CN108682247B - Experimental instrument for demonstrating stress of copper bar in magnetic field and quantitatively measuring copper bar - Google Patents
Experimental instrument for demonstrating stress of copper bar in magnetic field and quantitatively measuring copper bar Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to an experimental instrument for demonstrating and quantitatively measuring stress of a copper bar in a magnetic field, which comprises an electric cabinet, an experimental instrument base, a photoelectric sensor fixing longitudinal beam, a copper bar track supporting rod, a correlation photoelectric sensing receiver supporting rod, a copper bar guide rail, a rectangular large coil, an electrified copper bar and a conductive rectangular light blocking copper sheet, wherein the electric cabinet is provided with a plurality of light blocking copper sheets; the experimental instrument base is formed by interconnecting front and rear longitudinal beams and left and right cross beams, and the lower end of the experimental instrument base is provided with base leveling supporting legs; the left support rod of the correlation photoelectric sensing receiver and the right support rod of the correlation photoelectric sensing receiver are respectively fixed at the center positions of the left and right cross beams of the base of the experimental instrument. The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows: the invention adopts the electric cabinet constant current source to provide the coil with the changed current so as to generate the changed magnetic field, the current of the constant current source can be displayed by the display screen, and the change of the current and the direction can be realized by providing the coil with the current direction and the size increasing and decreasing knob by the constant current source with special functions.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of physical experiment devices, and particularly relates to a copper bar stress demonstration and quantitative measurement experiment instrument in a magnetic field.
Background
In middle school physics teaching, an electrified lead is subjected to the action of magnetic field force in a magnetic field, the stress direction is judged according to a left hand rule, the force is proportional to the magnetic field intensity, the current passing through the lead and the length of the lead, and the force can be expressed by a formula F=BIL, the knowledge point is very important content in middle school teaching, however, for students who just walk into middle school, the students are in contact with the content for the first time and are involved in the concepts, the students are generally hard to understand, and the students cannot flexibly use and master comprehensively in a short time. According to the physical teaching law, students can quickly master and feel well, besides the explanation of teachers and the making of a large number of corresponding questions, in fact, in a very critical aspect, the teacher is required to observe or personally demonstrate and observe the physical phenomenon through demonstration, so that understanding of the concept is deepened, the fact that the magnetic field force received by the power-on wire is in direct proportion to the B, I, L physical quantity is truly realized, the direction of the power-on wire stress is judged, and the correctness of judgment is achieved by adopting the left-hand rule.
In the prior art, in the middle school physics teaching, a few physical experimental instruments are used, firstly, horseshoe-shaped magnets are adopted to provide magnetic fields, copper wires are adopted at two ends of a copper rod to hang the copper rod, and the self-made experimental demonstration instrument for demonstrating the stress magnitude is realized through the swing angle of the copper rod; secondly, the electrified copper bars are also placed in a magnetic field provided by the horseshoe-shaped magnet, one copper bar is placed on a guide rail which adopts two copper bars as the guide rail, and the self-made demonstration experiment instrument for judging the stress magnitude by observing the acceleration speed of the copper bars. Throughout these experiments, qualitative demonstration or only change of current direction, there are many disadvantages such as: first, the magnitude of the magnetic field and the direction of the magnetic field cannot be changed, and the magnetic field cannot be continuously changed; secondly, the experimental guide rail is generally of a fixed width, and the length of the electrified copper rod is difficult to demonstrate and change, or although the length of the electrified copper rod can be changed, the experimental instrument is not ideal in structure, inaccurate in experiment and inconvenient to operate; thirdly, these testers are generally only capable of demonstrating qualitative experiments, cannot conduct quantitative experiments at all, or cannot demonstrate a plurality of quantitative experiments; fourth, the instantaneous speed of the electrified copper bar at a certain position in the magnetic field and the acceleration of a certain section of movement process cannot be measured; fifth, the magnitude of the average magnetic field of the energized coil cannot be measured; sixth, the magnitude of induced electromotive force generated on the copper bar during the movement of the energized copper bar cannot be qualitatively measured.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects in the prior art and provides an experimental instrument for demonstrating and quantitatively measuring stress of a copper bar in a magnetic field.
