CN108674124B - Secondary loop air-conditioning heat pump system of electric automobile - Google Patents
Secondary loop air-conditioning heat pump system of electric automobile Download PDFInfo
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- CN108674124B CN108674124B CN201810373518.8A CN201810373518A CN108674124B CN 108674124 B CN108674124 B CN 108674124B CN 201810373518 A CN201810373518 A CN 201810373518A CN 108674124 B CN108674124 B CN 108674124B
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- way valve
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
- B60H1/00271—HVAC devices specially adapted for particular vehicle parts or components and being connected to the vehicle HVAC unit
- B60H1/00278—HVAC devices specially adapted for particular vehicle parts or components and being connected to the vehicle HVAC unit for the battery
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
- B60H1/00357—Air-conditioning arrangements specially adapted for particular vehicles
- B60H1/00385—Air-conditioning arrangements specially adapted for particular vehicles for vehicles having an electrical drive, e.g. hybrid or fuel cell
- B60H1/00392—Air-conditioning arrangements specially adapted for particular vehicles for vehicles having an electrical drive, e.g. hybrid or fuel cell for electric vehicles having only electric drive means
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
- B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
- B60L58/24—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries for controlling the temperature of batteries
- B60L58/26—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries for controlling the temperature of batteries by cooling
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
- B60H1/00271—HVAC devices specially adapted for particular vehicle parts or components and being connected to the vehicle HVAC unit
- B60H2001/00307—Component temperature regulation using a liquid flow
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Air-Conditioning For Vehicles (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to an air-conditioning heat pump system of a secondary loop of an electric automobile, which comprises a refrigerant loop and a secondary loop system, wherein the refrigerant loop comprises an electric compressor, a plate-type condenser, a throttling device and a plate-type evaporator which are sequentially connected for refrigerant circulation; the secondary loop system comprises a cold end cooling liquid loop and a hot end cooling liquid loop; the secondary circuit is utilized to ensure that the flammable refrigerant does not directly contact with the passenger cabin, so that the danger degree to passengers is reduced when the refrigerant leaks. Meanwhile, the temperature of the battery pack can be controlled by using the form of the secondary loop cooling liquid, so that the battery can exert the best performance when working, and meanwhile, the cooling liquid can recover heat in the electronic equipment. The system can realize that one system can control the temperature of a plurality of temperature control points, and is convenient to control and manage.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to air conditioning equipment, in particular to a secondary loop air conditioning heat pump system of an electric automobile.
Background
In consideration of global warming and carbon dioxide emission, motor vehicle emission regulations are becoming stricter and new energy electric vehicles are becoming a necessary trend. As the greenhouse effect is more serious, the replacement of a novel refrigerant (ODP is less than or equal to 150) in the air conditioner of the new energy automobile is focused on the common attention. Table 1 below is a comparison of potential refrigerants. It can be seen that the refrigerants have different degrees of flammability, except for carbon dioxide, which is not flammable. At present, the problem of serious leakage of the carbon dioxide exists in the air conditioning system due to the problem of high pressure of the carbon dioxide, so that the carbon dioxide refrigerant is limited in practical use. While other flammable refrigerants are used, the leakage problem needs to be solved, which mainly aims at how to not affect passengers in the passenger compartment once leakage occurs, and table 1 is a comparison table of refrigerants with replacement potential.
