CN108597023A - A kind of geology based on slr camera is appeared 3 D model construction method - Google Patents

A kind of geology based on slr camera is appeared 3 D model construction method Download PDF

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CN108597023A
CN108597023A CN201810435380.XA CN201810435380A CN108597023A CN 108597023 A CN108597023 A CN 108597023A CN 201810435380 A CN201810435380 A CN 201810435380A CN 108597023 A CN108597023 A CN 108597023A
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刘善伟
王朝
冯建伟
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China University of Petroleum East China
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种基于单反相机的地质露头三维模型构建方法,基本步骤为:选择地质露头特征点或设置人工标志作为尺度标识点;地质露头影像采用固定焦距的相机进行采集;进行空中三角测量,自动提取连接点,通过连接点反算确定影像位置;模型尺度信息添加;再次进行空中三角测量;通过连接点构建不规则三角网,生成白体模型,对其进行影像贴加得到地质露头三维模型;优化模型,填补模型孔洞和裁剪不感兴趣区域,实现模型最优化。本发明提供的方法科学合理、易于实现、精度高等优点,利用单反相机对地质露头进行影像采集构建地质露头三维模型。

The invention discloses a method for constructing a three-dimensional model of a geological outcrop based on a single-lens reflex camera. The basic steps are: selecting feature points of the geological outcrop or setting artificial marks as scale marking points; collecting images of the geological outcrop with a camera with a fixed focal length; performing triangulation in the air , automatically extract the connection points, determine the image position through the back calculation of the connection points; add the model scale information; perform aerial triangulation again; build an irregular triangulation network through the connection points, generate a white body model, and add images to it to obtain a 3D geological outcrop Model; optimize the model, fill in the holes in the model and crop the uninteresting areas to achieve model optimization. The method provided by the invention has the advantages of being scientific and reasonable, easy to implement, and high in precision. A single-lens reflex camera is used to collect images of the geological outcrop to construct a three-dimensional model of the geological outcrop.

Description

一种基于单反相机的地质露头三维模型构建方法A 3D Model Construction Method of Geological Outcrop Based on SLR Camera

技术领域technical field

本发明涉及三维可视化地质建模技术领域,尤其涉及一种地质露头三维模型构建的应用领域,具体是一种通过单反相机采集地质露头影像,利用影像数据构建地质露头三维模型的方法。The invention relates to the technical field of three-dimensional visualized geological modeling, in particular to the application field of building a three-dimensional model of a geological outcrop, in particular to a method for collecting geological outcrop images by a single-lens reflex camera and using the image data to construct a three-dimensional model of the geological outcrop.

背景技术Background technique

地质露头是裸露于地表的地质体,研究地质露头特征是了解地下储层地质情况的重要手段。随着地质研究目标越来越趋向于精细化和复杂化,地质体表征尺度越来越小,传统的地质露头考察(以地质锤、标杆为参照物拍摄照片)用来获取地质体参数的方法已经难以满足发展需求。Geological outcrops are geological bodies exposed on the earth's surface. Studying the characteristics of geological outcrops is an important means to understand the geological conditions of underground reservoirs. As the goals of geological research tend to be more refined and complex, and the scale of geological body representation is getting smaller and smaller, the traditional method of geological outcrop investigation (taking photos with geological hammers and benchmarks as reference objects) is used to obtain geological body parameters It has been difficult to meet the development needs.

地质体三维建模技术已应用于地质工程领域。地质露头三维模型是利用数字化手段采集地质露头的空间信息、颜色信息和纹理信息,真实还原地质露头野外场景,通过该模型可实现对地质露头特征的精细化三维空间分析和重复研究。当前的地质露头三维建模方法主要利用三维激光扫描仪采集地质露头的点云信息(即空间信息),结合单反相机采集影像数据,通过两者融合建模得到地质露头三维模型,但三维激光扫描仪价格昂贵且操作复杂,在地质考察中未能普遍应用。The 3D modeling technology of geological bodies has been applied in the field of geological engineering. The 3D model of geological outcrops uses digital means to collect spatial information, color information and texture information of geological outcrops, and truly restores the field scene of geological outcrops. Through this model, refined 3D spatial analysis and repeated research on the characteristics of geological outcrops can be realized. The current 3D modeling method for geological outcrops mainly uses 3D laser scanners to collect point cloud information (that is, spatial information) of geological outcrops, combined with SLR cameras to collect image data, and obtains 3D models of geological outcrops through fusion modeling of the two, but 3D laser scanning The instrument is expensive and complicated to operate, and has not been widely used in geological surveys.