The experimental instrument for demonstrating and quantitatively measuring the stress of the copper rod in the magnetic field comprises an electric cabinet, an experimental instrument base, a photoelectric sensor fixing longitudinal beam, a copper rod track supporting rod, a correlation photoelectric sensing receiver supporting rod, a copper rod guide rail, a rectangular large coil, an electrified copper rod and a conductive rectangular light-blocking copper sheet;
the experimental instrument base is formed by interconnecting front and rear longitudinal beams and left and right cross beams, and the lower end of the experimental instrument base is provided with base leveling supporting legs; the left support rod of the correlation photoelectric sensing receiver and the right support rod of the correlation photoelectric sensing receiver are respectively fixed at the center positions of the left and right cross beams of the base of the experimental instrument; a lower photoelectric sensing emitter fixing longitudinal beam is arranged between the left and right cross beams of the base of the opposite-emission type photoelectric sensor corresponding to the lower end frame, and an upper photoelectric sensing receiver fixing longitudinal beam is arranged at the upper ends of the opposite-emission type photoelectric sensor left and right support rods; the first opposite-shooting type photoelectric sensing transmitter and the second opposite-shooting type photoelectric sensing transmitter are fixed at the corresponding positions of the lower photoelectric sensing transmitter fixing longitudinal beam, and the first opposite-shooting type photoelectric sensing transmitter connecting wire and the second opposite-shooting type photoelectric sensing transmitter connecting wire of the first opposite-shooting type photoelectric sensing transmitter and the second opposite-shooting type photoelectric sensing transmitter are respectively connected to corresponding binding posts of the electric cabinet; the first opposite-shooting type photoelectric sensing receiver and the second opposite-shooting type photoelectric sensing receiver are fixed at the corresponding positions of the upper photoelectric sensing receiver fixing longitudinal beam, and the first opposite-shooting type photoelectric sensing receiver connecting wire and the second opposite-shooting type photoelectric sensing receiver connecting wire of the first opposite-shooting type photoelectric sensing receiver and the second opposite-shooting type photoelectric sensing receiver are respectively connected to corresponding binding posts of the electric cabinet;
the rectangular large coil is placed in the middle of the base of the experimental instrument, and an inflow coil current connecting wire and an outflow coil current connecting wire of the rectangular large coil are respectively connected to corresponding binding posts of the electric cabinet; the support legs of the front copper bar track left support rod and the rear copper bar track left support rod are respectively fixed at the front end and the rear end of a left cross beam of the experimental instrument base and are symmetrical relative to the center of the left cross beam, and the support legs of the front copper bar track right support rod and the rear copper bar track right support rod are respectively fixed at the front end and the rear end of a right cross beam of the experimental instrument base and are symmetrical relative to the center of the right cross beam; the front copper bar guide rail and the rear copper bar guide rail are respectively arranged on corresponding sleeve posts at the upper ends of the left and right support rods of the corresponding front copper bar track and the left and right support rods of the rear copper bar track, and the front copper bar guide rail and the rear copper bar guide rail are respectively clung to the upper surface of the rectangular large coil and are on the same plane; the front copper bar guide rail and the rear copper bar guide rail are vertically provided with an electrified copper bar, and the electrified copper bar is provided with a conductive rectangular light-blocking copper sheet; the front copper bar guide rail and the rear copper bar guide rail are connected to corresponding binding posts of the electric cabinet through a front copper bar guide rail connecting wire and a rear copper bar guide rail connecting wire respectively.
As preferable: supporting legs of a left supporting rod of the correlation photoelectric sensing receiver are sleeved to the center position of the left cross beam from front and rear copper rod guide rail supporting leg moving slide ways of the left cross beam of the experiment instrument base, a right supporting rod of the correlation photoelectric sensing receiver is sleeved to the center position of the right cross beam from front and rear copper rod guide rail supporting leg moving slide ways of the right cross beam of the experiment instrument base, and the two supporting rods are respectively fixed by fixing screws.
As preferable: supporting legs of a front copper bar track left supporting rod and a rear copper bar track left supporting rod are sleeved into the left cross beam from a front copper bar guide rail supporting leg moving slideway and a rear copper bar guide rail supporting leg moving slideway of a left cross beam of an experimental instrument base respectively and are symmetrical relative to the center of the left cross beam, the two supporting rods are fixed by adopting fixing screws, and the center distance between the front copper bar track left supporting rod and the rear copper bar track left supporting rod is the effective length L value of an electrified copper bar; the supporting legs of the front copper bar track right supporting rod and the rear copper bar track right supporting rod are sleeved into the right cross beam from the front copper bar guide rail supporting leg moving slideway and the rear copper bar guide rail supporting leg moving slideway of the right cross beam of the experimental instrument base respectively and are symmetrical relative to the center of the right cross beam, the two supporting rods are fixed by fixing screws, and the center distance between the front copper bar track right supporting rod and the rear copper bar track right supporting rod is the effective length L value of the electrified copper bar.
As preferable: the front copper bar guide rail and the rear copper bar guide rail are respectively arranged on corresponding sleeve posts at the upper ends of the corresponding left and right support rods of the front copper bar track and the left and right support rods of the rear copper bar track and are fixed by fixing screws.
As preferable: the left and right fixing ferrules of the upper photoelectric sensing receiver fixing longitudinal beam are respectively sleeved on sleeve posts at the top ends of the left support rod of the opposite-type photoelectric sensing receiver and the right support rod of the opposite-type photoelectric sensing receiver and are fixed through fixing screws.
As preferable: the graduated scales of the upper photoelectric sensing receiver fixed longitudinal beam and the graduated scales of the lower photoelectric sensing transmitter fixed longitudinal beam are in one-to-one correspondence up and down, and the graduated positions of the first correlation photoelectric sensing receiver and the second correlation photoelectric sensing receiver are respectively corresponding to the graduated positions of the first correlation photoelectric sensing transmitter and the second correlation photoelectric sensing transmitter.
