CN108673984B - 一种防弹复合材料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents

一种防弹复合材料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDF

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CN108673984B
CN108673984B CN201810289153.0A CN201810289153A CN108673984B CN 108673984 B CN108673984 B CN 108673984B CN 201810289153 A CN201810289153 A CN 201810289153A CN 108673984 B CN108673984 B CN 108673984B
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CN108673984A (zh
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周庆
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BEIJING PROTECH NEW MATERIAL SCIENCE CO LTD
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种防弹复合材料，为由聚酰亚胺纤维为增强体的树脂基复合材料，其中按质量百分比计，聚酰亚胺纤维的质量占比为60％～90％，树脂基体的质量占比为10％～40％。该聚酰亚胺纤维为采用惰性改性剂进行界面处理的改性纤维，该惰性改性剂为由水性热塑性聚氨酯和水性聚烯烃树脂按照一定比例混合而成。本发明还公开所述防弹复合材料的制备方法和应用。本发明采用聚酰亚胺纤维作为增强体，经过特殊的界面处理，按照一定的排列方式浸润在基体树脂中，经过特定的复合工艺与基体树脂复合，制备成的防弹复合材料具有较高的拉伸强度和拉伸模量，具有良好的耐高低温、质轻特性，还具有良好的阻燃性和可纺性，适合制备成柔软且穿着舒适性强的防弹衣和防弹装甲材料。

Description

一种防弹复合材料及其制备方法和应用
技术领域
本发明涉及防弹技术领域，特别是涉及一种防弹复合材料及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
目前防弹复合材料多采用纤维增强树脂基复合材料，其中纤维多采用超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维和芳纶纤维。UHMWPE纤维的熔点较低，限制了其在高温环境的应用，且界面粘结性较差，增加了界面脱粘的可能性，从而影响了其在防弹领域的应用。芳纶纤维目前包括对位芳纶纤维和杂环芳纶纤维(F-3)。对位芳纶纤维强度较低，制成的防弹装甲重量较重，且耐光性差，暴露于可见光和紫外线时会产生光致分解，导致力学性能下降和颜色变化，影响防弹性能；杂环芳纶纤维(F-3)，因原料成本高、生产效率低、应用开发受限等问题导致产品价格居高不下，只在军工和少数民用高端领域应用。
由此可见，上述现有的防弹复合材料在结构与使用上，显然仍存在有不便与缺陷，而亟待加以进一步改进。如何能创设一种新的防弹复合材料及其制备方法和应用，使其具有质轻、耐高温性能好且质地柔软等性能。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题是提供一种防弹复合材料，使其具有质轻、耐高温性能好且质地柔软等性能，从而克服现有的防弹复合材料的不足。
为解决上述技术问题，本发明提供一种防弹复合材料，所述防弹复合材料为由聚酰亚胺纤维为增强体的树脂基复合材料，其中，按照质量百分比计，聚酰亚胺纤维的质量占比为60％～90％，树脂基体的质量占比为10％～40％。
作为本发明的一种改进，所述聚酰亚胺纤维的拉伸强度≥15cN/dtex，拉伸模量≥500cN/dtex。
