CN108547251A - A kind of method that dredging is dug in water conservancy punching - Google Patents
A kind of method that dredging is dug in water conservancy punching Download PDFInfo
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- CN108547251A CN108547251A CN201810344188.XA CN201810344188A CN108547251A CN 108547251 A CN108547251 A CN 108547251A CN 201810344188 A CN201810344188 A CN 201810344188A CN 108547251 A CN108547251 A CN 108547251A
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- mud
- dredging
- water conservancy
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- hydraulic reclamation
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
- E02F3/00—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines
- E02F3/04—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven
- E02F3/88—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven with arrangements acting by a sucking or forcing effect, e.g. suction dredgers
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
- Treatment Of Sludge (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of river dredging method, more particularly to a kind of method that dredging is dug in water conservancy punching includes the following steps:S1:It reinforces Repulse Bay and fills periphery, make to fill formation hydraulic reclamation area between periphery and Channel slope;S2:Digging machine group is rushed according to type selecting water conservancy is required;S3:Arrangement mud conveying pipeline and mud mouth, mud conveying pipeline extend to hydraulic reclamation area by the areas water conservancy Chong Wa, and mud mouth is located in hydraulic reclamation area;S4:Withdrawal nozzle is arranged in hydraulic reclamation area and for the bleeding area of settled mud, the water of withdrawal nozzle outflow is back to the areas Chong Wa;S5:Water conservancy is rushed into digging machine group and is placed in the areas Chong Wa, startup water conservancy rushes digging machine group and carries out punching digging, and the mud in the areas Chong Wa is pumped to hydraulic reclamation area by dredging tube.The present invention fills periphery by being constructed along river direction, river is divided into the areas Chong Wa and hydraulic reclamation area along flow direction, by the mud pumping in the areas Chong Wa to hydraulic reclamation area, reach while clearing up medium or smallsized river mud, effect that also can rationally using mud to reduce cost He shorten the construction period.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of river dredging method, more particularly to a kind of method that dredging is dug in water conservancy punching.
Background technology
Small river channel sedimentation phenomenon is commonplace in China, and the original flood of regulating and storing in river is subtracted with the ability prevented and reduced natural disasters
Weak country in recent years strengthens the management of middle river channel and rural area river, and wherein dredging engineering is extensive as major measure
Implement.Channel cleanout is divided into dry method dredging, underwater desilting and microbe dredging by construction technology, and wherein dry method dredging is divided into machinery
Directly excavate to rush with water conservancy and dig.
The method that dredging is dug in existing water conservancy punching is to rush digging machine using water conservancy to work, and the high pressure of digging machine is rushed by water conservancy
Pump makes flow generate pressure, and closely knit water jets under high pressure is sprayed by hydraulic giant, cut, crushed to the soil body, humidifying is allowed to, collapses
Solution, forms the mixing of mud and clod, then by Veritical mud pump and dredging tube by mud suction and conveying on the bank stockyard or collection starch
Pond achievees the purpose that dredging.Disadvantage is that the mud moisture content of slush pump suction and conveying is high, subsequent processing difficulty is big, processing
Period is longer.
In addition, river is suitable only for constructing in the non-flood period in river using the method that dredging is dug in water conservancy punching, because
The period of this construction is nervous.Transport is retransferred after mud is dried, and is on the one hand compared and is expended the time, on the other hand must arrange volume
Outer machinery is transported, and cost is higher;It will be transported in the direct dispatch to mud of technological requirement of mud, then it can be because of water content in mud
It is larger and make transportation cost it is high.
In the prior art there is also the method for using mud dyke strengthening, construction will be spread out using slush pump or dredger in river
Mud suction and conveying to river outbeach so that mud is settled down to Wai Tanchu, play reinforce dykes and dams purpose.But this method is only applicable in
In the river that width is larger, such as the Yellow River, it is difficult to use this method in medium or smallsized river.
Invention content
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of water conservancies to rush the method for digging dredging, has reached in cleaning medium or smallsized river mud
Meanwhile also can rationally using mud to reduce cost He shorten the construction period effect.