As preferable: the electric cabinet comprises an electric cabinet power switch, an electric cabinet indicator lamp, a correlation type photoelectric sensing time display switch, a correlation type photoelectric sensing time display screen, a constant current source for providing current direction and size increasing and decreasing knob for the coil, a constant current source current size display screen and a constant current source for providing current direction and size increasing and decreasing knob for the electrified copper bar.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
1. the invention adopts the electric cabinet constant current source to provide the coil with the changed current so as to generate the changed magnetic field, the current of the constant current source can be displayed through the display screen, the current and the direction change of the constant current source can be realized by providing the coil with the current direction and the size increasing and decreasing knob through the constant current source with special functions, namely, the knob is sprung to provide the coil with the forward current and is pressed down to provide the coil with the reverse current, no matter the forward current or the reverse current is provided, the knob continuously increases the clockwise rotation current, the anticlockwise rotation current continuously decreases, and the direction of the acting force is conveniently judged for verifying the left hand rule.
2. The spacing between the front copper bar guide rail and the rear copper bar guide rail can be symmetrically changed about the center of the left and right base beams, the spacing between the electrified copper bar guide rails can be changed by sliding the support rod feet in the sliding grooves, and the accurate distance between the front copper bar guide rail and the rear copper bar guide rail can be read out on the millimeter scale of the left and right base beams.
3. The experimental instrument adopts two opposite-jet photoelectric sensors, can measure the motion instantaneous speed of the electrified copper rod passing through the two opposite-jet photoelectric sensors respectively, and calculates the acceleration of the electrified copper rod in the motion process according to the distance between the two sensors, so that the average magnetic field size generated by the electrified coil and the acting force of the electrified copper rod in the magnetic field can be calculated.
4. The experimental device adopts the electric cabinet, the electric cabinet comprises a constant current source for providing current direction and magnitude for the coil and a constant current source for providing current direction and magnitude for the electrified copper bar, the current is provided for the copper bar to be transmitted through the guide rail skillfully, and the phenomenon that wires are directly connected at two ends of the copper bar to cause mutual winding of the wires is avoided; meanwhile, the electric cabinet is also provided with a photoelectric display screen so as to timely display the shielding time of the correlation sensor emitted to the received light due to the electrified rectangular sheet, thereby providing time parameters for calculating the instantaneous speed of the copper bar passing through the correlation photoelectric sensor.
5. The experimental instrument can be used for carrying out a demonstrative experiment and a quantitative experiment, and can be used for measuring the stress of the electrified copper rod in a magnetic field, the average magnetic field strength generated by coil current and the induced electromotive force generated by the magnetic field when the electrified copper rod moves at a uniform speed.
6. The relationship between the applied force and each physical quantity at the right end of the equation in the equation f=bil can be demonstrated: firstly, when the current I and the length L are unchanged, the acting force is increased along with the increase of the magnetic field B, and when the direction of the magnetic field is changed, the direction of the stress of the electrified copper rod is opposite; secondly, when the magnetic field B and the current L are unchanged, the current I is increased, the acting force is increased, and when the current direction is changed, the acting force direction is opposite; thirdly, when the magnetic field B and the current I are unchanged, the length L of the electrified copper rod is changed, the acting force is changed, when the length L of the electrified copper rod is increased, the acting force is increased, and when the length L is reduced, the acting force is reduced.
7. The experimental instrument has ingenious design and reasonable structure, and is a comprehensive experimental instrument.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a front view of the whole structure of the experimental instrument of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a right side view of the structure of leveling support legs, a base, coils, support rods, a photoelectric sensor and the like;
FIG. 3 is a top view of the overall structure of the experimental apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a top view of the base, support bar, photoelectric sensor, fixed stringers, etc.;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged top view of the base support legs, left and right cross beams, photoelectric sensor support rods, sliding grooves, scales and the like;
FIG. 6 is a top view of the structure of the upper photoelectric sensor, the fixed stringers and the fixed collar;
FIG. 7 is a top view of the front and rear bar copper rails and the stationary ferrule;
fig. 8 is a schematic structural diagram of a copper bar track support rod and a correlation type photoelectric sensing receiver support rod (a is a schematic structural diagram of the copper bar track support rod, and b is a schematic structural diagram of the correlation type photoelectric sensing receiver support rod);
FIG. 9 is a top view of the structure of an energized copper bar (with an intermediate conductive rectangular light-blocking copper sheet);
FIG. 10 is a schematic view of a bar copper track, bar copper, and a photoelectric sensor fixed stringer and wiring;
fig. 11 is a structural elevation view of the electric cabinet.
