CN108548353A - A kind of artificial snow-making system - Google Patents
A kind of artificial snow-making system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108548353A CN108548353A CN201810611176.9A CN201810611176A CN108548353A CN 108548353 A CN108548353 A CN 108548353A CN 201810611176 A CN201810611176 A CN 201810611176A CN 108548353 A CN108548353 A CN 108548353A
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- Prior art keywords
- ice
- cavity
- water
- making
- ice making
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25C—PRODUCING, WORKING OR HANDLING ICE
- F25C3/00—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for producing ice or snow for winter sports or similar recreational purposes, e.g. for sporting installations; Producing artificial snow
- F25C3/04—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for producing ice or snow for winter sports or similar recreational purposes, e.g. for sporting installations; Producing artificial snow for sledging or ski trails; Producing artificial snow
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25C—PRODUCING, WORKING OR HANDLING ICE
- F25C2303/00—Special arrangements or features for producing ice or snow for winter sports or similar recreational purposes, e.g. for sporting installations; Special arrangements or features for producing artificial snow
- F25C2303/042—Snow making by using solid ice, e.g. ice crushing
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of artificial snow-making systems, including refrigeration system, ice making unit, ice-water separation device and blowing unit；Ice making unit includes an ice making cavity, and refrigeration system includes to be sheathed on the evaporation cavity of ice making cavity appearance, and refrigerant is full of in evaporation cavity, and the liquid water in ice making cavity is formed solid ice by refrigerant；Ice-water separation device includes the cylinder for having accommodating chamber, and accommodating chamber is separated into water storage cavity and dewatering cavity by close sieve, and a defeated ice channel is equipped in water storage cavity, and defeated ice passage end passes through cylinder is outer to be connect with blowing unit；It further include a cutting unit, cutting members shred the solid ice in ice making cavity to form mixture of ice and water, mixture of ice and water carries out ice water by ice-water separation device and detaches to form ice crystal, ice crystal is delivered to by through-hole in defeated ice channel, is transported to the wind formed through blowing unit in blowing unit finally by defeated ice channel and is blown out formation snow.Above-mentioned artificial snow-making system have it is simple and practical, low energy consumption and can modularized production, meet outdoor and indoor round-the-clock artificial snow-making requirement.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of ice making field, especially a kind of artificial snow-making system.
Background technology
Artificial snow is provided for winter sports and is ensured to greatest extent, and the outdoor main artificial snow-making mode of artificial snow-making relies at present
The water of atomization is sprayed onto by snowmaker high pressure in less than 0 DEG C air below of temperature, autocoagulation Cheng Xue by weather conditions,
Stronger to the dependence of weather, when temperature cannot be met the requirements, artificial snow-making will be unable to carry out, and indoor sport on snow is generally using artificial
The mode that refrigeration ice making crushes artificial snow-making again is met the requirements, and first ice making crushes conveying again, and the particle that this mode is not only avenged is larger simultaneously
And refrigeration system efficiency is low, can not achieve the effect that really to avenge, another subcooled water fluidic ice extracts pure ice phase again
To relative energy-saving, but technology is still immature, and since refrigeration system is more complex, and the unstable of subcooled water is easily frozen when ice making
The reasons such as evaporator are tied, cause system operatio complicated, maintaining is of high cost.
Invention content
In view of above-mentioned condition, it is necessary to provide it is a kind of it is simple and practical, low energy consumption and can modularized production artificial snow-making system.
