CN108777565B - 电感耦合式谐振器及其构成的压控振荡器 - Google Patents
电感耦合式谐振器及其构成的压控振荡器 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明的多种实施例中涉及多频带压控振荡器。所述多频带压控振荡器的特点在于电感耦合式谐振器。所述谐振器包括初级路径以及与初级路径电感耦合的次级路径。所述初级路径包括多个串联级联的LC调谐段,各调谐段包括可变电容以及与次级路径电感耦合的初级电感。所述次级路径包括多个次级电感,所述次级电感耦合至初级路径中相应的初级电感。此外,所述次级路径包括多个可控开关,所述可控开关被控制为同时导通或关断以接合或断开初级路径和次级路径之间的电感耦合。内嵌的多个LC调谐段降低了各调谐段上的电压幅度摆动,使得谐振器的非线性所引起的相位噪声最小化。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种压控振荡器,具体涉及一种多频带压控振荡器。
背景技术
压控振荡器(VCO)是一种振荡频率受输入电压控制的电子振荡器。所施加的输入电压决定了瞬时的振荡频率。VCO能够被用于,例如频率调制(FM)、相位调制(PM)、锁相环等多种应用。
VCO包括配置有放大器的谐振器以防止振幅衰减,并使谐振器与输出隔离以使得负载不影响谐振器。谐振器可以是电感-电容(LC)谐振器,其谐振频率可响应于控制电压而变化。具有压敏电容的半导体二极管(例如变容二极管)可用于通过改变施加于二极管的控制电压以改变振荡器的频率。这些器件的制造非常方便,因此广泛地应用于各种压控振荡器。
在某些情况下,多频带无线设备可以采用多个VCO以支持在多个频带上的运行,各VCO可以被指定用于特定的频带。使用多个VCO以实现多频带运行可能会带来许多不希望产生的问题,例如增加成本和复杂性,对可靠性和耐用性造成负面影响等等。
因此,有必要提供一种适用性广的多频带压控振荡器。
发明内容
本文描述了一种具有电感耦合式谐振器的多频带VCO。
在部分实施例中,多频带VCO的特点在于电感耦合式谐振器。所述谐振器包括初级路径,以及与初级路径电感耦合的次级路径。所述初级路径包括多个级联的LC调谐段,其中每个调谐段均包括可调电容(例如变容二极管或背靠背式变容二极管对)和电感耦合到次级路径的初级电感。所述次级路径包括多个次级电感,所述次级电感耦合至初级路径中相应的初级电感。进一步地,所述次级路径包括多个可控开关,所述多个可控开关被控制来能够同时导通或同时关断以接合或断开初级路径和次级路径之间的电感耦合。可控开关的数量可以与次级路径中的次级电感的数量相同,也可以不同。通过同时导通或断开次级路径中的所有开关,每一级LC调谐段中的等效电感值发生改变,等同于一个开关电感。依靠多个初级路径中的LC调谐段,所述谐振器具有分布的LC调谐能力并由此实现更佳的频率调谐范围。每一级LC调谐段中的电容包含可变电容,可变电容与开关电感一起被控制形成多个调谐频带。各调谐频带可以重叠以使得VCO的整个频率调谐范围没有间隙。
嵌入多个LC调谐段使得各调谐段上的电压幅度摆动最小化,从而使得由谐振器非线性引起的相位噪声最小化。次级路径中多个开关串联连接的配置方式允许每一级可控开关的开关尺寸相对更大以实现导通期间各调谐段导通电阻RON较小,关断期间整体关断电阻ROFF较大,使得初级路径在次级路径关断期间受到的影响更小。此外,多个串联级联的可控开关降低了次级路径中各开关上的电压幅度摆动,进而降低了可控开关非线性所引起的相位噪声。
在部分实施例中,多频带VCO可以被配置为双推式VCO,相比于传统的VCO,双推式VCO能够进一步降低振荡器的相位噪声。所述双推式VCO包括以双推结构连接的第一振荡器和第二振荡器以输出单端输出信号或差分输出信号至放大器。前文所述的用于多频带VCO的配置也同样适用于第一振荡器和第二振荡器。双推式结构可以沿虚拟地或实地对称。根据输出信号的类型,放大器可以是单端缓冲放大器或者差分放大器。或者,多频带VCO可以输出差分输出信号至倍频器以使得输出信号的频带翻倍。