The present invention above-mentioned technical purpose technical scheme is that:
A kind of method that dredging is dug in water conservancy punching, includes the following steps: S1:It reinforces Repulse Bay and fills periphery, make to fill periphery and river
Hydraulic reclamation area is formed between road side slope; S2:Digging machine group is rushed according to type selecting water conservancy is required; S3:Arrange mud conveying pipeline and mud mouth, it is defeated
Mud pipeline extends to hydraulic reclamation area by the areas water conservancy Chong Wa, and mud mouth is located in hydraulic reclamation area; S4:Withdrawal nozzle and use are arranged in hydraulic reclamation area
In the bleeding area of settled mud, the water of withdrawal nozzle outflow is back to the areas Chong Wa; S5:Water conservancy is rushed into digging machine group and is placed in the areas Chong Wa, is opened
Dynamic water conservancy rushes digging machine group and carries out punching digging, and the mud in the areas Chong Wa is pumped to hydraulic reclamation area by dredging tube.
By using above-mentioned technical proposal, fills periphery and river is divided into hydraulic reclamation area and the areas Chong Wa, after digging machine group is rushed in startup,
The areas Chong Wa dug among river can be rushed by rushing digging machine group, and punching is then dug the mud pumping generated to river side by slush pump
Hydraulic reclamation area, mud in hydraulic reclamation area with river tendency flow and settled in bleeding area, upper layer is more limpid in bleeding area
Water then flows automatically into withdrawal nozzle, and entering the areas Chong Wa from withdrawal nozzle reuses;In this way, the mud in the areas Chong Wa is gradually transferred to
Hydraulic reclamation area avoids the process of processing mud, greatly reduces cost and shorten the duration;The areas Chong Wa are mainly used for river river
The flowing of water, and hydraulic reclamation area can then plant aquatic ornamental plant, helps to purify water and environment;Fill periphery every
From under, the mud in hydraulic reclamation area is difficult to enter back into the areas Chong Wa, extends the period that river blocks again.
Preferably, periphery is filled in step S1 carries out permanent enclosing reinforcing using galvanized wire cage, the specific steps are:Galvanized wire cage
The connection of the transverse and longitudinal between cage body and fastening are carried out in construction, banket in soil engineering bag, the soil engineering bag to banket is placed in galvanized wire cage,
Banketing in soil engineering bag is tamped later.
By using above-mentioned technical proposal, soil engineering bag is fitted into galvanized wire cage, periphery is filled in construction in this way to take on the spot
Material, for a long time in river using will not pollute and generate corrosion;In addition the soil engineering bag in galvanized wire cage stitches after compacting
Gap is smaller so that the mud being pumped in hydraulic reclamation area from the areas Chong Wa is difficult to be back to the areas Chong Wa through filling periphery.
Preferably, the periphery of filling of galvanized wire cage composition is provided with filter cloth, the filter cloth patch close to the side in hydraulic reclamation area
It closes in the outer surface of galvanized wire cage.
By using above-mentioned technical proposal, the mud into hydraulic reclamation area, moisture can gradually be infiltrated by filter cloth
Soil property in mud is partitioned to hydraulic reclamation area by the areas Chong Wa.
Preferably, in step S3, dredging tube is propped by holder, and mud conveying pipeline holding smoothes out, is unimpeded, and mud mouth is arranged in
The hydraulic reclamation area higher position of landform.
By using above-mentioned technical proposal, the smooth-going of defeated mud channel, it is unimpeded can ensure that defeated mud process is unobstructed, mud extraction
Mouth is arranged in the mud that the higher position of landform is mud mouth discharge for convenience and is gradually settled by way of gravity flow.
Preferably, mud mouth placement location is filled apart from galvanized wire cage other than 5 meters of periphery, and mud mouth is higher by the design of hydraulic reclamation area
0.5 meter of elevation or more.
By using above-mentioned technical proposal, it can prevent the mud that mud mouth is discharged from directly washing away and fill peripheral infrastructure
Unstability is caused, and fills excessively high so that mud mouth is submerged.
Preferably, mud mouth, bleeding area and withdrawal nozzle are arranged from high to low successively in hydraulic reclamation area, bleeding area to withdrawal nozzle
Between topography it is gentle.