Further include ice making unit, ice water in order to solve the above technical problems, providing a kind of artificial snow-making system, including refrigeration system
Separator and blowing unit；
The ice making unit includes an ice making cavity, has been respectively included and the ice making in the top and bottom of the ice making cavity
The ice mouth and water inlet that chamber communicates, the refrigeration system includes to be sheathed on the evaporation cavity of the ice making cavity appearance, described
Refrigerant is full of in evaporation cavity, the liquid water in the ice making cavity is formed solid ice by the refrigerant；
The ice-water separation device includes the cylinder for having accommodating chamber, and being fixed with one in the accommodating chamber is covered with pore
The accommodating chamber is separated into water storage cavity and dewatering cavity by close sieve, the close sieve, and it is logical that a defeated ice is equipped in the water storage cavity
Road is interconnected between the defeated ice channel and the dewatering cavity by through-hole, and the defeated ice passage end passes through the cylinder
It is connect outside with the blowing unit；
Further include a cutting unit, the cutting unit includes the cutting members being set in the ice making cavity, the cutting members
Solid ice in the ice making cavity is shredded to form mixture of ice and water, the liquid that the water storage cavity will store in it by outlet pipe
Water is delivered to through water inlet in the ice making cavity, is gone out ice pipe by ice mouth connection one in the ice making cavity and will be formed in it
Mixture of ice and water is delivered in the dewatering cavity, and the mixture of ice and water carries out ice water separation by the ice-water separation device,
Dewatered ice is delivered to by through-hole in the defeated ice channel, is transported to the blowing unit finally by the defeated ice channel
The interior wind formed through the blowing unit is blown out formation snow.
In aforementioned present invention artificial snow-making system, the cutting unit further includes first motor and main shaft, and the cutting members are
One spiral sharpener, described main shaft one end export axis connection with the first motor, and the other end is connect with the cutting members, described
Main shaft rotation drives the cutting members to be rotated in the ice making cavity, to be formed to make the solid ice in the ice making cavity be chopped into
Mixture of ice and water.
In aforementioned present invention artificial snow-making system, the cutting members include rotary shaft and the blade in the shaft, institute
The both ends for stating shaft are individually fixed in the top and bottom of the ice making cavity, and the blade outer edge is attached at the ice making cavity
Cavity wall.
In aforementioned present invention artificial snow-making system, the refrigeration system further includes the refrigeration compressor being connected with each other and condensation
Device is respectively equipped with the refrigerant outlet communicated therewith and refrigerant inlet, the refrigeration in the top and bottom of the evaporation cavity
Agent outlet is connect with the refrigeration compressor by refrigerator pipes, and the condenser is connected by refrigerator pipes and the refrigerant inlet
It connects.
In aforementioned present invention artificial snow-making system, a throttling is additionally provided between the condenser and the refrigerant inlet
Valve.
In aforementioned present invention artificial snow-making system, the defeated ice channel include delivery tube and with described delivery tube one end end phase
Connection goes out ice pipe, and the delivery tube is round tubular structure, and it is solid with the cylinder that both ends are each passed through the cylinder body outer wall
It is fixed, it is equipped with a screw rod in the delivery tube, the second motor, the second motor output are equipped in one end of the delivery tube
Axis connect with the screw rod and the screw rod can be driven to be rotated in the delivery tube.
In aforementioned present invention artificial snow-making system, the blowing unit includes third motor and pressure fan, and the pressure fan connects
The output shaft of the third motor is connect, the pressure fan includes several impellers, and a funnel, the leakage are equipped with above the impeller
Bucket include into ice mouth and snow output spot, it is described go out ice pipe one end be connected with the transport tube end, the other end be connected to it is described into
In ice mouth, the mixture of ice and water is transported by the delivery tube to described on ice mouth, and falls to institute into ice mouth through described
It states above impeller, the ice crystal is formed snow by the wind that the impeller (622) of rotation is formed by the snow output spot (644) blowout.
Above-mentioned artificial snow-making system is interconnected to form a cyclic system by refrigeration system, ice making unit and ice-water separation device
System finally blows out the ice crystal that ice-water separation device generates to form artificial snow through blowing unit, and entire artificial snow-making simple system is real
With, low energy consumption and can modularized production, outdoor and indoor round-the-clock artificial snow-making requirement can be met.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is artificial snow-making overall system architecture schematic diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is ice making cavity and cutting unit structural schematic diagram in artificial snow-making system of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is blowing unit structural schematic diagram in artificial snow-making system of the present invention.
