CN108647188B - Walnut late frost freezing injury investigation method - Google Patents
Walnut late frost freezing injury investigation method Download PDFInfo
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- CN108647188B CN108647188B CN201810438913.XA CN201810438913A CN108647188B CN 108647188 B CN108647188 B CN 108647188B CN 201810438913 A CN201810438913 A CN 201810438913A CN 108647188 B CN108647188 B CN 108647188B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a walnut late frost freezing injury investigation method, which comprises the following steps: 1) selecting a survey unit: selecting 3 1-year-old fruiting mother branches from walnut plants as investigation units; 2) determining a survey index: taking the selected mother branch of the investigation unit and the new shoots, compound leaves, female flower buds and male inflorescences of all the current-year leaf-expanding period on the mother branch as investigation indexes; 3) survey and statistics: surveying after presetting a freezing injury grade standard, and counting the number of samples of each grade of corresponding survey indexes; 4) calculating the freezing injury index; 5) and determining the freezing injury grade of the individual plant. According to the method, the walnut late frost freezing injury sample data are digitalized, the freezing injury index investigation statistical analysis table is established, and the freezing injury index and the freezing injury grade of the investigation index are determined by taking the preset standardized data as reference, so that the problems that the existing walnut late frost freezing injury investigation index and freezing injury grade standard are not uniform, the investigation method is poor in operability, different investigators judge more artificially and subjectively, and the error is large are solved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree planting and management and protection, and particularly relates to a walnut late frost freeze injury investigation method.
Background
The walnut is an important oil and nut tree species, is one of four main dry fruits in the world, and is also the most important economic forest tree species in China. The walnut has rich nutritive value and is reputed by all ages, pecan and health preserving treasures. The walnut kernel is rich in essential amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and a large amount of calcium, phosphorus, iron and other components, can moisten skin and has the effect of preventing and treating premature whitening and shedding of hair. Meanwhile, the walnut kernel is also an important auxiliary material of Chinese patent medicine in the aspect of improving human health, and has the effects of regulating qi, enriching blood, relieving cough, reducing phlegm, moistening lung, tonifying kidney, nourishing skin and the like. China is a large walnut producing country, but because late frost freeze injury often occurs in northern areas, the problem of late frost freeze injury generally exists, the walnut is seriously reduced in yield and even completely harvested every time the late frost freeze injury occurs, and the income of farmers is seriously influenced. Therefore, the method is used for carrying out freezing injury investigation when the late frost freezing injury occurs, and screening out the excellent variety capable of resisting (avoiding) the late frost freezing injury, and becomes the basis and the key for reducing the freezing injury and ensuring the harvest of walnuts in successive years. In addition, the accurate investigation method can also make prevention measures for government functional departments, provide accurate statistical data for estimating production in disaster years and provide theoretical basis for walnut production and cultivation.
Li Dangshan, Wang Jia Jun et al disclose "investigation and determination standard of fruit tree freezing injury", and the disclosed investigation method of fruit tree freezing injury is: and (3) surveying the freezing injury of small branches or flower buds of the mature trees, wherein each variety is not less than 5 branches per site, each branch is surveyed for 20 branches or buds according to 5 directions in east-west, south-north, and each branch is counted for 100 branches or buds. The freezing injury or the branch drawing of the young branches is investigated, each place is not less than 100 plants, the whole garden of less than hundreds of small garden blocks is investigated, the freezing injury of the branches and the roots is investigated, each place is not less than 30 plants, and the freezing injury law can be found out by carrying out comparative analysis on different varieties, stocks and tree ages, different growth conditions or different parts and different branches on the same tree. Meanwhile, the report also discloses the freezing injury grades of fruit trees and judgment standards thereof, and the grades are specifically divided into 5 grades: 1) grade 0, normal flower bud, or young tree shoot, or mature tree crown, or trunk, or cortex, or slight color change; 2) level 1: partial flowers in inflorescences die or are abnormal, while partial flowers can still bloom and bear fruits, or young trees have a small number of branches and tips which are dehydrated and shrunk, or grown branches in one or two years on mature trees