By using above-mentioned technical proposal, the mud of mud mouth discharge can enter bleeding area by the effect of gravity flow, main
It to be settled in bleeding area, the topography between bleeding area and withdrawal nozzle gently contributes to reduce the flow velocity of flow in bleeding area,
The effect for reinforcing sedimentation as much as possible, avoids the too high levels of mud at withdrawal nozzle.
Preferably, sinuous drainage channel is excavated in bleeding area to withdrawal nozzle.
By using above-mentioned technical proposal, sinuous drainage channel is conducive to natural trickling and the precipitation of mud, contributes to
Control the mud content of moisture at withdrawal nozzle.
Preferably, being provided with energy dissipating anti-filter facility at withdrawal nozzle in bleeding area.
By using above-mentioned technical proposal, when the gradient in bleeding area to withdrawal nozzle is larger, bleeding area flows to withdrawal nozzle
Water velocity is larger, is unfavorable for the sedimentation of bleeding area mud, can flow to and move back to bleeding area under the action of energy dissipating anti-filter facility
The flow in pool carries out blocking energy dissipating, reduces flow rate of water flow, is conducive to the mud sedimentation in bleeding area, to reduce water at withdrawal nozzle
The mud content divided.
Preferably, in step S5, it is preferential to carry out bank slope dredging, river bed dredging during the digging area that liquidates carries out dredging
It is carried out at the same time with the progress of bank slope dredging, and the elevation of river bed to ideal horizontal plane is surveyed at any time during dredging
Amount.
By using above-mentioned technical proposal, it can be ensured that bank stability and prevent from backbreaking.
Preferably, in step s 5, using water conservancy rush digging machine group liquidate dig area and dredged when, it is suitable in river bank slope side
It bank slope direction and carries out impact dredging operation on earth from top to bottom, from bank, carried out from shock point to slush pump direction at river bed
Dredging operation.
By using above-mentioned technical proposal, reverse impact mud can be avoided and caused by dredging excess problem.
In conclusion the present invention has the following technical effects:
1. filling periphery by being constructed along river direction, river is divided into the areas Chong Wa and hydraulic reclamation area along flow direction, by the mud in the areas Chong Wa
Slurry is pumped to hydraulic reclamation area, has reached while clearing up medium or smallsized river mud, also can be rationally using mud to reduce cost
With the effect shortened the construction period;
2. by excavating sinuous drainage channel in bleeding area to withdrawal nozzle, achieve the effect that enhance the mud sedimentation of bleeding area.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the Construction State schematic diagram of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the schematic cross-section in river;
Fig. 3 is the river section design sketch after construction.
In figure, 1, the areas Chong Wa;2, hydraulic reclamation area;3, water conservancy rushes digging machine group;4, periphery is filled;5, mud conveying pipeline;6, bleeding area;
7, withdrawal nozzle;8, drainage channel.
Specific implementation mode
Below in conjunction with attached drawing, invention is further described in detail.The identical reference numeral of wherein identical parts
It indicates.It should be noted that word "front", "rear" used in the following description, "left", "right", "upper", "lower", " bottom surface " and
" top surface " refers to that the direction in attached drawing, word "inner" and "outside" are referred respectively to towards or away from geometric center of specific component
Direction.
The method that dredging is dug in a kind of punching of water conservancy includes the following steps in conjunction with Fig. 1:
S1:It reinforces Repulse Bay and fills periphery 4, make to fill formation hydraulic reclamation area 2 between periphery 4 and Channel slope.Periphery 4 is filled to reinforce
Cofferdam can be used to reinforce, pile up reinforcing or other methods reinforcing, use galvanized wire cage to carry out permanent enclosing in the present embodiment
It reinforces.