Specific implementation mode
In order to make the purpose , technical scheme and advantage of the present invention be clearer, with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, right
Artificial snow-making system of the present invention is further elaborated.It should be appreciated that specific embodiment described herein is only explaining this
Invention, is not intended to limit the present invention.
Fig. 1, a kind of artificial snow-making system of the embodiment of the present invention, including refrigeration system are referred to, further includes ice making unit, ice water
Separator and blowing unit；
Ice making unit includes an ice making cavity 31, has respectively included communicating with ice making cavity 31 in the top and bottom of ice making cavity 31
Ice mouth 312 and water inlet 314, water inlet 314 carry out ice making for injecting liquid water, the ice that ice mouth 312 is used to make
Crystalline substance output, refrigeration system includes to be sheathed on the evaporation cavity 11 of 31 appearance of ice making cavity, evaporation cavity 11 and ice making cavity 31 interlayer each other
Structure is full of refrigerant in evaporation cavity 11, and the liquid water in ice making cavity 31 is formed solid ice by refrigerant, in the present invention,
Refrigerant can be environmentally friendly freon；
Ice-water separation device includes the cylinder 21 for having accommodating chamber 212, and being fixed with one in accommodating chamber 212 is covered with pore
Accommodating chamber 212 is separated into water storage cavity 214 and dewatering cavity 216 by close sieve 22, close sieve 22, and it is defeated that one is equipped in water storage cavity 214
Ice channel 23 is interconnected between defeated ice channel 23 and dewatering cavity 216 by through-hole, and defeated 23 one end of ice channel passes through outside cylinder 21
It is connect with blowing unit；In the present invention, through-hole, which is equipped with, can open or close the valve of the through-hole, when needing to detach ice water
When ice crystal afterwards is operated to blowing unit, then valve is opened, so that ice crystal is passed through through-hole and fall to defeated ice channel 23 finally to blowing
Unit；
Further include a cutting unit, cutting unit includes the cutting members 41 being set in ice making cavity 31, and cutting members 41 are by ice making
Solid ice in chamber 31 shreds to form mixture of ice and water, water storage cavity 214 by outlet pipe 51 by the liquid water stored in it pass through into
The mouth of a river 314 is delivered in ice making cavity 31, the ice that goes out ice pipe 52 by the connection of ice mouth 312 one in ice making cavity 31 and will be formed in it
Aqueous mixtures are delivered in dewatering cavity 216, and mixture of ice and water carries out ice water by ice-water separation device and detaches to form ice crystal, ice crystal
It is delivered in defeated ice channel 23 by through-hole, finally by what is formed through blowing unit in the transport to blowing unit of defeated ice channel 23
Wind is blown out formation snow, and the cutting members 41 in the present invention shred the solid ice in ice making cavity 31 to form mixture of ice and water, with
Form the ice crystal for meeting size shape needed for artificial snow-making.
As depicted in figs. 1 and 2, in artificial snow-making system of the present invention, cutting unit further includes first motor 42 and main shaft 43, is cut
Cutting members 41 is a spiral sharpener, and 43 one end of main shaft exports axis connection with first motor 42, and the other end is connect with cutting members 41, main
The rotation of axis 43 drives the rotation in the ice making cavity 31 of cutting members 41, and to make the solid ice in ice making cavity 31 be chopped into, to form ice water mixed
Close object, wherein cutting members 41 can also be the blade of scraper or other forms, make its facilitate the solid ice in chopping ice making cavity 31 with
Form mixture of ice and water.
Cutting members 41 include that rotary shaft 412 and the blade 414 in shaft 412, the both ends of shaft 412 are individually fixed in
The top and bottom of ice making cavity 31,414 outer edge of blade are attached at the cavity wall of ice making cavity 31.