Reference numerals illustrate: 1. the electric cabinet, 1-0, electric cabinet switch, 1-1, electric cabinet pilot lamp, 1-2, correlation type photoelectric sensing time display switch, 1-3, correlation type photoelectric sensing time display screen, 1-4, constant current source provides current direction and size increase and decrease knob for coil, 1-5, constant current source current size display screen, 1-6, constant current source provides current direction and size increase and decrease knob for energizing copper bar, 2, experiment instrument base, 2-0, base leveling supporting leg, 2-00, front and back copper bar guide rail supporting leg moving slideway, 2-1, base left beam scale, 2-2, base right beam scale, 2-10, chute section, 3, lower photoelectric sensing emitter fixing longitudinal beam, 3-1, first correlation type photoelectric sensing emitter, 3-2, a second opposite-shooting photoelectric sensing transmitter, 3-10, a first opposite-shooting photoelectric sensing transmitter connecting wire, 3-20, a second opposite-shooting photoelectric sensing transmitter connecting wire, 4, an upper photoelectric sensing receiver fixing longitudinal beam, 4-00, an upper photoelectric sensing receiver fixing longitudinal beam fixing ferrule, 4-1, a first opposite-shooting photoelectric sensing receiver, 4-2, a second opposite-shooting photoelectric sensing receiver, 4-10, a first opposite-shooting photoelectric sensing receiver connecting wire, 4-20, a second opposite-shooting photoelectric sensing receiver connecting wire, 5-1, a front copper bar rail left support rod, 5-01, a front copper bar rail left support rod foot, 5-02, a front copper bar rail left support rod foot fixing screw, 5-04, a front and rear copper bar rail fixing ferrule post, 5-05, front and back copper bar track fixed ferrule fixed screws, 5-10, back copper bar track left support rod, 5-11, back copper bar track left support rod foot, 5-12, back copper bar track left support rod foot fixed screws, 5-2, front copper bar track right support rod, 5-20, back copper bar track right support rod, 5-21, front copper bar track right support rod foot, 5-22, front copper bar track right support rod foot fixed screws, 5-25, back copper bar track right support rod foot, 5-26, back copper bar track right support rod foot fixed screws, 6-1, correlation photoelectric sensor receiver left support rod foot, 6-11, correlation photoelectric sensor receiver fixed longitudinal beam left support rod foot fixed screws, 6-05, an upper photoelectric sensing receiver fixing longitudinal beam fixing ferrule sleeve column, 6-06, an upper photoelectric sensing receiver fixing longitudinal beam fixing ferrule fixing screw, 6-2, a correlation type photoelectric sensing receiver right support rod, 6-21, a correlation type photoelectric sensing receiver fixing longitudinal beam right support rod foot, 6-22, a correlation type photoelectric sensing receiver fixing longitudinal beam right support rod foot fixing screw, 7-1, a front copper bar guide rail, 7-2, a rear copper bar guide rail, 7-00, a front copper bar guide rail fixing ferrule, 7-10, a front copper bar guide rail connecting wire, 7-20, a rear copper bar guide rail connecting wire, 8, a rectangular large coil, 8-1, an inflow coil current connecting wire, 8-2, an outflow coil current connecting wire, 10, a power-on copper bar, 10-0, conductive rectangular light-blocking copper sheet.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to examples. The following examples are presented only to aid in the understanding of the invention. It should be noted that it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and adaptations of the invention can be made without departing from the principles of the invention and these modifications and adaptations are intended to be within the scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.
The copper bar stress demonstration and quantitative measurement experiment instrument in a magnetic field comprises: the experimental instrument comprises an electric cabinet 1, an experimental instrument base 2, a photoelectric sensor fixing longitudinal beam, a copper bar track supporting rod, a correlation photoelectric sensing receiver supporting rod, a copper bar guide rail, a rectangular large coil 8, an electrified copper bar 10 and a conductive rectangular light blocking copper sheet 10-0, and is shown in fig. 1.
4 base leveling supporting legs 2-0 at the lower end of the experiment instrument base 2 are installed, the experiment instrument base 2 is formed by mutually and skillfully connecting front and rear longitudinal beams with left and right cross beams, and the experiment instrument base 2 is adjusted to be horizontal (checked by a level bar) by adopting the base leveling supporting legs 2-0; the supporting legs of the left supporting rod 6-1 of the correlation photoelectric sensing receiver are sleeved to the center position of the left cross beam from the left cross beam slideway of the experimental instrument base 2, the supporting legs of the right supporting rod 6-2 of the correlation photoelectric sensing receiver are sleeved to the center position of the right cross beam from the right cross beam slideway of the experimental instrument base 2, and the supporting legs are respectively fixed tightly by adopting fixing screws, as shown in figures 1, 2 and 3.
According to the distance and position requirements of the first opposite-type photoelectric sensing emitter 3-1 and the second opposite-type photoelectric sensing emitter 3-2, the first opposite-type photoelectric sensing emitter 3-1 and the second opposite-type photoelectric sensing emitter 3-2 are fixed at the corresponding positions (corresponding scale values are recorded) of the lower photoelectric sensing emitter fixing longitudinal beam 3, and the first opposite-type photoelectric sensing emitter connecting lead 3-10 and the second opposite-type photoelectric sensing emitter connecting lead 3-20 of the first opposite-type photoelectric sensing emitter and the second opposite-type photoelectric sensing emitter are respectively connected to corresponding binding posts of the electric cabinet 1, as shown in figures 4, 3 and 1.
The rectangular large coil 8 is placed on the corresponding position of the experiment instrument base 2, and the current connecting wire 8-1 of the inflow coil and the current connecting wire 8-2 of the outflow coil of the rectangular large coil 8 are respectively connected to corresponding binding posts of the electric cabinet 1, so that the electric cabinet constant current source supplies power to the coil to generate a magnetic field, as shown in figures 2, 3 and 1.