Galvanized wire cage is constructed, and is carried out transverse and longitudinal connection and fastening between cage body, is banketed in soil engineering bag, the soil engineering bag that will be banketed
It is placed in galvanized wire cage, banketing in soil engineering bag is tamped later.In this way, the material that periphery 4 is filled in construction can be on the spot
Materials fill periphery 4 for a long time in river using will not pollute and generate corrosion after construction;In addition, in galvanized wire cage
Soil engineering bag after compacting gap it is smaller so that the mud being pumped in hydraulic reclamation area 2 from the areas Chong Wa 1 is difficult through filling periphery
4 are back to the areas Chong Wa 1.
Furthermore it is also possible to which filter cloth is arranged close to the side in hydraulic reclamation area 2 filling periphery 4, nonwoven may be used in filter cloth
Cloth, filter cloth are fitted in the outer surface of galvanized wire cage, and the lower end of filter cloth is pushed down by galvanized wire cage, and upper end, which climbs over, fills periphery 4.Hydraulic reclamation
Moisture in area 2 in mud can gradually infiltrate into the areas Chong Wa 1 by filter cloth, and the soil property in mud is partitioned to hydraulic reclamation area 2.
S2:Digging machine group 3 is rushed according to type selecting water conservancy is required.According to live Practical Project amount, the duration, operation intensity, go to sleep not
Know, defeated mud length, the correlative factors such as supply of electric power, determines that water conservancy rushes the model and quantity of digging machine group 3.
S3:Arrangement mud conveying pipeline 5 and mud mouth, mud conveying pipeline 5 extend to hydraulic reclamation area 2, mud mouth position by the areas water conservancy Chong Wa 1
In in hydraulic reclamation area 2.
Preferably, as shown in Fig. 2, mud conveying pipeline 5 is propped by holder, and to ensure that mud conveying pipeline 5 smoothes out, is smooth as possible
It is logical, do not occur wide-angle bending, can ensure that the pipe resistance of mud conveying pipeline 5 is smaller in this way, convenient for conveying mud;Go out simultaneously
Mud mouth should also be arranged in 2 landform of hydraulic reclamation area it is higher place so that it is convenient to mud mouth discharge mud by way of gravity flow by
Gradually settle.
The best distance of mud mouth placement location is filled other than 4 five meters of periphery, and mud mouth is higher by 2 design altitude of hydraulic reclamation area
0.5 meter or more.It can prevent from the mud that mud mouth is discharged from directly washing away in this way to fill peripheral 4 infrastructures and cause unstability, and
Fill excessively high so that mud mouth is submerged.
S4:Withdrawal nozzle 7 is arranged in hydraulic reclamation area 2 and for the bleeding area 6 of settled mud, the water that withdrawal nozzle 7 flows out is back to
The areas Chong Wa 1.
There is height tendency in river along the direction of its flowing, and general upstream topography is compared with downstream height, it is preferable that as shown in Figure 1,
Mud mouth, bleeding area 6 and withdrawal nozzle 7 are arranged from high to low successively in hydraulic reclamation area 2(In Fig. 1 arrow direction by height to
It is low), the mud of such mud mouth discharge can be by gravity flow into bleeding area 6, and mud mainly settles in bleeding area 6;It secretes
Pool 6 is preferably more gentle to topography between withdrawal nozzle 7, and the speed that the water in such bleeding area 6 flow to withdrawal nozzle 7 will not be too
Greatly, the mud contributed in bleeding area 6 settles, and to reduce the content of mud at withdrawal nozzle 7, withdrawal nozzle 7 is discharged concentration of hydraulic mixture
It should control within 1%.
If the gradient of bleeding area 6 to withdrawal nozzle 7 is larger, the flow rate of water flow that withdrawal nozzle 7 is flow to from bleeding area 6 can be larger,
The mud sedimentation being unfavorable in bleeding area 6, it is possible to withdrawal nozzle 7 can be caused to be discharged concentration of hydraulic mixture exceeded.At this point it is possible in bleeding
Energy dissipating anti-filter facility is set in area 6 at withdrawal nozzle 7, and energy dissipating anti-filter facility can be to stack the low bank of earth between fields and geotextiles anti-filter.Disappear
Energy anti-filter facility can play the role of the flow that blocking flow to withdrawal nozzle 7 from bleeding area 6, reduce the flow velocity of flow in order to secrete
The mud in pool 6 settles, and avoids the flow in bleeding area 6 from carrying a large amount of mud and enters withdrawal nozzle 7.