进一步改进，所述树脂基体为聚氨酯树脂、聚酯类树脂和聚烯烃树脂中的一种或多种热塑性树脂；
或者，所述树脂基体为乙烯基酯树脂、环氧树脂、酚醛树脂中的一种或多种热固性树脂。
进一步改进，所述聚酰亚胺纤维为采用惰性改性剂进行界面处理的改性聚酰亚胺纤维，其中，所述惰性改性剂包括水性热塑性聚氨酯和水性聚烯烃树脂，所述水性热塑性聚氨酯和水性聚烯烃树脂的混合质量比为5:1～1:5。
进一步改进，所述改性聚酰亚胺纤维的界面处理方法为：先将所述水性热塑性聚氨酯和水性聚烯烃树脂按照所述比例混合均匀，然后加水稀释形成均匀乳液，再将所述乳液均匀涂饰于所述聚酰亚胺纤维的表面，待水分蒸发后得到所述改性聚酰亚胺纤维。
该界面处理的原理为该惰性改性剂涂饰在聚酰亚胺纤维表面上，其中水性热塑性聚氨酯和水性聚烯烃树脂中的分子相互混合穿插，能形成互穿网络结构的界面层。则该界面处理能降低该聚酰亚胺纤维表面活性官能团的数量，从而降低聚酰亚胺纤维表面的极性，使其与基体树脂复合后，该聚酰亚胺纤维与基体树脂的界面以及基体树脂表面的极性相似都较低，而低的界面以及表面极性能使得两层纤维预浸片结构之间能够更好的通过范德华力等分子间作用力结合在一起，形成性能良好的防弹复合材料。
本发明还提供一种如上述的防弹复合材料的制备方法，所述制备方法包括：
(1)先将水性热塑性聚氨酯和水性聚烯烃树脂按照一定比例混合均匀，然后加水稀释形成均匀乳液，再将混合乳液均匀涂饰于所述聚酰亚胺纤维的表面，待水分蒸发后得到改性聚酰亚胺纤维；
(2)将所述改性聚酰亚胺纤维单向平行伸直排布，制成单向平行排列的纤维层；
(3)将所述单向平行排列的纤维层浸润在所述树脂基体中，制成纤维单向平行排列的预浸片，然后将两层或两层以上所述纤维单向平行排列的预浸片按照0～180°的纤维轴旋转角度进行交叉铺层，通过复合机复合制成所述防弹复合材料。
进一步改进，所述步骤(1)中水性热塑性聚氨酯和水性聚烯烃树脂的混合质量比为5:1～1:5。
本发明还提供另一种如上述的防弹复合材料的制备方法，所述制备方法包括：
(1)先将水性热塑性聚氨酯和水性聚烯烃树脂按照一定比例混合均匀，然后加水稀释形成均匀乳液，再将混合乳液均匀涂饰于所述聚酰亚胺纤维的表面，待水分蒸发后得到改性聚酰亚胺纤维；
(2)将所述改性聚酰亚胺纤维采用平纹、斜纹或缎纹机织方法织造成平纹、斜纹或缎纹机织物；
(3)将所述平纹、斜纹或缎纹机织物浸润在所述树脂中，制成平纹、斜纹或缎纹机织物预浸片，然后将所述机织物预浸片通过复合机复合制成所述防弹复合材料。
进一步改进，所述步骤(1)中水性热塑性聚氨酯和水性聚烯烃树脂的混合质量比为5:1～1:5。
本发明还提供上述的防弹复合材料在人体防护装备或装甲防护装备中的应用，其中人体防护装备包括软质防弹衣、防弹插板或防弹头盔，装甲防护装备包括车辆防护装备、船舶防护装备或飞机防护装备。
采用这样的设计后，本发明至少具有以下优点：
本发明采用聚酰亚胺纤维作为增强体，经过特殊的界面处理，按照一定的排列方式浸润在基体树脂中，经过特定的复合工艺与基体树脂复合，制备成新型防弹复合材料。
该新型防弹复合材料在保证具有较高的拉伸强度和拉伸模量的前提下，具有良好的耐高低温特性，可耐400℃以上高温，还具有良好的阻燃性，具有不熔滴，离火自熄以及极佳的隔温性，并且拥有良好的可纺性，手感偏软，适合制备成柔软且穿着舒适性强的防弹衣和防弹装甲材料，如防弹胸插板、防弹头盔等。
该防弹复合材料满足GA141-2010《警用防弹衣》标准2级要求的面密度仅为4.7kg/m2，目前市场上主流的防弹复合材料达到该级别，面密度需5.5～6kg/m2，所以说，该防弹复合材料的重量得到大幅减轻。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明的实施方案进行详细描述，其中，以市售的聚酰亚胺纤维为增强体原料，要求其拉伸强度≥15cN/dtex，拉伸模量≥500cN/dtex；以市售的热塑性或热固性树脂为树脂基体，进行防弹复合材料的制备。
实施例1
一种防弹复合材料的制备：