are dried up, or the inside of the northern cortex of a trunk and xylem are brownish yellow, and cambium is not frosted; 3) and 2, stage: the original body of the inflorescence dies but branches and leaves do not die, the leaves are drawn slightly but do not bloom, or branches within half of the young trees are withered, or most (more than half) of two-year-old branches on the adult trees die completely, or the inside of the northern cortex of the trunk and xylem are darkened, and the cambium is frosted; 4) and 3, level: the flower buds germinate without drawing tips, or branches within half of the young trees are withered, or about half of branches on the adult trees die, or the inside and outside of the north side of the trunk are darkened brown, and cambium is frostbitten; 5)4, level: the flower buds die due to withering, or branches of crowns of young trees are all dry, or crowns of adult trees are nearly all dead, or the trunks have grade 3 symptoms and all die in the trunk period and crowns. However, the investigation method disclosed in the report has the disadvantages that the number of collected samples is large, visual inspection and description are mainly used, investigation indexes and freezing damage grade standards are not uniform, operability is poor, different investigators have more artificial subjective judgments, errors are large, and data support is lacked.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to: the method for investigating the freezing injury of the walnut late frost is characterized in that walnut late frost freezing injury data are digitalized, and investigation indexes and freezing injury grades are determined by taking preset standardized data as reference, so that the problems that investigation results are inaccurate and errors are large due to the fact that the investigation indexes and freezing injury grade standards are not uniform and the investigation method is rough in the conventional walnut late frost freezing injury investigation method are solved.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a walnut late frost freezing injury investigation method comprises the following steps:
1) selecting a survey unit: randomly selecting 3 1-year-old fruiting mother branches as investigation units from 3 different directions at the same height of walnut plants to be investigated;
2) determining a survey index: taking the selected mother branch of the investigation unit and the new shoots, compound leaves, female flower buds and male inflorescences of all the current-year leaf-expanding period on the mother branch as investigation indexes;
3) survey and statistics: after the freezing injury grade standard is preset according to each survey index, different survey means are adopted for surveying, the number of samples of each grade of the corresponding survey index is counted, and a walnut freezing injury index survey statistical table is filled;
4) calculating the freezing injury index: respectively calculating the freeze injury indexes of different investigation indexes by using a freeze injury index calculation formula according to the investigation statistical table filled in the step 3), and calculating the average value of the freeze injury indexes of the investigation indexes on each result parent branch as the freeze injury index of the result parent branch, wherein the investigation index calculation formula is as follows:
I ═ Σ (number of frozen grade samples × representative values at each grade)/(number of total samples × representative value of highest grade frozen damage) × 100%
5) Determining the freezing injury grade of the individual plant: averaging the freezing injury indexes of the 3 branches of the mother branches selected in the step 1), wherein the result is counted as a single-plant freezing injury index, and determining the single-plant freezing injury grade according to the single-plant freezing injury index, wherein the single-plant freezing injury grade is as follows:
level 0: i isSingle plantWhen the walnut plant is 0, the single walnut plant is normal and no freezing injury phenomenon occurs;
level 1: i isSingle plantNot more than 25%, watchSlight freezing injury of single Ming walnut plant;
and 2, stage: 25 percent of<ISingle plantLess than or equal to 50 percent, which indicates that the single walnut plant has moderate freezing damage;
and 3, level: 50 percent of<ISingle plantLess than or equal to 75 percent, which indicates that the walnut single plant has severe freeze injury;
4, level: i isSingle plant>75 percent, which indicates that the walnut single plant is seriously frozen.
Preferably, before the investigation method is used for investigation, the investigation place and the investigation plant are determined, and the specific requirements are as follows: according to the current situation of local walnut cultivation, walnut planting areas in mountainous areas, hills, ditches and dams, terrains and other different terrains and different altitudes are selected as investigation places, the investigation is carried out according to varieties, and 5 walnut varieties in each investigation point are investigated randomly.
Preferably, after the investigation place and the investigation plant are determined, the investigation time is also determined, specifically, 2 to 10 days after the local late frost freeze injury occurs.
