃ -700 ℃ for 1-10h, and obtain the hydrogen placing alloy.
A process for diffusion bonding of fusion reactor materials tungsten and steel by using hydrogen-containing metal is characterized in that: the technological parameters of the step 3) adopting vacuum hot pressing are that the vacuum degree is less than or equal to 10-2Pa, welding temperature of 600-1050 ℃, heat preservation time of 0.5-6h and welding pressure of 5-20 MPa.
The process for diffusion bonding of fusion reactor materials tungsten and steel by using hydrogen-containing metal is characterized by comprising the following steps of: in the step 3), machining a sheath when a hot isostatic pressing solid-phase diffusion welding method is adopted, wherein the sheath comprises a box body and a top cover; placing the hydrogenated alloy between a tungsten sheet and a steel block, overlapping the hydrogenated alloy and the tungsten sheet and the steel block, placing the tungsten sheet and the steel block into a sheath, packaging a box body and a top cover by electron beam or argon arc welding, and sending the obtained sheath into a hot isostatic pressing machine for hot isostatic pressing treatment, wherein the heat preservation temperature is 600-1050 ℃, the welding pressure is 100-200MPa, and the heat preservation time is 0.5-6 h; and (4) removing the sheath after hot isostatic pressing to obtain a welded workpiece.
The first wall material tungsten and steel connecting process of the fusion reactor is characterized in that: in the step 3), molybdenum sheets are arranged on the outer side surfaces of the tungsten sheet and the steel block.
The process for diffusion bonding of fusion reactor materials tungsten and steel by using hydrogen-containing metal is characterized by comprising the following steps of: after the dehydrogenation treatment in the step 4), the workpiece with the solid phase diffusion bonding temperature higher than the austenitizing temperature of the steel needs to be subjected to postweld heat treatment.
The fusion reactor materials tungsten, steel and transition layer materials all need to meet the requirements of low-activation materials, the steel material is low-activation ferrite/martensite (RAFM) steel or other low-activation steel, and the transition layer material is titanium (vanadium) and alloys thereof. The hydrogen-containing metal is a metal containing a certain amount of hydrogen element obtained by putting hydrogen as a temporary alloying element into the metal.
The transition layer material is preset into hydrogen containing alloy with certain mass fraction (0-1 wt%) by solid or liquid hydrogen containing method, and the hydrogen containing process varies with the transition layer material.
And (3) carrying out dehydrogenation treatment on the connected tungsten/hydrogen containing metal/steel workpiece by adopting a vacuum annealing method, wherein the dehydrogenation process is related to the selected hydrogen containing metal.
For the workpiece with the solid phase diffusion bonding temperature higher than the austenitizing temperature of steel, after the hydrogen is removed, post-welding heat treatment is also needed to recover the structure and the performance of the steel.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
pure titanium (vanadium) and alloy thereof which are pre-hydrogenated are adopted as the transition layer material, so that the welding temperature can be reduced, and reaction products generated between the transition layer and steel can be reduced; the yield strength of the transition layer is reduced, and the slow release of stress is facilitated; but also meets the low activation requirement of the fusion reactor on materials. Therefore, the method can well solve the difficulties in the prior art and is a potential fusion reactor material tungsten and steel connection process method.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a layer structure according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the assembly of the present invention when vacuum hot pressing is used.
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a hot isostatic pressing capsule in accordance with the present invention.
Detailed Description
Now, the First Wall (FW) of the water-cooled ceramic clad (WCCB) of the Chinese Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR), tungsten and low activation steel are vacuum hot-pressed and welded for further description.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, a manufacturing process suitable for connecting tungsten and steel of a first wall part of a fusion reactor comprises the following steps:
1) and machining a tungsten sheet 1, a steel block 2 and a transition layer metal pure titanium sheet 3 to be hydrogenated required by vacuum hot-pressing welding, as shown in figure 1. And (3) finely grinding the surface roughness of the surface to be welded to be less than or equal to Ra 0.8 mu m by using a grinding machine, placing the sample in an acetone solution at 35 ℃ for cleaning for 30min, removing surface grease and dirt, taking out and carrying out vacuum packaging for later use.
2) Carrying out vacuum annealing treatment on the processed titanium sheet 3, wherein the vacuum degree is less than or equal to 10-4Pa, the annealing temperature is 700 ℃, the annealing time is 5h, and gases such as water and hydrogen in the titanium sheet 3 are removed.