TABLE 1
Potential refrigerant replacement is therefore a trend in current air conditioning designs.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a secondary loop air-conditioning heat pump system of an electric automobile, aiming at the problem that potential refrigerants are replaced in the refrigeration industry, on one hand, most of refrigerants are flammable refrigerants when the refrigerants of the air-conditioning system of the electric automobile are replaced, the secondary cooling liquid loop is used for isolating the refrigeration system from a passenger cabin, and if the flammable refrigerants leak, the refrigerants cannot enter the safety of passengers in the passenger cabin of a carriage crisis. On the other hand, since the power system of the electric vehicle is driven by the battery, the temperature has a great influence on the performance of the battery, and the battery is controlled by the form of the secondary cooling liquid, so that the battery can exert the best performance when in operation.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a secondary loop air-conditioning heat pump system of an electric automobile comprises a refrigerant loop and a secondary loop system, wherein the refrigerant loop comprises an electric compressor, a plate-type condenser, a throttling device and a plate-type evaporator which are sequentially connected for refrigerant circulation; the secondary loop system comprises a first water pump, a second water pump, a first four-way valve, a second four-way valve, a third four-way valve, an indoor heat exchanger, an outdoor radiator, a battery pack and a motor, and comprises a cold end cooling liquid loop and a hot end cooling liquid loop;
when the secondary loop air conditioner heat pump switches the refrigeration mode:
cold side coolant loop: the cooling liquid at the cold end of the plate evaporator provides power through a first water pump, passes through a first four-way valve and then enters an indoor heat exchanger in an air-conditioning box, the cooling liquid flows out of the indoor heat exchanger and enters a battery pack, the temperature of the battery is controlled, the cooling liquid passes through a second four-way valve and then enters a motor for cooling, and finally the cooling liquid returns to the inlet of the cooling liquid of the plate evaporator through a third four-way valve and exchanges heat with the low-temperature and low-pressure refrigerant of the plate evaporator;
hot side coolant loop: the cooling liquid at the hot end of the plate-type condenser provides power through a second water pump, passes through the first four-way valve, reaches the outdoor heat exchanger to release redundant heat, then returns to the inlet of the cooling liquid of the plate-type condenser through the second four-way valve and the third four-way valve respectively, and exchanges heat with the high-temperature and high-pressure refrigerant in the plate-type condenser; when the secondary loop air conditioner heat pump switches the heating mode:
hot side coolant loop: the cooling liquid at the hot end of the plate type condenser provides power through a second water pump, passes through the first four-way valve and enters an indoor heat exchanger in the air-conditioning box, the cooling liquid flows out of the indoor heat exchanger and enters the battery pack to control the temperature of the battery, and then returns to the inlet of the cooling liquid of the plate type condenser through the second four-way valve and the third four-way valve respectively to exchange heat with a high-temperature and high-pressure refrigerant in the plate type condenser;
cold side coolant loop: the cooling liquid at the cold end of the plate evaporator provides power through the first water pump, passes through the first four-way valve, reaches the outdoor heat exchanger to absorb outdoor heat, passes through the second four-way valve to reach the motor to cool the motor, and finally returns to the inlet of the cooling liquid of the plate evaporator through the third four-way valve to exchange heat with the low-temperature and low-pressure refrigerant of the plate evaporator.
The upper end of the indoor heat exchanger is provided with PTC auxiliary heating, when the indoor temperature is too low or in a dehumidification state, the air door mode is switched, and the PTC auxiliary heating is started.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the secondary loop air-conditioning heat pump system of the electric automobile prevents flammable refrigerant from directly contacting with a passenger cabin by using the secondary loop, and can reduce the danger degree to passengers when the refrigerant leaks. Meanwhile, the temperature of the battery pack can be controlled by using the liquid cooling form of the secondary loop, and meanwhile, the heat in the electronic equipment can be recovered by using the cooling liquid. The secondary loop air-conditioning heat pump system can realize that one system can control the temperature of a plurality of temperature control points, and is convenient to control and manage.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph of cooling and heating of a battery and an electronic device over a temperature interval;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the refrigeration of the secondary loop air conditioning heat pump system of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the heating of the secondary loop heat pump system for air conditioning of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the coolant used to preheat the motor of the secondary loop heat pump system of the air conditioner of the present invention;
fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of PTC turn-on auxiliary heating in an air conditioner of a secondary loop air-conditioning heat pump system according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The secondary loop system is utilized to ensure that the refrigerant loop does not directly contact with the passenger cabin, but the temperature of the air in the air conditioning box is controlled by the cooling liquid, so that the refrigerant can be effectively prevented from entering the passenger cabin when the refrigerant leaks, and if a fire source exists in the passenger cabin, the personal safety of personnel in the passenger cabin can be avoided.
Meanwhile, the power system of the electric automobile is driven by the battery, but the battery is particularly sensitive to temperature when working, and the battery performance is affected when the temperature is too high or too low. The operating range of the battery is typically: 10-30 ℃. Fig. 1 shows cooling and heating of batteries and electronic devices in a temperature interval. Since heat generation in electronic equipment is high, temperature control is always required for cooling, and if the waste heat of the electronic equipment can be recovered and utilized in winter, the utilization rate of energy is also improved.