本领域技术人员应当理解多频带VCO适用于多种RF电路。本领域技术人员还应当理解本发明所公开的实施例可以用多种置换、增强、等同、结合和改进来实施,所有这些实施方式都应落入本发明的保护范围中。
附图说明
附图中示出了本发明的示例性实施例以供参考,附图的作用在于说明而非限制本发明。虽然本发明大致记载于实施例中,但如此做的目的不是将本发明的保护范围限制为所描述实施例的具体技术特征:
图1为现有技术中由可变电感施加装置和谐振电路组成的变频发生装置;
图2为现有技术中具有两个耦合电感的谐振器;
图3为现有技术中具有三个耦合电感的谐振器;
图4为本发明实施例1中VCO的电路图;
图5为本发明实施例2中次级路径设置有多个开关的VCO电路图;
图6为本发明实施例3中多频带双推式VCO的电路图;
图7为本发明实施例4中次级路径设置有多个开关的另一种多频带双推式VCO的电路图;
图8为本发明实施例5中次级路径中开关的电路图。
本领域技术人员将认识到,根据说明书能够实施本发明的多种实施方式和实施例。所有这些实施方式和实施例均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
具体实施方式
在下文的描述中,为了解释本发明,将陈述本发明的具体细节以方便理解,但本发明可能不通过部分或者全部所述的具体细节亦可实施。下文所述的本发明的实施例可能被包含在许多不同的电气组件、电路、设备和系统中。附图的电路框图中所示的系统和设备用以说明本发明的示例性实施例,并且不作为用于模糊本发明宽泛指导的托辞。附图中所示的元件之间的连接关系不限于直接连接,而是能够被修改、重构或者通过中间组件来改变的。
当在说明书中提到“一个实施例”或者“某个实施例”时,所表达的含义是与该实施例有关的具体特性、结构、特征或功能包含在本发明的至少一个所预期的实施例中。因此,说明书中不同位置所出现的短语“在一个实施例中”不构成对本发明单个实施例的多次引用。
本发明的多种实施例均涉及具有一个或多个电感耦合式谐振器的多频带VCO。所述多频带VCO可以包括多种组件例如微控制器、存储器模块、可控半导体开关、二极管、电感器、晶体管等等。这些组件可以集成或封装在单基板或者分立基板上。
图1为公开号为2009/0096557A1的美国专利申请公开的现有技术的变频发生装置。所述变频发生装置由可变电感施加装置和谐振电路组合而成。如图1所示,没有开关控制由L2和Cv构成的次级回路。等效电感仅受Cv控制。因此,谐振电路的调谐方式有限。
图2为公开号为7,154,349的美国专利公开的现有技术的谐振器。谐振器200包括与电容C1 214并联的电感L1 210、与电容C2 224串联的电感L2 220、以及开关226。电感L1210和电感L2 220磁耦合,且可以分别被视作双端口变压器的初级端口和次级端口。电容C1214和电容C2 224均可以是一个或多个固定电容、一个或多个变容二极管、一个或多个开关电容、或者上述类型的任意组合。开关226可以被选择性地导通或关断以不使能或使能次级端口,进而改变谐振器200的电特性。相较于图1中的谐振器,谐振器200具有可通过C1/C2和/或开关226调节的等效电感,因而具有更多的调谐方式。
图3为公开号为7,154,349的美国专利公开的现有技术中的另一种具有三个耦合电感的谐振器300。谐振器300包括与电容C1 314并联的电感L1 310、与电容C2 324串联的电感L2 320、开关326、以及与电容C3 334和开关336串联的电感L3 330。电感L1 310、电感L2320和电感L3 330磁耦合,且可以分别被视作是三端口变压器的初级端口、第二端口和第三端口。电容C1 314、电容C2 324和电容C3 334均可以是一个或多个固定电容、一个或多个变容二极管、一个或多个开关电容、或者上述类型的任意组合。开关326和开关336可以单独地导通或关断以选择性地不使能或使能第二端口和第三端口,进而改变谐振器300的电特性。与图2中的谐振器类似,谐振器300具有可通过电容C2/电容C3和/或开关调节的等效电感。