Preferably, being excavated in bleeding area 6 to withdrawal nozzle 7 has a sinuous drainage channel 8, such mud upper layer mud content compared with
Few supernatant flow to withdrawal nozzle 7 by drainage channel 8, is conducive to sediment settlement, helps to control mud at withdrawal nozzle 7 and contains
Amount.
The flow that withdrawal nozzle 7 flows out can directly excavate gutter and lead to the recycling of the areas Chong Wa 1.
S5:Water conservancy is rushed into digging machine group 3 and is placed in the areas Chong Wa 1, starts water conservancy and rushes digging machine group 3 and carry out punching digging, and by the areas Chong Wa 1
Mud is pumped to hydraulic reclamation area 2 by dredging tube.
In channel cleanout construction operation, closes on bank slope side majority construction team and use limited carry out river bottom mud dredging
The mode for carrying out river bank slope dredging again is constructed, and such desilting mode easily causes river bed to backbreak and slope instability, causes
Slope collapse.Preferably way should be, preferential to carry out bank slope dredging, and river bed dredging is carried out at the same time with the progress of bank slope dredging,
And the elevation of river bed to ideal horizontal plane is measured at any time during dredging, it is ensured that bank stability and prevent from surpassing
It digs.
In addition, in work progress, part worker thinks that reverse impact mud, impact force may when operating giant
Meeting bigger, construction efficiency and speed of application can improve.In fact, during dredging, especially impacted in sand soil
When dredging operation, when reverse impact reaches standard dredging section, in fact excessive, because giant is by sand
Certain thickness soil body stability destroys completely in property soil property, can the soil body be caused to be disintegrated as long as being slightly increased load.It is preferred that
Ground, by the way of " fair current is along slope ", " along slope " is exactly in river bank slope side along bank slope direction for giant impact construction
From top to bottom, impact dredging operation is carried out on earth from bank, " fair current " is exactly to be carried out from shock point to slush pump direction at river bed
Dredging operation can effectively solve the above problems in this way.
Finally, during to 2 serous fluid of dredger fill of hydraulic reclamation area, 20- should be increased on the basis of 2 designed elevation of hydraulic reclamation area
30 centimetres of hydraulic reclamation amount, additional hydraulic reclamation amount are used to make up the natural subsidence amount of mud, the mud absolute altitude after sedimentation are made to meet
Design altitude requirement.
To sum up, it using the above method, fills periphery 4 and river is divided into hydraulic reclamation area 2 and the areas Chong Wa 1, after digging machine group is rushed in startup,
The areas Chong Wa 1 dug among river can be rushed by rushing digging machine group, and punching is then dug the mud pumping generated to river side by slush pump
The hydraulic reclamation area 2 on side, mud is flowed with river tendency in the hydraulic reclamation area 2 and the sedimentation in bleeding area 6, and upper layer is more in bleeding area 6
Clear water then flows automatically into withdrawal nozzle 7, and entering the areas Chong Wa 1 from withdrawal nozzle 7 reuses.
After the above method, there are following three kinds of advantageous effects:
1, the mud in the areas Chong Wa 1 can gradually be transferred to hydraulic reclamation area 2, avoids the process of processing mud, greatly reduces
Cost and shorten the duration;
2, as shown in figure 3, the areas Chong Wa 1 mainly as river river water flow channel, and hydraulic reclamation area 2 can then plant it is aquatic ornamental
Property plant, helps to purify water and environment;
3, under the isolation for filling periphery 4, the mud in hydraulic reclamation area 2 is difficult to enter back into the areas Chong Wa 1, extends river and blocks again
Period.