Preferably, after the individual plant freezing injury grade is determined, the variety freezing injury index is further calculated by using a variety freezing injury index calculation formula, wherein the variety freezing injury index calculation formula is as follows:
Ivariety of (IV) CΣ (number of freezing injury grade strains × representative value at each grade)/(total number of investigated strains × representative value at highest grade freezing injury) × 100%
Preferably, after calculating the variety freeze injury index, determining the variety freeze injury grade, wherein the variety freeze injury grade is as follows:
level 0: i isVariety of the sameWhen the walnut is equal to 0, the phenomenon of freeze injury of the walnut variety is not generated;
level 1: I.C. AVariety of (IV) CLess than or equal to 25 percent, which indicates that the walnut variety is slightly frozen;
and 2, stage: 25 percent of<IVariety of (IV) CLess than or equal to 50 percent, which indicates that the walnut variety has moderate freezing damage;
and 3, level: 50 percent of<IVariety of (IV) CLess than or equal to 75 percent, which indicates that the walnut variety has severe freeze injury;
4, level: i isVariety of (IV) C>75 percent, which indicates that the walnut variety is seriously frozen.
Further, the survey unit mother branch freezing injury degree is used for surveying the result mother branch freezing injury grade, and the survey method comprises the following steps: cutting off the surface of the 1-year-old fruiting mother branch downwards by a knife, observing the color of xylem, and considering that the xylem is frozen when the xylem is browned and blacked and not frozen when the xylem is white; and then determining the grade of the freezing injury according to the proportion of the length of the frozen stem segment to the total length of the resulting mother branches: the whole is frozen to 0 grade, 1/3 is frozen to 1 grade, 2/3 is frozen to 2 grade, and the whole is frozen to 3 grade.
Further, the degree of freezing injury of the young shoots at the current-year leaf-expanding period on the mother branch of the investigation unit is used for investigating the grade of freezing injury of the young shoots at the current-year leaf-expanding period on the mother branch, and the investigation method comprises the following steps: observing the color of the young shoots at the current annual leaf-expanding stage: green and full are regarded as not frozen; the black and soft hair is treated as being frozen; and then determining the grade of the freezing injury according to the proportion of the length of the frozen young stem to the total length of the young stem: the whole is frozen to 0 grade, 1/3 is frozen to 1 grade, 2/3 is frozen to 2 grade, and the whole is frozen to 3 grade.
Further, the degree of the freeze injury of the current-year compound leaves on the mother branch of the investigation unit is used for investigating the grade of the freeze injury of the walnut leaves on the mother branch, and the investigation method comprises the following steps: color of the observed leaf: green, fresh and tender as not being frozen; the black, soft or curled leaves are regarded as frozen, the freezing damage grade is determined according to the proportion of the number of the frozen leaves on the compound leaves to the total number of the leaves, the whole unfrozen leaves are classified into 0 grade, 1/3 frozen into 1 grade, 2/3 frozen into 2 grade and the whole frozen into 3 grade.
Further, the survey unit is used for surveying the freeze injury degree of the female flowers on the mother branches, and the survey method comprises the following steps: observing the colors of stigma and ovary and the expanding degree of ovary: the stigma is white, and the ovary is green and Peng is 0 level; the stigma and the ovary are in light purple color and grade 1, and the stigma and the ovary are in deep purple color and grade 2.