As shown in Figure 1, in artificial snow-making system of the present invention, refrigeration system further includes the refrigeration compressor 12 being connected with each other and cold
Condenser 13 is respectively equipped with the refrigerant outlet 112 communicated therewith and refrigerant inlet 114 in the top and bottom of evaporation cavity 11,
Refrigerant outlet 112 is connect with refrigeration compressor 12 by refrigerator pipes 53, and condenser 13 passes through refrigerator pipes 53 and refrigerant inlet
114 connections.
A throttle valve 14 is additionally provided between condenser 13 and refrigerant inlet 114, environmentally friendly freon passes through throttle valve 14
The environmentally friendly freon liquid that low-temp low-pressure is formed after throttling enters part evaporation cavity 11 and carries out heat absorption evaporation, forms refrigerating environment.
As shown in Figure 1, in artificial snow-making system of the present invention, defeated ice channel 23 include delivery tube 232 and with 232 one end of delivery tube
What end was connected goes out ice pipe 234, and delivery tube 232 is round tubular structure, and both ends are each passed through 21 outer wall of cylinder and cylinder
21 fix, and a screw rod 236 is equipped in delivery tube 232, and the second motor 238, the second motor are equipped in one end of delivery tube 232
238 output shafts connect with screw rod 236 and can drive the rotation in delivery tube 232 of screw rod 236.
As shown in figure 3, in artificial snow-making system of the present invention, blowing unit includes third motor 61 and pressure fan 62, pressure fan
The output shaft of 62 connection third motors 61, pressure fan 62 includes several impellers 622, and a funnel 64, leakage are equipped with above impeller 622
Bucket 64 includes going out 234 one end of ice pipe into ice mouth 642 and snow output spot 644 and being connected with 232 end of delivery tube, the other end is connected to
Into in ice mouth 642, ice crystal by the transport of delivery tube 232 on ice mouth 642, and through being fallen on impeller 622 into ice mouth 642
Ice crystal is formed snow by side, the wind that the impeller 622 of rotation is formed by the blowout of snow output spot 644.
The operation principle of artificial snow-making system of the present invention is described as follows：
Environmentally friendly freon enters condenser 13 by refrigeration compressor 12 at the gas of high temperature and pressure, by condenser 13
With external heat-exchanging, condenser 13 can be wind turbine machine or water cooling unit, be condensed into the environmentally friendly freon of the liquid of high pressure medium temperature, liquid
Environmentally friendly freon using throttle valve 14 throttle after formed low-temp low-pressure environmentally friendly freon liquid enter in evaporation cavity 11, steam
It is about -5 DEG C to send out the freon evaporating temperature in chamber 11, the evaporation in the evaporation cavity 11 of environmentally friendly freon, the inner wall of evaporation cavity 11 with
Water heat exchange in 31 cavity of ice making cavity, makes the cavity wall of ice making cavity 31 form ice sheet, the low-temperature environment-friendly freon in evaporation cavity 11
Liquid absorbs the heat of water, environmentally friendly freon liquid transition is at low-temp low-pressure after 31 inner wall of ice making cavity and water heat exchange
Gas-liquid mixture phase simultaneously returns to part 1 by refrigeration piping, then is compressed into the gas progress of high temperature and pressure next time by refrigerator pipes
Refrigeration cycle, constantly change freon state in refrigeration systems in this way and achieve the purpose that refrigeration.