The supporting legs of the left supporting rod 5-1 of the front copper rod track and the left supporting rod 5-10 of the rear copper rod track are respectively sleeved into corresponding positions which are symmetrical with respect to the center of the left cross beam from front and rear sliding grooves of the left cross beam of the base 2 of the experimental instrument, so that the center distance (the accurate distance can be obtained from a graduated scale) between the left supporting rod 5-1 of the front copper rod track and the left supporting rod 5-10 of the rear copper rod track is the effective length L value of the electrified copper rod required by the experiment, and the left supporting rod 5-1 of the front copper rod track and the left supporting rod 5-10 of the rear copper rod track are tightly screwed and fixed by adopting fixing screws; and supporting legs of the front copper bar track right supporting rod 5-2 and the rear copper bar track right supporting rod 5-20 are respectively sleeved into corresponding positions which are symmetrical with respect to the center in a front sliding groove and a rear sliding groove of a right cross beam of the experimental instrument base 2, so that the center distance (the accurate distance can be obtained from a graduated scale) between the centers of the front copper bar track right supporting rod 5-2 and the rear copper bar track right supporting rod 5-20 is the effective length L value of the electrified copper bar required by an experiment, and the copper bar track right supporting rod 5-2 and the rear copper bar track right supporting rod 5-20 are respectively screwed and fixed by adopting fixing screws, as shown in figures 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 and 1.
Then, the front copper bar guide rail 7-1 and the rear copper bar guide rail 7-2 are respectively arranged on corresponding sleeve posts at the left and right support rods of the corresponding front copper bar track and the upper ends of the left and right support rods of the rear copper bar track, and the front copper bar guide rail and the rear copper bar guide rail are tightly attached to the upper surface of the rectangular large coil 8 and are on the same plane, and are tightly screwed and fixed by fixing screws one by one; the front copper bar guide rail 7-1 and the rear copper bar guide rail 7-2 are vertically provided with an electrified copper bar 10, and a conductive rectangular light-blocking copper sheet is arranged in the middle of the electrified copper bar 10; the front copper bar guide rail 7-1 and the rear copper bar guide rail 7-2 are respectively connected to corresponding binding posts of the electric cabinet 1 by adopting a front copper bar guide rail connecting wire 7-10 and a rear copper bar guide rail connecting wire 7-20, and power is supplied to a sliding copper bar connected with the copper bar guide rail through an electric cabinet constant current source, as shown in figures 3, 2, 1, 7, 9 and 10.
The left and right fixing ferrules of the upper photoelectric sensing receiver fixing longitudinal beam 4 are respectively sleeved on sleeve posts at the top ends of the opposite-type photoelectric sensing receiver left support rod 6-1 and the opposite-type photoelectric sensing receiver right support rod 6-2, and are respectively screwed and fixed by fixing screws; the graduated scales of the upper photoelectric sensing receiver fixing longitudinal beam 4 and the graduated scales of the lower photoelectric sensing emitter fixing longitudinal beam 3 are in one-to-one correspondence up and down, and the first opposite-type photoelectric sensing receiver 4-1 and the second opposite-type photoelectric sensing receiver 4-2 are correspondingly fixed according to the graduated positions of the first opposite-type photoelectric sensing emitter 3-1 and the second opposite-type photoelectric sensing emitter 3-2; the first opposite-type photoelectric sensing transmitter connecting wire 3-10 and the second opposite-type photoelectric sensing transmitter connecting wire 3-20 led out from the electric cabinet 1 are respectively connected with the first opposite-type photoelectric sensing transmitter 3-1 and the second opposite-type photoelectric sensing transmitter 3-2, and the first opposite-type photoelectric sensing receiver connecting wire 4-10 and the second opposite-type photoelectric sensing receiver connecting wire 4-20 led out from the electric cabinet 1 are respectively connected with the first opposite-type photoelectric sensing receiver 4-1 and the second opposite-type photoelectric sensing receiver 4-2, so that light emitted by the first opposite-type photoelectric sensing transmitter 3-1 and the second opposite-type photoelectric sensing transmitter 3-2 can be just received by the first opposite-type photoelectric sensing receiver 4-1 and the second opposite-type photoelectric sensing receiver 4-2; light emitted by the first opposite-type photoelectric sensing emitter 3-1 and the second opposite-type photoelectric sensing emitter 3-2 is blocked by the conductive rectangular light blocking copper sheet 10-0, light blocking information is received by the first opposite-type photoelectric sensing receiver 4-1 and the second opposite-type photoelectric sensing receiver 4-2 respectively, and the light blocking information is transmitted to the electric cabinet 1 by the first opposite-type photoelectric sensing receiver connecting wire 4-10 and the second opposite-type photoelectric sensing receiver connecting wire 4-20 respectively, so that light blocking time is displayed on a display screen, and the movement speed of the electrified copper rod passing through a preset position is calculated, as shown in fig. 6, 10, 9, 8, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1.
1. Special part structure and principle of the experimental instrument
1. And (5) manufacturing an electrified copper bar. The middle of the electrified copper bar is provided with an electrified rectangular copper sheet with reasonable size, the copper bar is communicated with the copper sheet to conduct electricity, the cross section area of the copper sheet is required to be equal to that of the copper bar, the copper sheet plays a role in blocking light of the opposite-type photoelectric sensor, the width of the copper sheet can be measured by a vernier caliper, and the instantaneous speed of the electrified copper bar moving to the position of the photoelectric sensor can be calculated according to the light blocking time displayed on a photoelectric display screen of an electric cabinet.
2. The size of the rectangular coil and the number of turns of the winding are determined, and specific manufacturing and winding are carried out according to the needs of specific experiments.