Further, the survey unit is used for surveying the grade of the freeze injury of the male inflorescences on the mother branches, and the survey method comprises the following steps: observing the colors of the male inflorescence and the pollen, wherein the inflorescence is green, and the pollen is yellow and is regarded as not frozen; the inflorescence or pollen is black and is regarded as frozen, the freezing damage grade is determined according to the frozen area of the inflorescence, the non-frozen state is 0 grade, the 1/2 frozen state is 1 grade, and the whole frozen state is 2 grade.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1) according to the method, the walnut late frost freezing injury sample data are digitalized, the freezing injury index investigation statistical analysis table is established, and the freezing injury index and the freezing injury grade of the investigation index are determined by taking the preset standardized data as reference, so that the problems that the existing walnut late frost freezing injury investigation index and freezing injury grade standard are not uniform, the investigation method is poor in operability, different investigators judge more times artificially and subjectively, and the error is large are solved;
2) according to the method, the investigation time is selected and determined, so that the problem of inaccurate investigation result caused by hysteresis and restorability influence of the freezing injury of the walnut night frost is effectively solved, and the accuracy of the investigation result is obviously improved;
3) according to the method, different organs are selected for investigation, and the freezing injury grade standard is preset for each organ, so that the investigation method is more targeted and feasible, and each organ has performance, and the freezing injury condition of the walnut late frost can be reflected more comprehensively and scientifically;
4) The investigation method has the advantages of small quantity of collected samples, high accuracy, capability of avoiding the influence of factors such as drought climate on investigation results, high prospect, great significance for preventing late frost freeze injury and ensuring walnut harvest, measures made by government functional departments, accurate statistical data provided for estimating production in disaster years and theoretical basis provided for walnut production and cultivation.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a chart of the freezing injury grade of the mother branches of an investigation unit
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the grade of the freezing injury of the new shoot at the current-year leaf-expanding period on the mother branch of the investigation unit
FIG. 3 is a graph of the grade of the frost damage of the current year compound leaves on the mother branches of the investigation units
FIG. 4 is a map of the freeze injury grade of female flowers on mother branches of investigation units
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the grade of the male flower freezing injury on the mother branch of the investigation unit
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention are further described below with reference to specific examples to facilitate understanding for those skilled in the art.
A walnut late frost freezing injury investigation method comprises the following steps:
1) determination of survey sites and survey plants: according to the current situation of local walnut cultivation, selecting walnut planting places in mountainous areas, hills, ditches and dams, and other different terrains and altitudes as investigation places, carrying out investigation on different varieties, and randomly investigating 5 walnut varieties at each investigation point;
Specifically, in 2018, on days 4, 11-12, the applicant takes a southern Cheng county sightseeing garden (located in a town district of the Cheng county), a Dalugou national walnut variety demonstration garden and a Baima Temple walnut breeding base as investigation sites to investigate the walnut variety of the southern 755.
2) Selecting a survey time: the freeze injury of the walnut late frost has hysteresis and recovery, the investigation period is too early, and the slight freeze injury is not expressed yet, so that the investigation accuracy is influenced; the investigation period is too late, the slight frost damage is easy to recover, and the investigation accuracy is also influenced, so the late frost damage investigation should be completed within 2-10 days after the local late frost damage occurs.
3) Selecting a survey unit: randomly selecting 3 1-year-old fruiting mother branches as investigation units from 3 different directions of the same height of walnut plants to be investigated.
4) Determining a survey index: taking the selected mother branch of the investigation unit and the new shoots, compound leaves, female flower buds and male inflorescences of all the current-year leaf-expanding period on the mother branch as investigation indexes;
5) survey and statistics: after the preset freezing injury grade standard of each survey index is adopted, different survey means are adopted for surveying, the number of samples of each grade of the corresponding survey index is counted, and a walnut freezing injury index survey statistical table is filled, wherein the preset freezing injury grade standard and the survey means of each survey index are as follows:
The survey unit mother branch freezing injury degree is used for surveying the result mother branch freezing injury grade, and the survey method comprises the following steps: as shown in fig. 1, the epidermis is cut from the top of the mother branch downwards by a knife, the xylem color is observed, the browning and blackening are regarded as frozen, and the white is regarded as unfrozen; and then determining the grade of the freezing injury according to the proportion of the length of the frozen stem segment to the total length of the resulting mother branches: the whole is frozen to 0 grade, 1/3 is frozen to 1 grade, 2/3 is frozen to 2 grade, and the whole is frozen to 3 grade;
the degree of the frost damage of the new shoot at the current-year leaf-expanding period on the parent branch of the investigation unit is used for investigating the level of the frost damage of the new shoot at the current-year leaf-expanding period on the parent branch, and the investigation method comprises the following steps: as shown in fig. 2, the color of the young shoots at the current annual leaf-expanding stage was observed: green and full are regarded as not frozen; the black and soft hair is treated as being frozen; and then determining the grade of the freezing injury according to the proportion of the length of the frozen young stem to the total length of the young stem: the whole is frozen to 0 grade, 1/3 is frozen to 1 grade, 2/3 is frozen to 2 grade, and the whole is frozen to 3 grade.