As shown in fig. 2 and 3, the secondary loop air-conditioning heat pump system of the present invention includes a refrigerant loop and a secondary loop system.
The refrigerant circuit includes: electric compressor 01, plate condenser 02, throttle device 03, plate evaporator 04. The electric compressor 01 absorbs low-temperature low-pressure gaseous refrigerant from the plate evaporator 04, compresses the gaseous refrigerant into high-temperature high-pressure gaseous refrigerant by applying work, and discharges the gaseous refrigerant to the plate condenser 02, the high-temperature high-pressure gaseous refrigerant is changed into high-temperature high-pressure liquid refrigerant after the heat exchange between the plate condenser 02 and cooling liquid, the high-temperature high-pressure liquid refrigerant passes through the throttling device 03, the high-temperature high-pressure liquid refrigerant is changed into low-temperature low-pressure gaseous refrigerant after the heat exchange between the plate evaporator 04 and the cooling liquid, and the. I.e. one refrigerant cycle is completed.
The secondary circuit system includes: the cooling system comprises a first water pump 05, a second water pump 06, a first four-way valve 07, a second four-way valve 08, a third four-way valve 09, an indoor heat exchanger 11, an outdoor radiator 10, a battery pack 15 and a motor 16, and comprises a cold-end cooling liquid loop and a hot-end cooling liquid loop.
As shown in fig. 2, when the secondary loop air-conditioning heat pump switches the cooling mode, the cooling liquid at the cold end of the plate evaporator 04 provides power through the first water pump 05, passes through the first four-way valve 07, and reaches the indoor heat exchanger 11 in the air-conditioning box, and the cooling liquid comes out from the indoor heat exchanger 11 to the battery pack 15, and performs temperature control on the battery, passes through the second four-way valve 08, and cools the battery, and finally returns to the inlet of the cooling liquid of the plate evaporator 04 through the third four-way valve 09, and performs heat exchange with the low-temperature and low-pressure refrigerant of the plate evaporator 04, and the cooling liquid at the cold end completes a.
The cooling liquid at the hot end of the plate-type condenser 02 is powered by the second water pump 06, passes through the first four-way valve 07, reaches the outdoor heat exchanger 10 to release redundant heat, then returns to the inlet of the cooling liquid of the plate-type condenser 02 through the second four-way valve 08 and the third four-way valve 09 respectively, exchanges heat with the high-temperature and high-pressure refrigerant in the plate-type condenser 02, and the cooling liquid at the hot end completes a complete cycle.
As shown in fig. 3, when the secondary loop air-conditioning heat pump switches the heating mode, the cooling liquid at the hot end of the plate-type condenser 02 is powered by the second water pump 06, passes through the first four-way valve 07, and reaches the indoor heat exchanger 11 in the air-conditioning box, the cooling liquid comes out from the indoor heat exchanger 11 and enters the battery pack 15 to control the temperature of the battery, and then returns to the inlet of the cooling liquid of the plate-type condenser 02 through the second four-way valve 08 and the third four-way valve 09 respectively to exchange heat with the high-temperature and high-pressure refrigerant in the plate-type condenser 02, and the cooling liquid at the. The cooling liquid at the cold end of the plate evaporator 04 is powered by the first water pump 05, passes through the first four-way valve 07, reaches the outdoor heat exchanger 10 to absorb outdoor heat, passes through the second four-way valve 08, reaches the motor 16 to cool the motor 16, finally returns to the inlet of the cooling liquid of the plate evaporator 04 through the third four-way valve 09, exchanges heat with the low-temperature and low-pressure refrigerant of the plate evaporator 04, and the cooling liquid at the cold end completes a complete cycle.