3) Before the hydrogen is placed, the utilization precision is 10-5And g, weighing the titanium sheet 3 by using a precision balance, and placing the annealed titanium sheet 3 in a vacuum furnace by using a solid hydrogen placing method after weighing. Firstly, filling high-purity hydrogen with a certain pressure of 200Pa-0.1MPa, then raising the temperature to accelerate the diffusion of the hydrogen in the titanium metal, keeping the temperature at 200-700 ℃ and keeping the temperature for 1-10 h. The content of hydrogen in the metal (0-1 wt%) is controlled by changing the pressure of the charged gas, the heat-insulating temperature, the heat-insulating time and the like.
4) The titanium sheet 3 after the hydrogen placement was weighed again to measure the hydrogen content in the titanium metal.
5) And (3) combining the titanium sheet 3 with a certain hydrogen content, the tungsten sheet 1 and the steel block 2, and putting the combination into a vacuum hot press for hot pressing. The vacuum degree of vacuum hot pressing needs to be less than or equal to 10-2Pa, the heat preservation temperature is 600-1050 ℃, and the welding pressure is 5-20 MPa. In order to prevent the head of the hot press from being adhered to the tungsten plate 1 and the steel block 2, a molybdenum plate 4 is arranged on the tungsten plate 1 and below the steel block 2, as shown in figure 2.
6) And (3) placing the welded workpiece into a vacuum annealing furnace for dehydrogenation treatment, wherein a dehydrogenation standard process needs to be established according to the adopted titanium material.
7) And if the welding temperature is higher than 760 ℃, post-welding heat treatment needs to be carried out on the welded part, and the heat treatment parameters are the same as the heat treatment system of the adopted low-activation steel.
8) If the hot isostatic pressing welding method is adopted, the process steps 1) to 4) are similar to the vacuum hot pressing method, and besides the preparation of the workpiece, a sheath needs to be prepared, and the sheath is a tool for fixing the workpiece and preventing oxidation, as shown in fig. 3.
9) After machining the sheath, the workpiece is put into the sheath in the manner shown in fig. 1, and welded and packaged by electron beam or argon arc welding. The sheath comprises a box body 5 and a top cover 6; placing the hydrogenated alloy between a tungsten sheet and a steel block, overlapping the hydrogenated alloy and the steel block, placing the tungsten sheet and the steel block into a sheath, packaging the box body and the top cover by electron beam or argon arc welding, and sending the obtained sheath into a hot isostatic pressing machine for hot isostatic pressing treatment under the action of a pressure head 7.
10) Sending the mixture into a hot isostatic pressing machine for hot isostatic pressing, wherein the system is similar to that of the step 5) of vacuum hot pressing, and the pressure is 100-200 MPa.
11) After hot isostatic pressing, the capsule is removed and treated according to vacuum hot pressing steps 6) and 7).
The foregoing illustrates and describes the principles, general features, and advantages of the present invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are merely illustrative of the principles of the invention, but that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which fall within the scope of the invention as claimed. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (7)
1. A process for diffusion bonding of fusion reactor materials tungsten and steel by adopting a hydrogen-containing titanium alloy is characterized by comprising the following process steps: 1) Preparing tungsten, steel and a non-hydrogenated transition layer material required by solid phase diffusion welding, grinding and polishing the surfaces to be welded of the tungsten, the steel and the transition layer material to ensure that the surface roughness Ra of the surfaces to be welded of the tungsten, the steel and the transition layer material is less than or equal to 3.2 mu m, cleaning after grinding and polishing and carrying out vacuum packaging for later use; 2) Presetting the obtained transition layer material into a hydrogen titanium alloy with the mass fraction of 0-1 wt% by a solid hydrogen method; 3) Placing the hydrogenated titanium alloy between a tungsten sheet and a steel block, overlapping the hydrogenated titanium alloy and the steel block, and welding by adopting a vacuum hot pressing or hot isostatic pressing method to obtain a welded workpiece; 4) Carrying out dehydrogenation treatment on the welded workpiece by adopting a vacuum annealing method to realize the connection of the fusion reactor material tungsten and steel; the transition layer is made of titanium or titanium alloy.
2. The process of claim 1 for diffusion bonding tungsten and steel in fusion reactor materials by using hydrogen-containing titanium alloy, wherein the process comprises the following steps: the steel is a low activation ferrite/martensite (RAFM) steel.
3. The process of claim 1 for diffusion bonding tungsten and steel in fusion reactor materials by using hydrogen-containing titanium alloy, wherein the process comprises the following steps: the solid state hydrogen placing method in the step 2) is to place the transition layer material in a heating furnace, fill high-purity hydrogen with the pressure of 200Pa-0.1MPa, raise the temperature to accelerate the diffusion of the hydrogen in the transition layer material, keep the temperature at 200 ℃ -700 ℃ for 1-10h, and obtain the hydrogen-placing titanium alloy.