谐振器200和谐振器300具有单级调谐(图2和图3中的C1),因此主调谐路径具有有限的调谐范围。此外,谐振器200和谐振器300均具有单个开关的次级LC路径。为了获得良好的关断效果(对应于较大的整体关断电阻ROFF),开关尺寸必须足够小。另一方面,为了获得良好的导通效果(对应于较小的导通电阻RON),开关尺寸必须足够大。因此,平衡这两个相互矛盾的需求颇具挑战。不仅如此,次级回路中的单个电感意味着次级路径的开关上电压摆动幅度较大,这可能导致非线性,并因此带来不希望产生的相位噪声。
【实施例1】:
图4为本发明实施例1中多频带VCO的电路图。如图4所示,多频带VCO 400包括谐振器410和负阻电路420。所述谐振器410为电感耦合式谐振器,谐振器410包括初级路径以及与初级路径电感耦合的次级路径。所述谐振器410包括第一LC调谐段、耦合电感调谐段、以及用于直流或低频隔离的电容Cb 414,其中,所述第一LC调谐段包括电感L1 411和电容C1412,耦合电感调谐段包括电感L2 413和次级路径。所述耦合电感调谐段电感耦合至次级路径。所述次级路径包括可控开关S1 416和次级电感L3 415,所述次级电感L3 415电感耦合至初级路径中的初级电感L2 413。所述可控开关S1 416可被控制为导通或关断以接合或断开初级路径上的初级电感L2 413和次级路径上的次级电感L3 415之间的电感耦合。当初级电感L2 413和次级电感L3 415接合,初级路径中的电流I1产生进入次级路径的电磁场并产生感应电流I2,所述电流I2产生进入初级路径的反向磁场并抵消部分原始磁通量。因此,初级电感L2 413的等效电感Leq减小。
这种开关电感耦合式谐振器也可以被称作是基于变压器的谐振器或者可切换耦合电感谐振器,其中,磁耦合的初级电感L2 413和次级电感L3 415可以被视为是双端口变压器。初级电感L2 413和次级电感L3 415的互感系数M可以由下式得出:
其中,k为初级电感L2 413和次级电感L3 415之间的耦合因子(或者耦合系数)。开关S1 416可以选择性地关断或导通以不使能或者使能次级电感L3 415,进而改变谐振器410的电特性。
因此,电感L2 413的等效电感Leq被表示为:
电容C1 412和电容Cb 414可以是固定电容、可变电容、开关电容或者三者的组合。特别地,电容C1 412可以是具有压敏电容的半导体二极管例如变容二极管,其可通过改变施加于二极管的控制电压来控制或调节。
由于存在内阻或者其他损耗,谐振器410中的振荡可能被衰减或衰退至零。负阻电路420连接至谐振器410的初级路径以消除谐振器的正阻抗,从而有效地产生无损耗的谐振器以在谐振器的谐振频率处保持连续振荡。所述负阻电路420包括NPN晶体管Q1 422、电容C3、电容C4、电阻R3和电感L5。电容C3连接在NPN晶体管Q1 422的基极和发射极之间。NPN晶体管Q1 422的基极经由DC隔离电容Cb 414连接至谐振器410的初级路径。NPN晶体管Q1 422的集电极连接至外部电源VCC。NPN晶体管Q1 422的发射极经由电阻R3和电感L5接地。谐振器410连接NPN晶体管Q1 422的基极。电源VCC通过分压电阻R1和R2经由扼流电感Lb对NPN晶体管Q1 422基级提供直流偏置。在部分实施例中,负阻电路420可以被视为包括了NPN晶体管Q1 422、电容C3和电容C4的分压器。电容C3两端的电压提供电压反馈,且电感L5为NPN晶体管Q1 422提供负反馈。电容C3和电容C4均可以是一个固定电容、一个变容二极管、一个开关电容、或者上述类型的任意组合。
在部分实施例中,谐振器410可包含一个或多个开关耦合电感,一个或多个LC调谐段,其中每一个LC调谐段包含可变电容。所述可变电容与所述一个或多个开关耦合电感一同被控制形成多频带VCO的多个调谐频带。在部分实施例中,各调谐频带可以重叠以使得VCO的整个调谐范围没有间隙。