The method is characterized in that the degree of the freeze injury of the current-year compound leaves on the mother branch of the investigation unit is used for investigating the grade of the freeze injury of the walnut leaves on the mother branch, and the investigation method comprises the following steps: as shown in fig. 3, the color of the leaf was observed: green, fresh and tender as not being frozen; the black, soft or curled leaves are regarded as frozen, and the freezing damage grade is determined according to the proportion of the number of the frozen leaves on the compound leaves to the total number of the leaves, wherein the whole unfreezing is grade 0, the grade 1/3 is grade 1, the grade 2/3 is grade 2, and the whole unfreezing is grade 3.
The survey unit is used for surveying the freeze injury grade of the female flower buds on the mother branches, and the survey method comprises the following steps: as shown in fig. 4, the color of stigmas and ovaries and the extent of ovary expansion were observed: the stigma is white, and the ovary is green and Peng is 0 level; the stigma and the ovary are in light purple color and grade 1, and the stigma and the ovary are in deep purple color and grade 2.
The survey unit is used for surveying the grade of the freeze injury of the male inflorescences on the mother branches, and the survey method comprises the following steps: as shown in FIG. 5, the colors of the male inflorescence and pollen were observed, and the inflorescence was green and the pollen yellow as unfrozen; the inflorescence or pollen is black and is regarded as frozen, the freezing damage grade is determined according to the frozen area of the inflorescence, the non-frozen state is 0 grade, the 1/2 frozen state is 1 grade, and the whole frozen state is 2 grade.
The walnut freezing injury index survey statistical table is shown in the following tables 1-3.
In the table, I, II, III, IV and V are individual plant numbers; 1. 2, 3 are numbers of result mother branches; i is1、I2、I3、I4、I5Respectively as the result of the survey unit and the parent branchFreeze injury index of stem, compound leaf, female flower and male flower.
The numbers of the single plants and the fruiting mother branches are used for recording 5 single plants of the investigation walnut varieties and 3 fruiting mother branches of each walnut.
The survey unit results are used for reflecting the freezing injury degree of each organ by using the freezing injury indexes of the mother branch and the young stem, the compound leaf, the female flower and the male flower on the mother branch, and are calculated by the following freezing injury index formula:
i ═ Σ (number of frozen grade samples × representative values at each grade)/(number of total samples × representative value of highest grade frozen damage) × 100%
6) Calculating the freezing injury index: averaging the freeze injury indexes of each survey index on each result parent branch in the step 5) to obtain the freeze injury index of the survey result parent branch;
7) determining the freezing injury grade of the individual plant: averaging the freezing injury indexes of the 3 branches of the mother branches selected in the step 1) to obtain a single-plant freezing injury index, and determining a single-plant freezing injury grade according to the single-plant freezing injury index, wherein the single-plant freezing injury grade is as follows:
level 0: i isSingle plantWhen the walnut plant is 0, the single walnut plant is normal and no freezing injury phenomenon occurs;
level 1: i isSingle plantLess than or equal to 25 percent, which indicates that the single walnut plant is slightly frozen;
and 2, stage: 25 percent of<ISingle plantLess than or equal to 50 percent, which indicates that the single walnut plant has moderate freezing damage;
and 3, level: 50 percent of<ISingle plantLess than or equal to 75 percent, which indicates that the walnut single plant has severe freeze injury;
4, level: i isSingle plant>75 percent, which indicates that the walnut single plant is seriously frozen.