4. The process of claim 1 for diffusion bonding tungsten and steel in fusion reactor materials by using hydrogen-containing titanium alloy, wherein the process comprises the following steps: the technological parameters of the vacuum hot pressing in the step 3) are that the vacuum degree is less than or equal to 10-2Pa, the welding temperature is 600-1050 ℃, the heat preservation time is 0.5-6h, and the welding pressure is 5-20 MPa.
5. The process of claim 1 for diffusion bonding tungsten and steel in fusion reactor materials by using hydrogen-containing titanium alloy, wherein the process comprises the following steps: in the step 3), machining a sheath when a hot isostatic pressing welding method is adopted, wherein the sheath comprises a box body and a top cover; placing the hydrogenated titanium alloy between a tungsten sheet and a steel block, overlapping the titanium alloy and the tungsten sheet and the steel block, placing the titanium alloy into a sheath, packaging a box body and a top cover by electron beam or argon arc welding, and sending the obtained sheath into a hot isostatic pressing machine for hot isostatic pressing treatment at the temperature of 600-1050 ℃, the welding pressure of 100-200MPa and the heat preservation time of 0.5-6 h; and (4) removing the sheath after hot isostatic pressing to obtain a welded workpiece.
6. The process of claim 1 for diffusion bonding tungsten and steel in fusion reactor materials by using hydrogen-containing titanium alloy, wherein the process comprises the following steps: in the step 3), molybdenum sheets are arranged on the outer side surfaces of the tungsten sheet and the steel block.
7. The process of claim 1 for diffusion bonding tungsten and steel in fusion reactor materials by using hydrogen-containing titanium alloy, wherein the process comprises the following steps: after the dehydrogenation treatment in the step 4), post-weld heat treatment is carried out on the workpiece with the welding temperature higher than the austenitizing temperature of the steel.
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| CN109396631B (en) * | 2018-11-14 | 2020-12-11 | 中国工程物理研究院材料研究所 | Hot isostatic pressing diffusion bonding method for tungsten/transition layer/stainless steel |
| RU2699879C1 (en) * | 2018-12-13 | 2019-09-11 | Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Национальный исследовательский технологический университет "МИСиС" | Method of producing composite material based on vanadium alloy and steel |
| CN111347147B (en) * | 2018-12-24 | 2022-05-20 | 核工业西南物理研究院 | Hot isostatic pressing connection method of tungsten and heat sink material |
| CN111687530B (en) * | 2019-03-12 | 2022-02-01 | 中南大学 | Method for compounding hydrogen absorption expansion substance and other materials |
| CN110538992A (en) * | 2019-09-19 | 2019-12-06 | 深圳市鑫迪科技有限公司 | Diffusion welding process for tungsten alloy and 316L stainless steel |
| CN111421218A (en) * | 2020-04-28 | 2020-07-17 | 上海交通大学 | Hydrogen-containing Ti2Low-temperature diffusion welding method for AlNb-based alloy and TC4 titanium alloy |
| CN113909801B (en) * | 2020-07-08 | 2023-05-12 | 核工业西南物理研究院 | Preparation method of low-activation steel and tungsten complete solid solution joint |
| CN112496518B (en) * | 2020-11-11 | 2022-03-22 | 核工业西南物理研究院 | Diffusion bonding method of tungsten and low-activation steel |
| CN112643188B (en) * | 2020-12-30 | 2022-09-16 | 浙江最成半导体科技有限公司 | Vacuum diffusion bonding method for target and back plate |
| CN113020772B (en) * | 2021-03-09 | 2022-05-31 | 上海交通大学 | Low-temperature rapid diffusion welding method for titanium alloy |
| CN113909666B (en) * | 2021-11-04 | 2022-10-25 | 中南大学 | Low-temperature diffusion connection method for tungsten alloy and stainless steel |
| CN114193096B (en) * | 2021-12-08 | 2023-08-15 | 核工业西南物理研究院 | Hot isostatic pressing diffusion connection method for vanadium alloy and steel |
| CN114083005A (en) * | 2021-12-14 | 2022-02-25 | 北京石墨烯技术研究院有限公司 | Turning device |
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| CN105216394B (en) * | 2015-10-30 | 2018-02-09 | 中南大学 | A kind of tungsten/steel composite material based on high temperature application and preparation method thereof |
| CN105346161B (en) * | 2015-10-30 | 2017-07-25 | 中南大学 | A kind of preparation method of tungsten/transition zone/steel composite material and its low-temp low-pressure activity diffusion connection |
| CN105499816A (en) * | 2016-02-02 | 2016-04-20 | 中国科学院等离子体物理研究所 | Manufacturing process suitable for tungsten and steel connection of first wall part of fusion reactor |
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