【实施例2】:
图5为本发明实施例2中次级路径设置有多个开关的VCO 500的电路图。类似于图4所示的VCO 400,VCO 500也包括电感耦合式谐振器510,所述谐振器510包括初级路径和与初级路径电感耦合的次级路径。与谐振器410的初级路径不同的是,谐振器510的初级路径包括多个串联级联的LC调谐段,例如第一LC调谐段512和第二LC调谐段514,其中,所述第一LC调谐段512包括第一初级电感L1和第一电容C1,所述第二LC调谐段514包括第二初级电感L3和第二电容C2。各LC调谐段的初级电感均耦合至次级路径中的相应的次级电感。例如,第一初级电感L1耦合至第一次级电感L2,第二初级电感L3耦合至第二次级电感L4。电容C1和电容C2均可以是一个或多个固定电容、一个或多个变容二极管、一个或多个开关电容、或者上述类型的任意组合。
除了两个次级电感之外,图5中的次级路径还包括多个开关,例如第一开关S1和第二开关S2。可以控制这些开关同时导通或关断以接合或断开初级路径和次级路径之间的电感耦合。
在部分实施例中,谐振器510具有分布的LC调谐能力,每一级LC调谐段均包含可变电容并由此实现更佳的频率调谐范围。进一步的,谐振器510可包含一个或多个开关耦合电感。其中每一个LC调谐段中所包含的可变电容与所述一个或多个开关耦合电感一同被控制形成多频带VCO的多个调谐频带。在部分实施例中,多个调谐段的频带可以重叠以使得多频带VCO的整个调谐范围没有间隙。在部分实施例中,VCO可以提供来自初级路径上多个点的输出信号,例如,第一初级电感L1和电容C2之间的连接点、第一初级电感L1和电容C1之间的连接点、或者第二初级电感L3和电容C2之间的连接点等等。
在部分实施例中,谐振器510还包括设置在初级路径上的DC隔离电容Cb 516,用以阻断从NPN晶体管Q1 422的DC偏置电压泄漏至谐振器510。DC隔离电容Cb 516的取值还决定了VCO 500整体的谐振频率。DC隔离电容Cb 516可以是一个或多个固定电容、一个或多个开关电容、或者上述类型的任意组合。
次级路径中多个开关串联的配置方式允许各开关的开关尺寸较大以实现导通期间各调谐段的导通电阻RON较小,且关断期间次级路径整体关断电阻ROFF较大,使得初级路径在关断期间受到的影响更小。此外,多个串联的开关降低了次级路径中各开关上的电压幅度摆动,进而降低了开关非线性所引起的相位噪声。
【实施例3】:
在部分实施例中,多频带VCO可以被配置为双推式VCO,以相较于传统VCO进一步降低振荡器的相位噪声。图6为本发明实施例3中多频带双推式VCO 600的电路图。所述双推式VCO 600包括实施为平衡结构的两个单端VCO 610和620。所述单端VCO 610和620连接成关于对称线660对称的平衡结构,所述对称线660可以是虚拟地。双推式VCO在630处的输出信号经由电容Cd 632被馈送至单端缓冲放大器A1 640以产生最终输出信号642。由于双推式VCO的结构,位于630处的输出信号(或者来自虚拟地其他点上的输出,例如电容C1和电容C1’之间的连接点)自然地消除奇次谐波并放大偶次谐波,因此630处是个很好的倍频信号输出位置,该处输出信号的信号频率为单端VCO 610或620的谐振频率的两倍。电容Cd 632可以被用作DC隔离电容以阻断NPN晶体管Q1和Q1’的DC偏置电压泄漏至谐振器。
VCO 400和/或VCO 500的技术特征同样适用于单端VCO 610和单端VCO 620。例如,单端VCO 610和单端VCO 620均可包括电感耦合式谐振器,所述谐振器包括初级路径和次级路径。所述初级路径包括多个LC调谐段,所述多个LC调谐段电感耦合至次级路径中相应的次级电感。所述次级路径也包括多个开关,所述开关可以被控制同时导通或同时关断以接合或断开初级路径和次级路径之间的电感耦合。电容C1和电容C1’、电容C3和电容C3’、电容C4和电容C4’均可以是一个或多个固定电容、一个或多个变容二极管、一个或多个开关电容、或者上述类型的任意组合。