8) Calculating the freeze injury index of the variety: after the individual plant freezing injury grade is determined, calculating a variety freezing injury index by using a variety freezing injury index calculation formula, wherein the variety freezing injury index calculation formula is as follows:
IVariety of the sameΣ (number of frozen grade plants × representative value at each grade)/(total number of investigated plants × representative value at highest grade frozen grade) × 100%.
9) Determining the grade of variety freeze injury: after calculating the variety freeze injury index, determining the variety freeze injury grade, wherein the variety freeze injury grade is as follows:
level 0:Ivariety of the sameWhen the walnut is equal to 0, the phenomenon of freeze injury of the walnut variety is not generated;
level 1: i isVariety of (IV) CLess than or equal to 25 percent, which indicates that the walnut variety is slightly frozen;
and 2, stage: 25 percent of<IVariety of (IV) CLess than or equal to 50 percent, which indicates that the walnut variety has moderate freezing damage;
and 3, level: 50 percent of<IVariety of (IV) CLess than or equal to 75 percent, which indicates that the walnut variety has severe freeze injury;
4, level: i isVariety of (IV) C>75 percent, which indicates that the walnut variety is seriously frozen.
The results of the above-described method are shown in tables 1 to 3.
TABLE 1 survey statistics of walnut freezing injury indexes in Chengxian sightseeing park
Note: firstly, investigating a unit: the investigation unit is 1-year-old fruiting mother branch, 5 plants are investigated for each variety, and 3 1-year-old fruiting mother branches are randomly selected from 3 directions according to a triangle for each plant; II, I1-5: keeping a decimal number for different tissue freezing injury indexes; ③ grade of freezing damage of bearing branches: the freezing damage is 0 grade, 1/3 grade is 1 grade, 2/3 grade is 2 grade, and the whole branch grade is 3 grade; fourthly, freezing injury grade of the young stems: the freezing damage is 0 grade, 1/3 grade is 1 grade, 2/3 grade is 2 grade, and the whole branch grade is 3 grade; the grade of the leaf recovering freeze injury: the freezing damage is not 0 grade, the 1/3 grade is 1 grade, the 2/3 grade is 2 grade, and all the grades are 3 grade; sixthly, the freezing injury grade of the female flowers is as follows: the stigma is white, the ovary is green and swollen, and is grade 0; grade 1 when stigma and ovary are light purple; the stigma and the ovary are dark purple and are grade 2; seventhly, the grade of the frost injury of the male flowers is as follows: the grade of unfrozen male inflorescence (the male inflorescence is green) is 0, the grade of 1/2 male inflorescence is 1, and the grade of male inflorescence is 2 when the male inflorescence is completely frozen (blackened).
And (4) other records:
TABLE 2 survey statistics of walnut freezing indexes in Chengxian white horse Temple walnut breeding base
Note: firstly, investigating a unit: the investigation unit is 1-year-old fruiting mother branch, 5 plants are investigated for each variety, and 3 1-year-old fruiting mother branches are randomly selected from 3 directions according to a triangle for each plant; II, I1-5: keeping a decimal number for different tissue freezing injury indexes; ③ grade of freezing damage of bearing branches: the freezing damage is 0 grade, 1/3 grade is 1 grade, 2/3 grade is 2 grade, and the whole branch grade is 3 grade; fourthly, freezing injury grade of the young stems: the freezing damage is 0 grade, 1/3 grade is 1 grade, 2/3 grade is 2 grade, and the whole branch grade is 3 grade; the grade of the leaf recovering freeze injury: the freezing damage is not 0 grade, the 1/3 grade is 1 grade, the 2/3 grade is 2 grade, and all the grades are 3 grade; sixthly, the freezing injury grade of the female flowers is as follows: the stigma is white, the ovary is green and swollen, and is grade 0; grade 1 when stigma and ovary are light purple; the stigma and the ovary are dark purple and are grade 2; seventhly, the grade of the frost injury of the male flowers is as follows: the grade of unfrozen male inflorescence (the male inflorescence is green) is 0, the grade of 1/2 male inflorescence is 1, and the grade of male inflorescence is 2 when the male inflorescence is completely frozen (blackened).