Connect it is above-mentioned, the water of the water storage cavity 214 of ice-water separation device by outlet pipe 51 by the liquid water stored in it pass through into
The mouth of a river 314 is delivered in the ice making cavity 31, and water pump 512 is provided on outlet pipe 51, the inner wall by ice making cavity 31 and steaming
The environmentally friendly freon liquid heat exchange evaporated in chamber 11 is sent out to achieve the purpose that ice making；Cutting members 41 drive main shaft 43 by motor 42
High speed rotation, cutting members 41 are a spiral sharpener comprising rotary shaft 412 and the blade 414 in shaft 412, blade 414
It is rotated in 41 inner wall of ice making cavity by main shaft 43 and constantly forms helical form cutting, the thin ice that 41 inner wall of ice making cavity is formed constantly are cut
It chips away and is mixed with water, high-speed rotating blade 414 is constantly cut with the inner wall of ice making cavity 41 so that thin ice form about 0.5mm
Small ice crystal mixed with water；
It connects above-mentioned, forms mixture of ice and water fluidic ice in ice making cavity 41 and cylinder 21 is arrived by the ice mouth 312 of ice making cavity 41
Dewatering cavity 216 in, itself and water are completely separated in the dewatering cavity 216 by mixture of ice and water by centrifugation, and water falls to storage
The bottom of water cavity 214 participates in ice-make cycle next time, and the pure ice that mixture of ice and water obtains after ice, water separation is logical by defeated ice
Road 23 is delivered to blowing unit, and several impellers 622 that blowing unit includes form wind-force, pure ice under the drive of third motor 61
It is blown out by high-speed rotating impeller from snow output spot again, forms artificial snow, entire artificial snow-making simple system is practical, and low energy consumption
And can modularized production, outdoor and indoor round-the-clock artificial snow-making requirement can be met, in addition, by that will make in artificial snow-making system of the present invention
Mixture of ice and water by ice-water separation device, reach water-free pure ice conveying, ensure that not aqueous in artificial snow.
Its simple system of modularization artificial snow-making system is practical, and ice making is stablized, and maintenance cost is low.
The above described is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, be not intended to limit the present invention in any form, though
So the present invention has been disclosed as a preferred embodiment, and however, it is not intended to limit the invention, any technology people for being familiar with this profession
Member, without departing from the scope of the present invention, when the technology contents using the disclosure above make a little change or modification
For the equivalent embodiment of equivalent variations, as long as be without departing from technical solution of the present invention content, it is right according to the technical essence of the invention
Any simple modification, equivalent change and modification made by above example, in the range of still falling within technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. a kind of artificial snow-making system, including refrigeration system, it is characterised in that：Further include ice making unit, ice-water separation device and blowing
Unit；
The ice making unit include an ice making cavity (31), the top and bottom of the ice making cavity (31) respectively included with it is described
The ice mouth (312) and water inlet (314) that ice making cavity (31) communicates, the refrigeration system includes to be sheathed on the ice making cavity
(31) evaporation cavity (11) of appearance, is full of refrigerant in the evaporation cavity (11), and the refrigerant is by the ice making cavity (31)
Interior liquid water forms solid ice；
The ice-water separation device includes the cylinder (21) of tool accommodating chamber (212), and one is fixed in the accommodating chamber (212)
It is covered with the close sieve (22) of pore, the accommodating chamber (212) is separated into water storage cavity (214) and dewatering cavity by the close sieve (22)
(216), a defeated ice channel (23), the defeated ice channel (23) and the dewatering cavity (216) are equipped in the water storage cavity (214)
Between by through-hole be interconnected, described defeated ice channel (23) one end pass through the cylinder (21) outside with the blowing unit connect
It connects；
Further include a cutting unit, the cutting unit includes the cutting members (41) being set in the ice making cavity (31), described to cut
Cutting members (41) shreds the solid ice in the ice making cavity (31) to form mixture of ice and water, and the water storage cavity (214) passes through water outlet
The liquid water stored in it is delivered to through water inlet (314) in the ice making cavity (31) by pipe (51), in the ice making cavity (31)
Go out ice pipe (52) by ice mouth (312) connection one and the mixture of ice and water formed in it is delivered to the dewatering cavity (216)
Interior, the mixture of ice and water carries out ice water by the ice-water separation device and detaches to form ice crystal, and the ice crystal is defeated by through-hole
Send in the defeated ice channel (23), finally by defeated ice channel (23) transport to the blowing unit through the blowing
The wind that unit is formed is blown out formation snow.