This specific embodiment is only explanation of the invention, is not limitation of the present invention, people in the art
Member can as needed make the present embodiment the modification of not creative contribution after reading this specification, but as long as at this
It is all protected by Patent Law in the right of invention.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of method that dredging is dug in water conservancy punching, which is characterized in that include the following steps: S1:It reinforces Repulse Bay and fills periphery
(4), make to fill periphery(4)Hydraulic reclamation area is formed between Channel slope(2); S2:Digging machine group is rushed according to type selecting water conservancy is required(3);
S3:Arrange mud conveying pipeline(5)And mud mouth, mud conveying pipeline(5)By the areas water conservancy Chong Wa(1)Extend to hydraulic reclamation area(2), mud mouth position
In hydraulic reclamation area(2)It is interior; S4:In hydraulic reclamation area(2)Arrange withdrawal nozzle(7)And the bleeding area for settled mud(6), withdrawal nozzle(7)
The water of outflow is back to the areas Chong Wa(1); S5:Water conservancy is rushed into digging machine group(3)It is placed in the areas Chong Wa(1), start water conservancy and rush digging machine group
(3)Carry out punching digging, and by the areas Chong Wa(1)Mud hydraulic reclamation area is pumped to by dredging tube(2).
2. a kind of method that dredging is dug in water conservancy punching according to claim 1, which is characterized in that fill periphery in step S1
(4)Permanent enclosing reinforcing is carried out using galvanized wire cage, the specific steps are:Galvanized wire cage construction carry out between cage body transverse and longitudinal connection and
Fastening, bankets in soil engineering bag, the soil engineering bag to banket is placed in galvanized wire cage, rammed later to banketing in soil engineering bag
It is real.
3. a kind of method that dredging is dug in water conservancy punching according to claim 2, which is characterized in that filling for galvanized wire cage composition is outer
It encloses(4)Close to hydraulic reclamation area(2)Side be provided with filter cloth, the filter cloth is fitted in the outer surface of galvanized wire cage.
4. a kind of method that dredging is dug in water conservancy punching according to claim 1, which is characterized in that in step S3, dredging tube is logical
It crosses holder to prop, mud conveying pipeline(5)Holding smoothes out, is unimpeded, and mud mouth is arranged in hydraulic reclamation area(2)The higher position of landform.
5. a kind of method that dredging is dug in water conservancy punching according to claim 4, which is characterized in that mud mouth placement location distance
Galvanized wire cage fills periphery(4)Other than 5 meters, and mud mouth is higher by hydraulic reclamation area(2)0.5 meter of design altitude or more.
6. a kind of method that dredging is dug in water conservancy punching according to claim 5, which is characterized in that mud mouth, bleeding area(6)With
Withdrawal nozzle(7)In hydraulic reclamation area(2)It inside arranges from high to low successively, bleeding area(6)To withdrawal nozzle(7)Between topography it is gentle.
7. a kind of method that dredging is dug in water conservancy punching according to claim 6, which is characterized in that bleeding area(6)To withdrawal nozzle
(7)Excavate sinuous drainage channel(8).
8. a kind of method that dredging is dug in water conservancy punching according to claim 5, which is characterized in that bleeding area(6)It is interior close to moving back
The mouth of a river(7)Place is provided with energy dissipating anti-filter facility.
9. a kind of method that dredging is dug in water conservancy punching according to claim 1, which is characterized in that in step S5, dug liquidating
Area(1)Preferential to carry out bank slope dredging during carrying out dredging, river bed dredging is carried out at the same time with the progress of bank slope dredging, and
The elevation of river bed to ideal horizontal plane is measured at any time during dredging.
10. a kind of method that dredging is dug in water conservancy punching according to claim 9, which is characterized in that in step s 5, using water
Profit rushes digging machine group(3)It liquidates and digs area(1)When being dredged, river bank slope side along bank slope direction from top to bottom, from bank to
Bottom carries out impact dredging operation, carries out dredging operation from shock point to slush pump direction at river bed.
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CN110396985A (en) * | 2019-07-29 | 2019-11-01 | 德州恒宇水利水电工程有限公司 | A kind of method of quick machine silt dyke strengthening |
CN113293732A (en) * | 2021-05-21 | 2021-08-24 | 中建八局西南建设工程有限公司 | Construction method for non-stop excavation of riverway in restricted area |
CN115030092A (en) * | 2022-06-20 | 2022-09-09 | 长江生态环保集团有限公司 | Construction process of side slope corner protector for unfavorable geology |
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Application publication date: 20180918 |