And (4) other records:
TABLE 3 survey statistics of walnut freezing injury indexes in Chengxian Dalu Goujueyuan walnut orchard
Note: firstly, investigating a unit: the investigation unit is 1-year-old fruiting mother branch, 5 plants are investigated for each variety, and 3 1-year-old fruiting mother branches are randomly selected from 3 directions according to a triangle for each plant; II, I1-5: keeping a decimal number for different tissue freezing injury indexes; ③ grade of freezing damage of bearing branches: the freezing damage is 0 grade, 1/3 grade is 1 grade, 2/3 grade is 2 grade, and the whole branch grade is 3 grade; fourthly, freezing injury grade of the young stems: the freezing damage is 0 grade, 1/3 grade is 1 grade, 2/3 grade is 2 grade, and the whole branch grade is 3 grade; the grade of the leaf recovering freeze injury: the freezing damage is not 0 grade, the 1/3 grade is 1 grade, the 2/3 grade is 2 grade, and all the grades are 3 grade; sixthly, the freezing injury grade of the female flowers is as follows: the stigma is white, the ovary is green and swollen, and is grade 0; grade 1 when stigma and ovary are light purple; the stigma and the ovary are dark purple and are grade 2; seventhly, the grade of the frost injury of the male flowers is as follows: the grade of unfrozen male inflorescence (the male inflorescence is green) is 0, the grade of 1/2 male inflorescence is 1, and the grade of male inflorescence is 2 when the male inflorescence is completely frozen (blackened).
And (4) other records:
as can be seen from the above table 1-3 investigation results, the investigation method provided by the invention can accurately, comprehensively and scientifically reflect the freezing damage condition of the walnut late frost, has high prospective, has important significance for preventing the late frost freezing damage and ensuring the abundant harvest of the walnut, also makes measures for government functional departments, provides accurate statistical data for estimating the production in a disaster year and provides a theoretical basis for the production and cultivation of the walnut.
Claims (5)
1. The walnut late frost freezing injury investigation method is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
1) selecting a survey unit: randomly selecting 3 1-year-old fruiting mother branches as investigation units from 3 different directions at the same height of walnut plants to be investigated;
2) determining a survey index: taking the selected mother branch of the investigation unit and the new shoots, compound leaves, female flower buds and male inflorescences of all the current-year leaf-expanding period on the mother branch as investigation indexes;
3) survey and statistics: after the freezing injury grade standard is preset for each investigation index, different investigation means are adopted for investigating, wherein the investigation method of the freezing injury of the mother branches comprises the following steps: cutting off the surface of the 1-year-old fruiting mother branch downwards by a knife, observing the color of xylem, and considering that the xylem is frozen when the xylem is browned and blacked and not frozen when the xylem is white; and then determining the grade of the freezing injury according to the proportion of the length of the frozen stem segment to the total length of the resulting mother branches: the whole is frozen to 0 grade, 1/3 is frozen to 1 grade, 2/3 is frozen to 2 grade, and the whole is frozen to 3 grade; the method for investigating the freezing injury of the young shoots in the leaf expanding period comprises the following steps: observing the color of the young shoots at the current annual leaf-expanding stage: green and full are regarded as not frozen; the black and soft hair is treated as being frozen; and then determining the grade of the freezing injury according to the proportion of the length of the frozen young stem to the total length of the young stem: the whole is frozen to 0 grade, 1/3 is frozen to 1 grade, 2/3 is frozen to 2 grade, and the whole is frozen to 3 grade; the method for investigating the degree of compound leaf freeze injury comprises the following steps: color of the observed leaf: green, fresh and tender as not being frozen; determining the grade of freezing damage according to the proportion of the number of frozen leaflets on the compound leaves to the total number of the leaflets, wherein the number of the frozen leaflets is 0 grade when the leaves are not frozen, the number of the frozen leaflets is 1 grade when the leaves are 1/3 frozen, the number of the frozen leaflets is 2 grade when the leaves are 2/3 frozen, and the number of the frozen leaflets is 3 grade when the leaves are frozen; the method for investigating the freeze injury of the female flower buds comprises the following steps: observing the colors of stigma and ovary and the expanding degree of ovary: the stigma is white, and the