As shown in fig. 4, when the motor of the secondary loop air-conditioning heat pump system is just started, especially when the ambient temperature is low, the working efficiency of the motor is low. The second water pump 06 is started first, the heat of the PCM heat energy storage in the battery pack is circulated to the electronic equipment such as the motor first, the second four-way valve 08 and the third four-way valve 09 in the cooling liquid loop are switched to circulate the hot end cooling liquid to the electronic equipment such as the motor 16 first, and the hot end cooling liquid is preheated first, and when the motor works stably, the cooling loop is switched to the refrigerating loop through the second four-way valve 08 and the third four-way valve 09. Therefore, the motor can be ensured to work stably and efficiently when being started at low temperature.
As shown in fig. 5, when the PTC auxiliary heating is turned on, the damper mode is switched and the damper is opened when the PTC auxiliary heating 12 is turned on. When the temperature sensor 13 detects that the indoor environment temperature is low, the energy efficiency of the heat pump air conditioning system is low, and the heat provided at the moment is insufficient to heat the passenger compartment, (a) the PTC auxiliary heating 12 is started for the heating mode. (b) In order to start the PTC auxiliary heater 12 in the dehumidification mode, the cold-end coolant enters the indoor heat exchanger 11, air entering the indoor side is dehumidified, and the air passing through the indoor heat exchanger 11 passes through the PTC heater again to be heated up and then heats the passenger compartment.
As shown in fig. 2 and 3, the battery pack 15 includes a Phase Change Material (PCM) energy storage device 17. When the environmental temperature is low, the battery power system cannot be started, in order to start the power system at the low temperature, the PCM phase-change material is used for storing heat energy, when the electric automobile is started, the PCM provides the heat energy to the power system, and the heat preservation battery pack is started and operated at the low temperature.
According to the above description of the embodiments, the secondary circuit heat pump system utilizes three circuits so that the refrigerant circuit does not come into direct contact with the passenger compartment, and there may be an option to add a new type of refrigerant. Through the mode of secondary cooling, the coolant liquid passes through the form of pump delivery, not only can carry out comfort level control to passenger's cabin, also can carry out temperature control to battery package and electronic equipment, realizes that a system controls a plurality of accuse temperature points.
Claims (2)
1. A secondary loop air-conditioning heat pump system of an electric automobile comprises a refrigerant loop and a secondary loop system, wherein the refrigerant loop comprises an electric compressor, a plate-type condenser, a throttling device and a plate-type evaporator which are sequentially connected; the system is characterized in that the secondary loop system comprises a first water pump, a second water pump, a first four-way valve, a second four-way valve, a third four-way valve, an indoor heat exchanger, an outdoor radiator, a battery pack and a motor, and the secondary loop system comprises a cold end cooling liquid loop and a hot end cooling liquid loop;
when the secondary loop air conditioner heat pump system switches the refrigeration mode:
cold side coolant loop: the cooling liquid at the cold end of the plate evaporator provides power through a first water pump, passes through a first four-way valve and then enters an indoor heat exchanger in an air-conditioning box, the cooling liquid flows out of the indoor heat exchanger and enters a battery pack, the temperature of the battery is controlled, the cooling liquid passes through a second four-way valve and then enters a motor for cooling, and finally the cooling liquid returns to the inlet of the cooling liquid of the plate evaporator through a third four-way valve and exchanges heat with the low-temperature and low-pressure refrigerant of the plate evaporator;
hot side coolant loop: the cooling liquid at the hot end of the plate-type condenser provides power through a second water pump, passes through the first four-way valve, reaches the outdoor heat exchanger to release redundant heat, then returns to the inlet of the cooling liquid of the plate-type condenser through the second four-way valve and the third four-way valve respectively, and exchanges heat with the high-temperature and high-pressure refrigerant in the plate-type condenser;
when the secondary loop air conditioner heat pump system switches the heating mode:
hot side coolant loop: the cooling liquid at the hot end of the plate type condenser provides power through a second water pump, passes through the first four-way valve and enters an indoor heat exchanger in the air-conditioning box, the cooling liquid flows out of the indoor heat exchanger and enters the battery pack to control the temperature of the battery, and then returns to the inlet of the cooling liquid of the plate type condenser through the second four-way valve and the third four-way valve respectively to exchange heat with a high-temperature and high-pressure refrigerant in the plate type condenser;
cold side coolant loop: the cooling liquid at the cold end of the plate evaporator provides power through the first water pump, passes through the first four-way valve, reaches the outdoor heat exchanger to absorb outdoor heat, passes through the second four-way valve to reach the motor to cool the motor, and finally returns to the inlet of the cooling liquid of the plate evaporator through the third four-way valve to exchange heat with the low-temperature and low-pressure refrigerant of the plate evaporator.