2. artificial snow-making system as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that：The cutting unit further includes first motor (42) and master
Axis (43), the cutting members (41) are a spiral sharpener, and described main shaft (43) one end connects with the first motor (42) output shaft
It connects, the other end is connect with the cutting members (41), and main shaft (43) rotation drives the cutting members (41) in the ice making
Rotation in chamber (31), to make the solid ice in the ice making cavity (31) be chopped into form mixture of ice and water.
3. artificial snow-making system as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that：The cutting members (41) include rotary shaft (412) and set
It is individually fixed in the upper of the ice making cavity (31) in the both ends of the blade (414) in the shaft (412), the shaft (412)
End and lower end, blade (414) outer edge are attached at the cavity wall of the ice making cavity (31).
4. artificial snow-making system as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that：The refrigeration system further includes the refrigeration pressure being connected with each other
Contracting machine (12) and condenser (13) are respectively equipped with the refrigerant outlet communicated therewith in the top and bottom of the evaporation cavity (11)
(112) and refrigerant inlet (114), the refrigerant outlet (112) pass through refrigerator pipes (53) with the refrigeration compressor (12)
Connection, the condenser (13) are connect by refrigerator pipes (53) with the refrigerant inlet (114).
5. artificial snow-making system as claimed in claim 4, it is characterised in that：In the condenser (13) and the refrigerant inlet
(114) throttle valve (14) is additionally provided between.
6. artificial snow-making system as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that：The defeated ice channel (23) include delivery tube (232) and
What is be connected with the delivery tube (232) one end end goes out ice pipe (234), and the delivery tube (232) is round tubular structure,
Both ends are each passed through the cylinder (21) outer wall and are fixed with the cylinder (21), and a spiral is equipped in the delivery tube (232)
Bar (236) is equipped with the second motor (238), the second motor (238) output shaft and institute in one end of the delivery tube (232)
Screw rod (236) is stated to connect and the screw rod (236) rotation in the delivery tube (232) can be driven.
7. artificial snow-making system as claimed in claim 6, it is characterised in that：The blowing unit includes third motor (61) and air-supply
Machine (62), the pressure fan (62) connect the output shaft of the third motor (61), and the pressure fan (62) includes several impellers
(622), a funnel (64) is equipped with above the impeller (622), the funnel (64) includes into ice mouth (642) and snow output spot
(644), it is described go out ice pipe (234) one end be connected with the delivery tube (232) end, the other end is connected to described into ice mouth
(642) in, the ice crystal is transported by the delivery tube (232) to described on ice mouth (642), and through described into ice mouth
(642) it falls to above the impeller (622), the wind that the impeller (622) of rotation is formed is by the ice crystal by the snow output spot
(644) blowout forms snow.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810611176.9A CN108548353A (en) | 2018-06-14 | 2018-06-14 | A kind of artificial snow-making system |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810611176.9A CN108548353A (en) | 2018-06-14 | 2018-06-14 | A kind of artificial snow-making system |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN108548353A true CN108548353A (en) | 2018-09-18 |
Family
ID=63493538
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810611176.9A Withdrawn CN108548353A (en) | 2018-06-14 | 2018-06-14 | A kind of artificial snow-making system |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN108548353A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111947257A (en) * | 2020-08-04 | 2020-11-17 | 大连民族大学 | Regional cooling system |
| CN114165956A (en) * | 2021-11-12 | 2022-03-11 | 烟台冰轮节能科技有限公司 | Water supercooling phase change type ice and snow integrated machine |
-
2018
- 2018-06-14 CN CN201810611176.9A patent/CN108548353A/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111947257A (en) * | 2020-08-04 | 2020-11-17 | 大连民族大学 | Regional cooling system |
| CN114165956A (en) * | 2021-11-12 | 2022-03-11 | 烟台冰轮节能科技有限公司 | Water supercooling phase change type ice and snow integrated machine |
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Application publication date: 20180918 |
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| WW01 | Invention patent application withdrawn after publication |