为了探索一种成本低且操作简单的地质露头三维建模方法,本发明采用摄影测量技术,发明了一套基于单反相机影像数据的地质露头三维模型构建方法,基于该模型可实现地质露头的精细化描述和高精度量测。In order to explore a low-cost and easy-to-operate 3D modeling method for geological outcrops, the present invention uses photogrammetry technology to invent a set of 3D model building methods for geological outcrops based on SLR camera image data. description and high-precision measurement.

发明内容Contents of the invention

(一)要解决的技术问题(1) Technical problems to be solved

本发明提供了一种基于单反相机的地质露头三维模型构建方法,充分考虑地质露头的特点和地质考察的需要,通过开展地质三维露头建模,还原地质露头现场场景,可实现地质露头的精细化量测与描述。The invention provides a method for constructing a three-dimensional model of a geological outcrop based on a single-lens reflex camera, which fully considers the characteristics of the geological outcrop and the needs of geological investigations, and can realize the refinement of the geological outcrop by carrying out geological three-dimensional outcrop modeling and restoring the scene of the geological outcrop Measure and describe.

(二)技术方案(2) Technical solution

本发明包含以下步骤:The present invention comprises the following steps:

(1)设置尺度标识点(1) Set the scale mark point

选择地质露头特征点或设置人工标志作为尺度标识点,其尺寸应大于待采集影像的最低空间分辨率,保证在影像上可清晰分辨。设置3个特定条件的尺度标识点为A、B、C,利用钢尺精确量取尺度标识点之间的距离(单位为米),取位至整毫米。Select geological outcrop feature points or set artificial markers as scale marking points, and their size should be greater than the minimum spatial resolution of the image to be collected to ensure that they can be clearly distinguished on the image. Set the scale marking points of the three specific conditions as A, B, and C, and use a steel ruler to accurately measure the distance between the scale marking points (in meters), and take the position to the whole millimeter.

(2)影像采集(2) Image acquisition

地质露头影像采用固定焦距的相机进行采集,该过程中相机距离地质露头的距离尽量保持一致,每张影像之间重叠率保持大于75%,按正面、左侧、右侧、上侧和下侧的特定顺序采集地质露头的影像,保证影像清晰和露头区域全覆盖。Geological outcrop images are collected with a camera with a fixed focal length. During this process, the distance between the camera and the geological outcrop should be kept as consistent as possible, and the overlap rate between each image should be kept greater than 75%. According to the front, left, right, upper and lower sides Collect images of geological outcrops in a specific sequence to ensure clear images and full coverage of the outcrop area.

(3)首次空中三角测量与影像选取(3) The first aerial triangulation and image selection

进行空中三角测量,自动提取连接点,通过连接点反算确定影像位置。根据空中三角测量计算结果,若未匹配影像位于连接点密度均匀区域,则直接剔除该未匹配影像;若未匹配影像位于连接点密度不均匀区域,则在未匹配影像和其相邻影像上人工添加特定数量的连接点。Carry out aerial triangulation, automatically extract connection points, and determine the image position through back calculation of connection points. According to the calculation results of aerial triangulation, if the unmatched image is located in the area with uniform connection point density, the unmatched image is directly eliminated; if the unmatched image is located in the area with uneven connection point density, the unmatched image and its adjacent images are artificially Add a specific number of connection points.

(4)模型尺度信息添加(4) Add model scale information

在影像上查找并选取步骤(1)设置的尺度标识点A、B、C作为尺度约束点依次为a、b、c,并设置约束点之间的距离。Find and select the scale identification points A, B, and C set in step (1) on the image as the scale constraint points, which are a, b, and c in turn, and set the distance between the constraint points.

(5)二次空中三角测量(5) Secondary aerial triangulation

重复步骤(3)的操作,直至空中三角测量合格。Repeat the operation of step (3) until the aerial triangulation is qualified.

(6)三维模型建立(6) 3D model establishment

通过步骤(5)中生成的连接点,构建构建不规则三角网和白体模型,贴合纹理选用无杂物遮挡、姿态均匀一致无错位的影像贴合在白体模型上得到地质露头三维模型。Through the connection points generated in step (5), construct an irregular triangular network and a white body model, and fit the texture to the white body model to obtain a 3D model of the geological outcrop with images that are not blocked by debris and have a uniform posture and no misalignment. .