2. An electric vehicle secondary circuit air conditioning heat pump system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the upper end of the indoor heat exchanger is provided with PTC auxiliary heating, when the indoor temperature is too low or in a dehumidification state, the air door mode is switched, and the PTC auxiliary heating is turned on.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810373518.8A CN108674124B (en) | 2018-04-24 | 2018-04-24 | Secondary loop air-conditioning heat pump system of electric automobile |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810373518.8A CN108674124B (en) | 2018-04-24 | 2018-04-24 | Secondary loop air-conditioning heat pump system of electric automobile |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN108674124A CN108674124A (en) | 2018-10-19 |
| CN108674124B true CN108674124B (en) | 2021-02-05 |
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| CN201810373518.8A Expired - Fee Related CN108674124B (en) | 2018-04-24 | 2018-04-24 | Secondary loop air-conditioning heat pump system of electric automobile |
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Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109774409B (en) * | 2018-12-26 | 2021-01-19 | 爱驰汽车有限公司 | Automobile heat management system |
| CN110048185B (en) * | 2019-03-26 | 2022-06-17 | 开沃新能源汽车集团有限公司 | Battery pack cooling system arrangement structure with four-way valve |
| CN110525168B (en) * | 2019-09-05 | 2022-11-01 | 上海理工大学 | New energy automobile secondary circuit passenger cabin and battery motor electric control heat management system |
| CN114963613A (en) * | 2022-05-23 | 2022-08-30 | 富奥汽车零部件股份有限公司 | Heat pump system and car |
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| EP0566854A2 (en) * | 1992-03-20 | 1993-10-27 | KKW Kulmbacher Klimageräte-Werk GmbH | Air conditioning arrangement for motor vehicles |
| CN1188217A (en) * | 1997-01-16 | 1998-07-22 | 楼世竹 | Forward cycle heat pump |
| CN103797317A (en) * | 2011-09-13 | 2014-05-14 | 三菱电机株式会社 | Heat pump device and method for controlling heat pump device |
| CN106062124A (en) * | 2014-03-06 | 2016-10-26 | 旭硝子株式会社 | Working medium for heat cycle, and heat cycle system |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20090249802A1 (en) * | 2008-04-04 | 2009-10-08 | Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. | Vehicle HVAC and Battery Thermal Management |
| CN102371869B (en) * | 2010-08-09 | 2015-06-24 | 杭州三花研究院有限公司 | Electric vehicle and heat management system thereof |
| US9573437B2 (en) * | 2011-02-21 | 2017-02-21 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Vehicular air conditioning system |
| JP5589967B2 (en) * | 2011-06-13 | 2014-09-17 | 株式会社デンソー | Temperature control device for vehicles |
| JP6186998B2 (en) * | 2013-07-31 | 2017-08-30 | 株式会社デンソー | Air conditioner for vehicles |
| EP3088230B1 (en) * | 2015-04-28 | 2018-12-05 | Atieva, Inc. | Electric vehicle multi-mode thermal control system |
| CN107639992B (en) * | 2016-07-21 | 2022-05-20 | 杭州三花研究院有限公司 | Thermal management system |
-
2018
- 2018-04-24 CN CN201810373518.8A patent/CN108674124B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0566854A2 (en) * | 1992-03-20 | 1993-10-27 | KKW Kulmbacher Klimageräte-Werk GmbH | Air conditioning arrangement for motor vehicles |
| CN1188217A (en) * | 1997-01-16 | 1998-07-22 | 楼世竹 | Forward cycle heat pump |
| CN103797317A (en) * | 2011-09-13 | 2014-05-14 | 三菱电机株式会社 | Heat pump device and method for controlling heat pump device |
| CN106062124A (en) * | 2014-03-06 | 2016-10-26 | 旭硝子株式会社 | Working medium for heat cycle, and heat cycle system |
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| CN108674124A (en) | 2018-10-19 |
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