3. And the electric cabinet constant current source function. The constant current source current display screen can display the constant current source current provided by the electrified copper bar at the same time, and can provide current for the coil. The constant current source provides current for the coil, the current direction and the size increase and decrease knob 1-4 are multipurpose knobs, the constant current source is sprung to provide forward current for the coil, the constant current source is pressed down to provide reverse current for the coil, the current of the knob is increased when the knob is rotated clockwise, and the counter-clockwise rotating current is reduced when the knob is rotated clockwise no matter the forward current or the reverse current is provided; the constant current source provides current for the electrified copper bar, the current direction and the size increase and decrease knob 1-6 spring up to provide forward current for the copper bar, the constant current source is pressed down to provide reverse current for the copper bar, the clockwise rotation current is increased, and the anticlockwise rotation current is reduced no matter the forward current or the reverse current is provided.
4. The display function of the fluorescent screen of the photoelectric sensor of the electric cabinet only accords with the light blocking principle of the two opposite-type photoelectric sensors, the photoelectric sensing display screen sequentially displays the light blocking time of the two opposite-type photoelectric sensors, the photoelectric sensing display switch plays a role in clearing, and if the fluorescent screen is displayed again, the copper bar continuously and sequentially displays the light blocking time of the two photoelectric sensors after the button is pressed for clearing.
5. The coil for providing a magnetic field for experiments is a rectangular special coil very similar to the base of the experiment instrument, the coil is high and proper, and the width of the coil is the same as the width of the base of the experiment instrument; the length of the coil is required to be accelerated according to the acting force of the magnetic field applied to the electrified copper rod, and meanwhile, the coil can reach uniform speed and can last for a certain distance to determine the length of the coil; the turns of the coil are wound according to the specific requirement of the magnetic field size required by the experiment instrument, the coil current is provided by adopting an electric cabinet constant current source, and the coil current can be sequentially increased and decreased, so that the coil can generate a changed magnetic field.
6. And the opposite-incidence photoelectric sensor module. The correlation photoelectric sensor is composed of three parts: respectively a transmitter, a receiver and a detection circuit. The laser diode is used as a transmitter to emit red light, the receiver is a photodiode, the distance between the transmitter and the receiver can be 1m or even several meters, the optical element aperture is arranged at the front side of the receiver, and a detection circuit is adopted at the rear of the receiver, so that effective signals can be filtered out and applied. When an object passes between the emitter and the receiver, the light is cut off, and the receiving end outputs a signal.
7. It is emphasized that: the experimental instrument base, the supporting rod, the coil winding framework and the fixing screw are all made of plastic materials, so that the structures formed by the materials cannot influence the magnetic field generated by the electrified coil; moreover, the width of the rectangular coil is almost the same as the width of the base, the maximum width of the guide rail interval is smaller than or equal to the width of the inner side of the coil, but the length of the coil is determined according to the requirement of the experimental condition in the manufacturing process of the experimental instrument, the length of the coil can be longer than that of the conventional design, and even the guide rail supporting rod and the correlation type photoelectric sensor supporting rod can be contained in the inner side of the length of the coil, so that the experimental effect of the experimental instrument for experiments can be better.
2. Experimental principle and experimental method of experimental instrument
1. Demonstration experiment (comprising demonstrating the correctness of the left hand rule)
Theoretical calculation formula for acting force applied to electrified copper rod in magnetic field
F＝BIL……(1)
Wherein B represents magnetic induction intensity, I represents current, and L represents length of a copper bar electrified in a magnetic field.
(1) The constant current source current I and the length L of the copper bar (the distance between the supporting legs of the copper bar guide rail before and after adjustment) provided by the copper bar are kept unchanged, the current provided by the constant current source for the coil is increased (the constant current source provides the current direction for the coil and the size increase and decrease knob 1-4 rotates clockwise), namely the magnetic field B generated by the coil is increased, the acting force applied to the electrified copper bar is increased, and the movement of the copper bar is accelerated; if the magnetic field direction is opposite (the constant current source provides current for the coil and the size increasing and decreasing knob 1-4 is pressed down), the copper bar moves along the opposite direction to the original direction;
(2) The magnetic field size (namely the coil current size) B and the length (namely the distance between the front copper bar guide rail and the rear copper bar guide rail support rod) L of the electrified copper bar are kept unchanged, when the current (the current source provides current for the electrified copper bar and the size increase and decrease knob 1-6 rotates clockwise) I is increased, the acting force of the electrified copper bar is increased, and the movement speed of the copper bar is accelerated; if the current direction is opposite (the constant current source provides current for the electrified copper bar and the size increasing and decreasing knob 1-6 is pressed down), the copper bar moves along the direction opposite to the original movement;
(3) The magnetic field size (namely the coil current size) B and the constant current source current I provided by the copper rod are kept unchanged, the length L of an electrified lead (namely the distance between the front copper rod track supporting rod and the rear copper rod track supporting rod) in the magnetic field is increased, the acting force is increased, and the movement speed of the copper rod is increased;
2. measuring the movement speed, acceleration and acting force of copper rod
Because the starting movement speed of the electrified copper rod is slower, the two opposite-irradiation photoelectric sensors are fixed at a proper position at the starting end of the movement of the copper rod at a certain intervalThe light blocking time of the two opposite-type photoelectric sensors is respectively delta t 1 And delta t 2 The light blocking width delta L of the electrified rectangular copper sheet is measured, and the speeds of the electrified first copper rod passing through the correlation photoelectric sensor and the second correlation photoelectric sensor are v respectively 1 ＝ΔL/Δt 1 ，v 2 ＝ΔL/Δt 2 The distance between the first correlation photoelectric sensor and the second correlation photoelectric sensor is s, and the relation formula of speed and distance is usedAcceleration of the movement of the copper bar>Let bar copper quality m, in order to calculate conveniently, if the induced electromotive force size that produces is negligible, according to newton's second law: f-f=ma, if the friction coefficient mu between the copper bar and the copper bar guide rail is set, the friction f=mu mg of the copper bar on the copper bar track is set, the acting force of the electrified copper bar in the magnetic field is f=mu mg+ma, and the average magnetic field generated by the current of the electrified coil can be measured to be