(7)三维模型优化(7) 3D model optimization

在步骤(6)的基础上对模型进行优化,包括模型孔洞填补和不感兴趣区裁剪。填补孔洞需先选取合适参数对白体模型进行填补,然后再贴合纹理。On the basis of step (6), the model is optimized, including model hole filling and uninteresting area clipping. To fill the hole, you need to select appropriate parameters to fill the white body model, and then fit the texture.

进一步,所述步骤(1)中尺度标识点A、B、C尽量呈等腰直角三角形,腰长AB和AC 的设置距离范围为0.5米至1米之间。Further, the scale marking points A, B, and C in the step (1) should be in the shape of an isosceles right triangle as much as possible, and the setting distance of the waist lengths AB and AC is between 0.5m and 1m.

进一步,所述步骤(3)中特定数量的连接点在相邻影像上的重叠区域内分别位于四个边角、中心共5个点。Further, in the step (3), a certain number of connection points are respectively located in the four corners and 5 points in the center in the overlapping area on the adjacent images.

进一步,所述步骤(1)中的尺度标识点A、B、C分别在相应影像中刺点得到步骤(4)中的a、 b、c,设置约束点之间的距离时,将ab长度设置为腰长AB的量测距离,将ac长度设置为腰长AC的量测距离。Further, the scale identification points A, B, and C in the step (1) are respectively pricked in the corresponding image to obtain a, b, and c in the step (4), and when setting the distance between the constraint points, the length of ab Set as the measurement distance of the waist length AB, and set the ac length as the measurement distance of the waist length AC.

进一步,步骤(7)中参数选取原则是对于面积S(0≤S≤0.1)平方米范围内的孔洞采用平面填补,对于面积S(0.1<S≤0.5)平方米范围内的孔洞采用曲面填补,对于面积S(S>0.5) 平方米范围内的孔洞用曲线先在孔洞中间搭桥,再用曲面填补。Further, the principle of parameter selection in step (7) is to use plane filling for holes within the area of S (0≤S≤0.1) square meters, and to use curved surface filling for holes within the area of S (0.1<S≤0.5) square meters , for holes within the area of S (S>0.5) square meters, use a curve to build a bridge in the middle of the hole, and then fill it with a curved surface.

(三)有益效果(优点)(3) Beneficial effects (advantages)

本发明的优点体现在:The advantages of the present invention are reflected in:

由于三维激光扫描仪价格昂贵、不易携带和野外操作不便等局限性,很难使用三维激光扫描仪对地质露头进行三维建模。本发明从适用性和可用性的角度出发,利用单反相机采集地质露头影像,生成具有尺度信息的地质三维露头。在还原野外地质露头场景的基础上,使原本需要野外现场考察的量测工作得以在计算机上进行定量化、精细化的描述,对地质露头精准描述重要意义。Due to the limitations of 3D laser scanners such as high price, poor portability and inconvenient field operation, it is difficult to use 3D laser scanners for 3D modeling of geological outcrops. From the viewpoints of applicability and usability, the invention uses a single-lens reflex camera to collect images of geological outcrops to generate three-dimensional geological outcrops with scale information. On the basis of restoring the scene of geological outcrops in the field, the measurement work that originally required field investigations can be described quantitatively and finely on the computer, which is of great significance for the accurate description of geological outcrops.

附图说明Description of drawings

图1为本发明实施的步骤流程图,Fig. 1 is the flow chart of the steps that the present invention implements,

图2为本发明实施提供的尺度标识点分布示意图,Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the distribution of scale identification points provided by the implementation of the present invention,

图3为本发明实施提供的空中三角测量计算结果图,Fig. 3 is the calculation result figure of aerial triangulation provided by the implementation of the present invention,

图4为本发明实施提供的相邻影像重叠区内选取连接点的位置分布示意图,Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the location distribution of selected connection points in the adjacent image overlapping area provided by the implementation of the present invention,

图5为本发明实施提供的地质露头不规则三角网图,Fig. 5 is the irregular triangular network diagram of the geological outcrop provided by the implementation of the present invention,

图6为本发明实施提供的地质露头白体三维模型图,Fig. 6 is a three-dimensional model diagram of a geological outcrop white body provided by the implementation of the present invention,

图7为本发明实施提供的地质露头三维模型图。Fig. 7 is a three-dimensional model diagram of a geological outcrop provided by the implementation of the present invention.