在部分实施例中,各单端VCO的次级路径相互连接形成闭环650。所述闭环650包括至少一个可控开关S1。通过可开关地接合对应的初级电感和对应的次级电感(图6中的L2、L2’、L4和L4’)之间的耦合,可以调节各单端VCO的初级路径中对应的初级电感(图6中的L1、L1’、L3和L3’)的等效电感。
【实施例4】:
图7为本发明实施例4中次级路径设置有多个开关的另一种多频带双推式VCO的电路图。相较于图6所示的VCO 600,VCO 700所包括的单端VCO 710或单端VCO 720均具有位于初级路径上的多个LC单元(例如L1-C1,L3-C2,L1’-C1’和L3’-C2’),各LC单元中的一个电感耦合至次级电路。例如,初级路径上的初级电感L1、初级电感L1’、初级电感L3和初级电感L3’分别耦合次级电感L2、次级电感L2’、次级电感L4和次级电感L4’。电容C1、电容C2、电容C1’和电容C2’均可以是可变电容、开关电容、或者与可变电容并联的开关电容。双推式VCO700采用具有差分输入的缓冲放大器740代替单端缓冲放大器以产生最终放大输出信号742。所述双推式VCO 700同样包括两个沿对称线760构成平衡结构的单端VCO,所述对称线760为虚拟地或者实地。电容Cb、电容Cb’、电容C3、电容C3’、电容C4、电容C4’均可以是一个或多个固定电容、一个或多个变容二极管、一个或多个开关电容、或者上述类型的任意组合。另外,可以用具有差分输入的倍频器代替缓冲放大器740以使输出信号的频带翻倍。尽管图7中示出的VCO 700产生的差分输出信号(该差分输出信号作为缓冲放大器740的输入)是由负阻电路中各对称连接点输出的,但是本领域技术人员应当理解差分输出信号也可以由成对的初级路径上的任意一对连接点输出,只要这对连接点关于对称线对称即可,例如对称点对a/a’、b/b’、c/c’、d/d’等等。
虽然图6和图7分别示出了从虚拟地上的连接点输出VCO输出信号,以及从关于虚拟地对称的对称点对差分地输出VCO输出信号,但是本领域技术人员应当理解图6和图7所示的VCO输出信号可以由同一个双推式VCO(例如VCO 700)输出,以使得单个双推式VCO既可以提供频率为单端VCO的谐振频率的两倍的第一VCO输出信号(例如,图7所示C4和C4’之间的连接点输出的输出信号,类似于图6中的放大输出信号642),也可以提供频率等于单端VCO谐振频率的第二VCO输出信号(例如放大输出信号742)。通过这种配置,使用者可以选择使用第一VCO输出信号、第二VCO输出信号、或者甚至是两个输出信号使得双推式VCO的功能得到增强。
【实施例5】:
图8为本发明实施例5中次级路径中开关800的电路图。所述开关800可以是可控半导体开关,例如N型金属-氧化物-半导体(NMOS)开关,该开关包括门极(G)、源极(S)和漏极(D)。所述源极(S)和漏极(D)分别连接端口RF1和端口RF2,可以通过控制Vg或Vds以在Vg和Vds之间产生电压差从而可操作地导通或断开端口RF1和端口RF2。Rds和Rg为偏压电阻,用于隔离RF信号,避免其泄漏至直流偏置。尽管图8示出的是NMOS开关,但本领域技术人员应当理解多种其他类型的可控开关,例如P型金属-氧化物-半导体(PMOS)开关、双极结型晶体管(BJT)开关、高电子迁移率晶体管(HEMT)开关、微机电(MEMS)开关等等也可以用于次级路径。这种开关类型的变化也应当落入本发明的保护范围。
本发明的上述描述用于清楚和理解本发明,而不是用于将本发明限制在所公开的精确形式中,在所公开的内容上做出的各种修改也同样有可能落入本发明权力要求书的保护范围中。
本领域技术人员应当理解的是前文所述的示例和实施例是示例性的,而不是用于限制本发明的保护范围的。所有根据阅读本发明说明书及研究本发明附图后所作出的对于本领域技术人员来说显而易见的置换、增强、等同、结合和改进都应落入本发明的精神和保护范围中。