3. The induced electromotive force is measured (the experiment is an expansion experiment, the feasibility of the experiment needs to be further researched, and only a research thought is provided here)
When the moving copper bar (conductor) moves in the magnetic field, induced electromotive force can be generated, the direction of the induced electromotive force can be judged by adopting a right-hand rule, and the magnitude of the induced electromotive force can be calculated by adopting the following formula
ε＝BLv……(3)
Because the electrified copper bar moves under the action of magnetic force in the magnetic field, the copper bar can be subjected to three forces, namely acting force and friction force in the moving direction, induced electromotive force generated on the copper bar and induced current generated by the resistance of the copper bar can also be subjected to one acting force, and the copper bar can be subjected to the three forcesWhen the motion speed of the copper rod reaches a constant speed, the two opposite-jet photoelectric sensors can be separated by a certain distance and respectively and correspondingly fixed near the tail ends, so that the copper rod motion can be favorably realized after the copper rod motion reaches the constant speed, the motion speed of the copper rod is measured, the resistance of the effective length L of the electrified copper rod is set as R, and the cross section area s of the rectangular thin sheet is electrified in the middle 0 The cross section area of the copper bar is the same as that of the round copper bar, and the copper bar resistor with the length L is according to the law of resistanceInduced current i=epsilon/r=blvs on copper rod due to induced electromotive force 0 Since the induced electromotive force is generated in the same direction as the induced current and is opposite to the current supplied to the copper bar by the constant current source, the current on the copper bar is I-I, and the acting force of the combined current on the copper bar in the magnetic field is balanced with the resistance force of the copper bar, namely F=f, the copper bar has the following characteristics
B(I-Bvs 0 /ρ)L＝μmg……(4)
According to the formula (4), the average magnetic field B generated by the energizing coil can be calculated, and then according to the formula (3), the magnitude of the induced electromotive force generated by the energizing copper bar in the magnetic field can be calculated; or another physical quantity may be calculated based on the quantity.
Claims (7)
1. The utility model provides a copper bar atress demonstration and quantitative measurement experiment appearance in magnetic field which characterized in that: the experimental instrument comprises an electric cabinet (1), an experimental instrument base (2), a photoelectric sensor fixing longitudinal beam, a copper bar track supporting rod, a correlation photoelectric sensing receiver supporting rod, a copper bar guide rail, a rectangular large coil (8), a power-on copper bar (10) and a conductive rectangular light-blocking copper sheet (10-0);
the experimental instrument base (2) is formed by interconnecting front and rear longitudinal beams and left and right cross beams, and the lower end of the experimental instrument base (2) is provided with base leveling supporting legs (2-0); the left support rod (6-1) of the opposite-incidence photoelectric sensing receiver and the right support rod (6-2) of the opposite-incidence photoelectric sensing receiver are respectively fixed at the center positions of the left and right cross beams of the experimental instrument base (2); a lower photoelectric sensing emitter fixing longitudinal beam (3) is arranged between the left and right cross beams of the base corresponding to the lower end frame of the left and right support rods of the opposite-type photoelectric sensor, and an upper photoelectric sensing receiver fixing longitudinal beam (4) is arranged at the upper ends of the left and right support rods of the opposite-type photoelectric sensor; the first opposite-shooting type photoelectric sensing transmitter (3-1) and the second opposite-shooting type photoelectric sensing transmitter (3-2) are fixed at corresponding positions of the lower photoelectric sensing transmitter fixing longitudinal beam (3), and a first opposite-shooting type photoelectric sensing transmitter connecting wire (3-10) and a second opposite-shooting type photoelectric sensing transmitter connecting wire (3-20) of the first opposite-shooting type photoelectric sensing transmitter and the second opposite-shooting type photoelectric sensing transmitter are respectively connected to corresponding binding posts of the electric cabinet (1); the first opposite-shooting type photoelectric sensing receiver (4-1) and the second opposite-shooting type photoelectric sensing receiver (4-2) are fixed at corresponding positions of the upper photoelectric sensing receiver fixing longitudinal beam (4), and a first opposite-shooting type photoelectric sensing receiver connecting wire (4-10) and a second opposite-shooting type photoelectric sensing receiver connecting wire (4-20) of the first opposite-shooting type photoelectric sensing receiver and the second opposite-shooting type photoelectric sensing receiver are respectively connected to corresponding binding posts of the electric cabinet (1);
the rectangular large coil (8) is arranged in the middle of the experimental instrument base (2), and an inflow coil current connecting wire (8-1) and an outflow coil current connecting wire (8-2) of the rectangular large coil (8) are respectively connected to corresponding binding posts of the electric cabinet (1); the support legs of the front copper bar track left support rod (5-1) and the rear copper bar track left support rod (5-10) are respectively fixed at corresponding positions which are symmetrical with respect to the center of the left cross beam at the front and rear ends of the left cross beam of the experiment instrument base (2), and the support legs of the front copper bar track right support rod (5-2) and the rear copper bar track right support rod (5-20) are respectively fixed at corresponding positions which are symmetrical with respect to the center of the right cross beam at the front and rear ends of the right cross beam of the experiment instrument base (2); the front copper bar guide rail (7-1) and the rear copper bar guide rail (7-2) are respectively arranged on corresponding sleeve posts at the upper ends of the left and right support rods of the corresponding front copper bar track and the left and right support rods of the rear copper bar track, and the front copper bar guide rail and the rear copper bar guide rail are tightly attached to the upper surface of the rectangular large coil (8) and are on the same plane; the front copper bar guide rail (7-1) and the rear copper bar guide rail (7-2) are vertically provided with an electrified copper bar (10), the middle section of the electrified copper bar (10) is provided with a conductive rectangular light-blocking copper sheet (10-0), and the cross section area of the conductive rectangular light-blocking copper sheet (10-0) is equal to the cross section area of two ends of the electrified copper bar (10); the front copper bar guide rail (7-1) and the rear copper bar guide rail (7-2) are connected to corresponding binding posts of the electric cabinet (1) through a front copper bar guide rail connecting wire (7-10) and a rear copper bar guide rail connecting wire (7-20) respectively.