具体实施方式Detailed ways

为使本发明的目的、内容、和优点更加清楚,下面结合附图和实施例,对本发明的具体实施方式作进一步详细描述:In order to make the purpose, content, and advantages of the present invention clearer, the specific implementation of the present invention will be described in further detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments:

参照图1,本发明的具体实施步骤为:With reference to Fig. 1, concrete implementation steps of the present invention are:

(1)设置尺度标识点(1) Set the scale mark point

选择地质露头特征点或设置人工标志作为尺度标识点,其尺寸应大于待采集影像的最低空间分辨率,保证在影像上可清晰分辨。设置3个特定条件的尺度标识点为A、B、C,利用钢尺精确量取标识点之间的距离(单位为米),取位至整毫米。Select geological outcrop feature points or set artificial markers as scale marking points, and their size should be greater than the minimum spatial resolution of the image to be collected to ensure that they can be clearly distinguished on the image. Set the scale marking points of the three specific conditions as A, B, and C, and use a steel ruler to accurately measure the distance between the marking points (in meters), and take the position to the full millimeter.

其中尺度标识点A、B、C尽量呈等腰直角三角形(参照图2),腰长AB和AC的设置距离范围为0.5米至1米之间。The scale marking points A, B, and C are in the shape of an isosceles right-angled triangle as much as possible (refer to FIG. 2 ), and the setting distance range of the waist lengths AB and AC is between 0.5 m and 1 m.

(2)影像采集(2) Image acquisition

地质露头影像采用固定焦距的相机进行采集,该过程中相机距离地质露头的距离尽量保持一致,每张影像之间重叠率保持大于75%,按正面、左侧、右侧、上侧和下侧的特定顺序采集地质露头的影像,保证影像清晰和露头区域全覆盖。Geological outcrop images are collected with a camera with a fixed focal length. During this process, the distance between the camera and the geological outcrop should be kept as consistent as possible, and the overlap rate between each image should be kept greater than 75%. According to the front, left, right, upper and lower sides Collect images of geological outcrops in a specific sequence to ensure clear images and full coverage of the outcrop area.

(3)首次空中三角测量与影像选取(3) The first aerial triangulation and image selection

进行空中三角测量,自动提取连接点,通过连接点反算确定影像位置。根据空中三角测量计算结果(参照图3),若未匹配影像位于连接点密度均匀区域,则直接剔除该未匹配影像;若未匹配影像位于连接点密度不均匀区域,则在未匹配影像和其相邻影像上人工添加特定数量的连接点。Carry out aerial triangulation, automatically extract connection points, and determine the image position through back calculation of connection points. According to the calculation results of aerial triangulation (refer to Figure 3), if the unmatched image is located in the area with uniform connection point density, the unmatched image is directly eliminated; if the unmatched image is located in the area with uneven connection point density, the unmatched image and other A specific number of tie points are artificially added to adjacent images.

其中特定数量的连接点在相邻影像上的重叠区域内分别位于四个边角、中心共5个点(参照图4)。A certain number of connection points are respectively located at the four corners and the center of five points in the overlapping area on adjacent images (refer to FIG. 4 ).

(4)模型尺度信息添加(4) Add model scale information

在影像上查找并选取步骤(1)设置的尺度标识点A、B、C作为尺度约束点依次为a、b、c,并设置约束点之间的距离。Find and select the scale identification points A, B, and C set in step (1) on the image as the scale constraint points, which are a, b, and c in turn, and set the distance between the constraint points.

其中步骤(1)中的尺度标识点A、B、C分别在相应影像中刺点得到步骤(4)中的a、b、c,设置约束点之间的距离时,将ab长度设置为腰长AB的量测距离,将ac长度设置为腰长AC的量测距离。Among them, the scale identification points A, B, and C in step (1) are respectively pricked in the corresponding image to obtain a, b, and c in step (4). When setting the distance between the constraint points, set the length of ab to waist The measurement distance of length AB, set the length of ac to the measurement distance of waist length AC.

(5)二次空中三角测量(5) Secondary aerial triangulation

重复步骤(3)的操作,直至空中三角测量合格。Repeat the operation of step (3) until the aerial triangulation is qualified.

(6)三维模型建立(6) 3D model establishment

通过步骤(5)中生成的连接点,构建构建不规则三角网(参照图5)和白体模型(参照图 6),贴合纹理选用无杂物遮挡、姿态均匀一致无错位的影像贴合在白体模型上得到地质露头三维模型(参照图7)。Through the connection points generated in step (5), construct an irregular triangular network (refer to Figure 5) and a white body model (refer to Figure 6), and use image bonding with no sundries, uniform posture and no misalignment for the bonding texture A three-dimensional model of the geological outcrop is obtained on the white body model (refer to Fig. 7).