还应当注意的是,各权利要求中所提及的元件之间可以进行不同的布置,包括具有多种依赖关系、结构及组合。例如,在某些实施例中,各权利要求的主要内容可以相互结合。
Claims (10)
1.一种电感耦合式谐振器,其特征在于,包括:初级路径,所述初级路径包括多个电感-电容调谐段,所述电感-电容调谐段包括初级电感和电容;及次级路径,所述次级路径包括多个次级电感和多个开关组,每个开关组包括一个或多个可控开关,至少一个次级电感耦合至一个对应的初级电感,以通过可开关地接合次级电感和对应的初级电感之间的电感耦合来调节对应的初级电感的等效电感;所述开关组与所述次级电感交替设置,至少构成一个“电感-开关组-电感-开关组”的结构。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种电感耦合式谐振器,其特征在于,至少一个电感-电容调谐段包括可调电容。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种电感耦合式谐振器,其特征在于,所述可控开关为半导体开关,所述半导体开关被控制为同时导通或同时关断。
4.一种压控振荡器,其特征在于,包括负阻电路和电感耦合式谐振器,所述电感耦合式谐振器包括:初级路径,所述初级路径包括至少一个电感-电容调谐段,各电感-电容调谐段包括初级电感和电容;及次级路径,所述次级路径包括多个次级电感和多个开关组,每个开关组包括一个或多个可控开关;至少一个次级电感耦合至一个对应的初级电感,以通过可开关地接合次级电感和对应的初级电感之间的电感耦合来调节对应的初级电感的等效电感;所述负阻电路连接电感耦合式谐振器的初级路径以保持电感耦合式谐振器的振荡;所述开关组与所述次级电感交替设置,至少构成一个“电感-开关组-电感-开关组”的结构。
5.根据权利要求4所述的一种压控振荡器,其特征在于,电感-电容调谐段的电容为固定电容、变容二极管、开关电容、或者上述类型的任意组合。
6.根据权利要求4或5所述的一种压控振荡器,其特征在于,所述可控开关为半导体开关,所述半导体开关被控制为同时导通或同时关断。
7.一种压控振荡器,包括:一对单端压控振荡器,所述一对单端压控振荡器连接成关于对称线对称的平衡结构,单端压控振荡器包括:初级路径,所述初级路径包括一个或多个电感-电容调谐段,所述电感-电容调谐段包括初级电感和电容;及次级路径,所述次级路径包括多个次级电感,至少一个次级电感耦合至对应初级电感;其特征在于,各单端压控振荡器的初级路径连接在一起,各单端压控振荡器的次级路径连接以形成闭环,所述闭环包括多个开关组,所述开关组包括一个或多个可控开关,通过可开关地接合对应的初级电感和次级电感之间的电感耦合,可以调节各单端压控振荡器的初级路径中对应的初级电感的等效电感;所述开关组与所述次级电感交替设置,至少构成一个“电感-开关组-电感-开关组”的结构。
8.根据权利要求7所述的一种压控振荡器,其特征在于,所述压控振荡器从相互连接的初级路径上的连接点输出单端输出信号,所述连接点位于对称线上,所述单端输出信号频率是一对单端压控振荡器的谐振频率的两倍。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的一种压控振荡器,其特征在于,所述压控振荡器从相互连接的初级路径上的一对连接点输出差分输出信号,所述一对连接点关于对称线对称,所述差分输出信号的频率等于一对单端压控振荡器的谐振频率。
10.根据权利要求7或8所述的一种压控振荡器,其特征在于,位于次级路径的闭环设置有多个串联的可控开关,所述可控开关被控制为同时导通或同时关断。
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CN113839619B (zh) * | 2021-08-15 | 2023-09-26 | 杭州电子科技大学 | 一种高功率、高效率的片上硅基双模太赫兹信号源结构 |
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