1)分别称取水性热塑性聚氨酯75g和水性聚烯烃树脂75g混合均匀后，加水稀释形成稳定的均匀乳液，再将该混合乳液均匀涂饰在增强体聚酰亚胺纤维的表面，待水分蒸发后，得到改性聚酰亚胺纤维1；
2)将该改性聚酰亚胺纤维1单向平行伸直排布，制成单向平行排列的纤维层1；
3)将该纤维层1浸润在聚氨酯树脂中，制成纤维单向平行排列的预浸片1，然后将两层该纤维单向平行排列的预浸片1按照0°/90°的纤维轴旋转角度进行交叉铺层，通过复合机复合制成防弹复合材料1。
实施例2
一种防弹复合材料的制备：
1)分别称取水性热塑性聚氨酯125g和水性聚烯烃树脂25g混合均匀后，加水稀释形成稳定的均匀乳液，再将该混合乳液均匀涂饰在增强体聚酰亚胺纤维的表面，待水分蒸发后，得到改性聚酰亚胺纤维2；
2)将该改性聚酰亚胺纤维2单向平行伸直排布，制成单向平行排列的纤维层2；
3)将该纤维层2浸润在聚氨酯树脂中，制成纤维单向平行排列的预浸片2，然后将四层该纤维单向平行排列的预浸片2按照0°/45°/90°/135°的纤维轴旋转角度进行交叉铺层，通过复合机复合制成防弹复合材料2。
实施例3
一种防弹复合材料的制备：
1)分别称取水性热塑性聚氨酯25g和水性聚烯烃树脂125g混合均匀后，加水稀释形成稳定的均匀乳液，再将该混合乳液均匀涂饰在增强体聚酰亚胺纤维的表面，待水分蒸发后，得到改性聚酰亚胺纤维3；
2)将该改性聚酰亚胺纤维3单向平行伸直排布，制成单向平行排列的纤维层3；
3)将该纤维层3浸润在环氧树脂中，制成纤维单向平行排列的预浸片3，然后将两层该纤维单向平行排列的预浸片3按照0°/90°的纤维轴旋转角度进行交叉铺层，通过复合机复合制成防弹复合材料3。
实施例4
一种防弹复合材料的制备：
1)分别称取水性热塑性聚氨酯75g和水性聚烯烃树脂75g混合均匀后，加水稀释形成稳定的均匀乳液，再将该混合乳液均匀涂饰在增强体聚酰亚胺纤维的表面，待水分蒸发后，得到改性聚酰亚胺纤维4；
2)将该改性聚酰亚胺纤维4采用平纹机织方法织造成平纹机织物；
3)将该平纹机织物浸润在聚氨酯树脂中，制成平纹机织物预浸片，通过复合机制成防弹复合材料4。
实施例5
一种防弹复合材料的制备：
1)分别称取水性热塑性聚氨酯75g和水性聚烯烃树脂75g混合均匀后，加水稀释形成稳定的均匀乳液，再将该混合乳液均匀涂饰在增强体聚酰亚胺纤维的表面，待水分蒸发后，得到改性聚酰亚胺纤维5；
2)将该改性聚酰亚胺纤维5采用斜纹机织方法织造成斜纹机织物；
3)将该斜纹机织物浸润在聚氨酯树脂中，制成斜纹机织物预浸片，通过复合机制成防弹复合材料5。
实施例6
一种防弹复合材料的制备：
1)分别称取水性热塑性聚氨酯75g和水性聚烯烃树脂75g混合均匀后，加水稀释形成稳定的均匀乳液，再将该混合乳液均匀涂饰在增强体聚酰亚胺纤维的表面，待水分蒸发后，得到改性聚酰亚胺纤维6；
2)将该改性聚酰亚胺纤维6采用缎纹机织方法织造成缎纹机织物；
3)将该缎纹机织物浸润在环氧树脂中，制成缎纹机织物预浸片，通过复合机制成防弹复合材料6。
对比例1
一种防弹复合材料的制备：
1)直接将未改性的聚酰亚胺纤维单向平行伸直排布，制成单向平行排列的纤维层a；
2)将该纤维层a浸润在聚氨酯树脂中，制成纤维单向平行排列的预浸片a，然后将两层该纤维单向平行排列的预浸片a按照0°/90°的纤维轴旋转角度进行交叉铺层，通过复合机复合制成防弹复合材料a。
对比例2
一种防弹复合材料的制备：
1)直接将未改性的聚酰亚胺纤维采用缎纹机织方法织造成缎纹机织物；
2)将该缎纹机织物浸润在聚氨酯树脂中，制成缎纹机织物预浸片，通过复合机制成防弹复合材料b。
对比例3
一种防弹复合材料的制备：
1)分别称取水性热塑性聚氨酯75g和水性聚烯烃树脂75g混合均匀后，加水稀释形成稳定的均匀乳液，再将该混合乳液均匀涂饰在增强体芳纶纤维的表面，待水分蒸发后，得到改性芳纶纤维；
2)将该改性芳纶纤维单向平行伸直排布，制成单向平行排列的纤维层c；
3)将该纤维层c浸润在聚氨酯树脂中，制成纤维单向平行排列的预浸片c，然后将两层该纤维单向平行排列的预浸片c按照0°/90°的纤维轴旋转角度进行交叉铺层，通过复合机制成防弹复合材料c。
结果实施例1