(7)三维模型优化(7) 3D model optimization

在步骤(6)的基础上对模型进行优化,包括模型孔洞填补和不感兴趣区裁剪。填补孔洞需先选取合适参数对白体模型进行填补,然后再贴合纹理。On the basis of step (6), the model is optimized, including model hole filling and uninteresting area clipping. To fill the hole, you need to select appropriate parameters to fill the white body model, and then fit the texture.

其中参数选取原则是对于面积S(0≤S≤0.1)平方米范围内的孔洞采用平面填补,对于面积S(0.1<S≤0.5)平方米范围内的孔洞采用曲面填补,对于面积S(S>0.5)平方米范围内的孔洞用曲线先在孔洞中间搭桥,再用曲面填补。The principle of parameter selection is to use plane filling for holes within the area of S (0≤S≤0.1) square meters, for holes within the area of S (0.1<S≤0.5) square meters to fill with curved surfaces, and for areas of S (S >0.5) For holes within the square meter range, use curves to build bridges in the middle of the holes, and then fill them with curved surfaces.

Claims (5)

  1. The 3 D model construction method 1. a kind of geology based on slr camera is appeared, which is characterized in that include the following steps:
    (1) scale identification point is set
    Select geology appear characteristic point or setting artificial target as scale identification point, size should be greater than image to be collected most Low spatial resolution ensures clearly differentiate on image, and the scale identification point of 3 specified conditions of setting is A, B, C, utilizes steel The distance between ruler accurate measuring scale identification point (unit is rice), fetch bit to whole millimeter;
    (2) image collection
    Geology image of appearing is acquired using the camera of fixed focal length, should during the distance appeared of camera distance geology as possible It is consistent, Duplication is remained above 75% between every image, by the particular order in front, left side, right side, the upper side and lower side The image that acquisition geology is appeared ensures image definition and region all standing of appearing;
    (3) aerial triangulation for the first time is chosen with image
    Aerial triangulation is carried out, tie point is automatically extracted, image position is determined by tie point inverse;It is surveyed according to aerial triangle If amount calculates as a result, not matching image is located at tie point even density region, directly rejects this and do not match image;If not matching Image is located at tie point Density inhomogeneity region, then manually adds certain amount of company on not matching image image adjacent with its Contact;
    (4) model dimension information is added
    It is searched on image and scale identification point A, B, C of selecting step (1) setting is followed successively by a, b, c as dimensional constraints point, The distance between and obligatory point is set;
    (5) secondary aerial triangulation
    The operation of step (3) is repeated, until aerial triangulation is qualified;
    (6) three-dimension modeling
    By the tie point generated in step (5), irregular triangle network and lean type model are built, fitting texture selects no-sundries to hide Gear, posture uniformity dislocation-free image be fitted on lean type model and obtain geology and appear threedimensional model;
    (7) threedimensional model optimizes
    Model is optimized on the basis of step (6), including area's cutting is filled up and lost interest in models holes;Fill up hole Suitable parameters dialogue body Model need to first be chosen to be filled up, be then bonded texture again.
  2. The 3 D model construction method 2. a kind of geology based on slr camera according to claim 1 is appeared, feature exist In:Described step (1) mesoscale identification point A, B, C are in isosceles right triangle, the setting distance range of waist long AB and AC as possible Between 0.5 meter to 1 meter.
  3. The 3 D model construction method 3. a kind of geology based on slr camera according to claim 1 is appeared, feature exist In:Certain amount of tie point is located at four corners, centers in the step (3) in the overlapping region on adjacent image Totally 5 points.
  4. The 3 D model construction method 4. a kind of geology based on slr camera according to claim 1 is appeared, feature exist In:A, b, c during by scale identification point A, B, C in step (1), thorn point obtains step (4) in corresponding image respectively, setting When the distance between obligatory point, sets ab length to the measurement distance of the long AB of waist, set ac length to the measurement of the long AC of waist Distance.
  5. The 3 D model construction method 5. a kind of geology based on slr camera according to claim 1 is appeared, feature exist In:Parameter selection rules are to use plane for the hole within the scope of area S (0≤S≤0.1) square metres in the step (7) It fills up, for area S (0.1<S≤0.5) square metre within the scope of hole filled up using curved surface, for area S (S>Square 0.5) Hole in rice range is first put up a bridge among hole with curve, then is filled up with curved surface.
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