2. The experimental instrument for demonstrating and quantitatively measuring stress of copper bars in a magnetic field according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: supporting legs of a left supporting rod (6-1) of the correlation photoelectric sensing receiver are sleeved to the center position of the left cross beam from a front copper bar guide rail supporting leg moving slideway (2-00) of the left cross beam of the experimental instrument base (2), the right supporting rod (6-2) of the correlation photoelectric sensing receiver is sleeved to the center position of the right cross beam from a front copper bar guide rail supporting leg moving slideway (2-00) of the right cross beam of the experimental instrument base (2), and the two supporting rods are respectively fixed by fixing screws.
3. The experimental instrument for demonstrating and quantitatively measuring stress of copper bars in a magnetic field according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: supporting legs of a front copper bar track left supporting rod (5-1) and a rear copper bar track left supporting rod (5-10) are sleeved into the left cross beam from a front copper bar guide rail supporting leg moving slideway (2-00) of a left cross beam of an experimental instrument base (2) and are positioned at corresponding positions symmetrical to the center of the left cross beam, the two supporting rods are fixed by fixing screws, and the center distance between the front copper bar track left supporting rod (5-1) and the rear copper bar track left supporting rod (5-10) is the effective length L value of an electrified copper bar (10); supporting feet of the front copper bar track right supporting rod (5-2) and the rear copper bar track right supporting rod (5-20) are sleeved into the right cross beam from front copper bar guide rail supporting leg moving slide ways (2-00) of the right cross beam of the experimental instrument base (2) and are positioned at corresponding positions symmetrical to the center of the right cross beam, the two supporting rods are fixed by fixing screws, and the center distance between the front copper bar track right supporting rod (5-2) and the rear copper bar track right supporting rod (5-20) is the effective length L value of the electrified copper bar (10).
4. The experimental instrument for demonstrating and quantitatively measuring stress of copper bars in a magnetic field according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the front copper bar guide rail (7-1) and the rear copper bar guide rail (7-2) are respectively arranged on corresponding sleeve posts at the upper ends of the corresponding left and right support rods of the front copper bar rail and the left and right support rods of the rear copper bar rail and are fixed by fixing screws.
5. The experimental instrument for demonstrating and quantitatively measuring stress of copper bars in a magnetic field according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the left and right fixing ferrules of the upper photoelectric sensing receiver fixing longitudinal beam (4) are respectively sleeved on sleeve posts at the top ends of the opposite-type photoelectric sensing receiver left supporting rod (6-1) and the opposite-type photoelectric sensing receiver right supporting rod (6-2) and are fixed through fixing screws.
6. The experimental instrument for demonstrating and quantitatively measuring stress of copper bars in a magnetic field according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the graduated scales of the upper photoelectric sensing receiver fixing longitudinal beam (4) and the graduated scales of the lower photoelectric sensing transmitter fixing longitudinal beam (3) are in one-to-one correspondence up and down, and the graduated positions of the first opposite-shooting photoelectric sensing receiver (4-1) and the second opposite-shooting photoelectric sensing receiver (4-2) are respectively corresponding to the graduated positions of the first opposite-shooting photoelectric sensing transmitter (3-1) and the second opposite-shooting photoelectric sensing transmitter (3-2).
7. The experimental instrument for demonstrating and quantitatively measuring stress of copper bars in a magnetic field according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the electric cabinet (1) comprises an electric cabinet power switch (1-0), an electric cabinet indicator lamp (1-1), a correlation type photoelectric sensing time display switch (1-2), a correlation type photoelectric sensing time display screen (1-3), a constant current source for providing a current direction and a size increasing and decreasing knob (1-4) for a coil, a constant current source current size display screen (1-5) and a constant current source for providing a current direction and a size increasing and decreasing knob (1-6) for an electrified copper bar.
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