将上述实施例1～6得到的防弹复合材料1～6和对比例1～3得到的防弹复合材料a～c，进行防弹性能检测，达到GA141-2010《警用防弹衣》标准2级要求的面密度结果见下表。
表1上述各防弹复合材料的面密度测试结果
Figure BDA0001616902200000081
从上表可看出，本发明制备方法得到的防弹复合材料不仅达到GA141-2010《警用防弹衣》标准2级要求，而且其面密度有了明显降低。
以上所述，仅是本发明的较佳实施例而已，并非对本发明作任何形式上的限制，本领域技术人员利用上述揭示的技术内容做出些许简单修改、等同变化或修饰，均落在本发明的保护范围内。

Claims (6)

1.一种防弹复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述防弹复合材料为由聚酰亚胺纤维为增强体的树脂基复合材料，其中，按照质量百分比计，聚酰亚胺纤维的质量占比为60％～90％，树脂基体的质量占比为10％～40％；
所述聚酰亚胺纤维为采用惰性改性剂进行界面处理的改性聚酰亚胺纤维，其中，所述惰性改性剂包括水性热塑性聚氨酯和水性聚烯烃树脂，且所述水性热塑性聚氨酯和水性聚烯烃树脂的混合质量比为5:1～1:5；所述树脂基体为聚氨酯树脂；
所述制备方法包括：
(1)先将水性热塑性聚氨酯和水性聚烯烃树脂按照一定比例混合均匀，然后加水稀释形成均匀乳液，再将混合乳液均匀涂饰于所述聚酰亚胺纤维的表面，待水分蒸发后得到改性聚酰亚胺纤维；
(2)将所述改性聚酰亚胺纤维单向平行伸直排布，制成单向平行排列的纤维层；
(3)将所述单向平行排列的纤维层浸润在所述树脂基体中，制成纤维单向平行排列的预浸片，然后将两层或两层以上所述纤维单向平行排列的预浸片按照0～180°的纤维轴旋转角度进行交叉铺层，通过复合机复合制成所述防弹复合材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的防弹复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述聚酰亚胺纤维的拉伸强度≥15cN/dtex，拉伸模量≥500cN/dtex。
3.一种防弹复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述防弹复合材料为由聚酰亚胺纤维为增强体的树脂基复合材料，其中，按照质量百分比计，聚酰亚胺纤维的质量占比为60％～90％，树脂基体的质量占比为10％～40％；
所述聚酰亚胺纤维为采用惰性改性剂进行界面处理的改性聚酰亚胺纤维，其中，所述惰性改性剂包括水性热塑性聚氨酯和水性聚烯烃树脂，且所述水性热塑性聚氨酯和水性聚烯烃树脂的混合质量比为5:1～1:5；
所述制备方法包括：
(1)先将水性热塑性聚氨酯和水性聚烯烃树脂按照一定比例混合均匀，然后加水稀释形成均匀乳液，再将混合乳液均匀涂饰于所述聚酰亚胺纤维的表面，待水分蒸发后得到改性聚酰亚胺纤维；
(2)将所述改性聚酰亚胺纤维采用平纹、斜纹或缎纹机织方法织造成平纹、斜纹或缎纹机织物；
(3)将所述平纹、斜纹或缎纹机织物浸润在所述树脂中，制成平纹、斜纹或缎纹机织物预浸片，然后将所述机织物预浸片通过复合机复合制成所述防弹复合材料。
4.根据权利要求3所述的防弹复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述聚酰亚胺纤维的拉伸强度≥15cN/dtex，拉伸模量≥500cN/dtex。
5.根据权利要求3所述的防弹复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述树脂基体为聚氨酯树脂、聚酯类树脂和聚烯烃树脂中的一种或多种热塑性树脂；
或者，所述树脂基体为乙烯基酯树脂、环氧树脂、酚醛树脂中的一种或多种热固性树脂。
6.根据权利要求1至5任一项所述的防弹复合材料的制备方法制备得到的防弹复合材料在人体防护装备或装甲防护装备中的应用，其中人体防护装备包括软质防弹衣、防弹插板或防弹头盔，装甲防护装备包括车辆防护装备、船舶防护装备或飞机防护装备。
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