ovary is green and Peng is 0 level; grade 1 for the stigma and the ovary in light purple, grade 2 for the stigma and the ovary in deep purple; the method for investigating the freeze injury of the male inflorescences comprises the following steps: observing the colors of the male inflorescence and the pollen, wherein the inflorescence is green, and the pollen is yellow and is regarded as not frozen; determining the freezing damage grade according to the frozen area of the inflorescence, wherein the non-frozen inflorescence is grade 0, the non-frozen inflorescence is grade 1/2, the non-frozen inflorescence is grade 1, and the non-frozen inflorescence is grade 2, counting the number of samples of each grade of corresponding investigation indexes, and filling a walnut freezing damage index investigation statistical table;
4) Calculating the freezing injury index: according to the survey statistical table filled in the step 3), respectively calculating the freezing injury indexes of different survey indexes by using a freezing injury index calculation formula, and calculating the average value of the freezing injury indexes of all survey indexes on each result parent branch as the freezing injury index of the result parent branch, wherein the survey index freezing injury index calculation formula is as follows:
i ═ Σ (number of freeze-injury stage samples × representative value of each stage)/(number of total samples × representative value of highest freeze injury stage) × 100%
5) Determining the freezing injury grade of the individual plant: averaging the freezing injury indexes of the 3 branches of the mother branches selected in the step 1), wherein the result is counted as a single-plant freezing injury index, and determining the single-plant freezing injury grade according to the single-plant freezing injury index, wherein the single-plant freezing injury grade is as follows:
stage 0: the I single plant is 0, which indicates that the walnut single plant is normal and does not have the freezing injury phenomenon;
level 1: the single plant of the walnut is less than or equal to 25 percent, which indicates that the single plant of the walnut is slightly frozen;
and 2, stage: 25 percent < I is less than or equal to 50 percent of the single plant, which indicates that the single walnut plant has moderate freezing injury;
and 3, level: 50% < I is less than or equal to 75% of each plant, which indicates that the walnut single plant is severely frozen;
4, level: the I single plant is more than 75 percent, which indicates that the walnut single plant is seriously frozen.
2. The walnut late frost freeze injury investigation method of claim 1, characterized in that: before the investigation method is used for investigation, the investigation place and the investigation plant are determined, and the specific requirements are as follows: according to the current situation of local walnut cultivation, walnut planting areas in mountainous areas, hills, ditches and dams, terrains and other different terrains and different altitudes are selected as investigation places, the investigation is carried out according to varieties, and 5 walnut varieties in each investigation point are investigated randomly.
3. The walnut late frost freezing damage investigation method according to claim 2, characterized in that: after the investigation place and the investigation plant are determined, the investigation time is also determined, specifically, the 2 nd to 10 th days after the local late frost freeze injury occurs.
4. The walnut late frost freezing damage investigation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: after the individual plant freezing injury grade is determined, the variety freezing injury index is calculated by using a variety freezing injury index calculation formula, wherein the variety freezing injury index calculation formula is as follows:
the I strain ∑ (number of freeze injury grade plants × representative value at each grade)/(total number of investigated plants × representative value at the highest grade) × 100%.
5. The walnut late frost freeze injury investigation method of claim 4, characterized in that: after calculating the variety freeze injury index, determining the variety freeze injury grade, wherein the variety freeze injury grade is as follows:
level 0: the variety I is 0, which indicates that the walnut variety is not frozen;
level 1: the variety I is less than or equal to 25 percent, which indicates that the walnut variety is slightly frozen;
and 2, stage: 25 percent and less than or equal to 50 percent of the variety I indicate moderate freezing injury of the walnut variety;
and 3, level: the variety I is less than or equal to 75 percent by 50 percent, which indicates that the walnut variety has severe freeze injury;
4, level: the variety I is more than 75 percent, which indicates that the walnut variety is seriously frozen.
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