CN108534701B - Structure and method for monitoring photogrammetry by converging cavern - Google Patents
Structure and method for monitoring photogrammetry by converging cavern Download PDFInfo
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- CN108534701B CN108534701B CN201810658362.8A CN201810658362A CN108534701B CN 108534701 B CN108534701 B CN 108534701B CN 201810658362 A CN201810658362 A CN 201810658362A CN 108534701 B CN108534701 B CN 108534701B
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- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000011514 reflex Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009897 systematic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009527 percussion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000289 photo-effect Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/16—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C11/00—Photogrammetry or videogrammetry, e.g. stereogrammetry; Photographic surveying
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C15/00—Surveying instruments or accessories not provided for in groups G01C1/00 - G01C13/00
- G01C15/02—Means for marking measuring points
- G01C15/06—Surveyors' staffs; Movable markers
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- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Length Measuring Devices By Optical Means (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a structure and a method for measuring a cavity convergence monitoring photogrammetry, wherein at least one convergence measuring point is arranged in the cross section of the cavity; a base ruler is arranged on the convergence measuring point and is parallel to the cross section of the cavity; a camera is arranged in front of the cross section of the cavity. The invention well solves the problem of the base point in photogrammetry, simplifies the problem of complex photogrammetry data processing, and provides a rapid, efficient and high-precision monitoring means for the convergence of the cavern.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of engineering safety monitoring, in particular to a structure and a method for monitoring photographic measurement of chamber convergence.
Background
The construction of the grotto in the engineering construction is the most common engineering structure type, the underground engineering of the hydropower station, the tunnel formed by the shield method of urban rail transit, the diversion tunnel of the hydraulic engineering and the like can be said to be ubiquitous, the monitoring of the grotto in the construction and operation process is necessary, the convergence monitoring is an important means, generally, there is a chamber monitoring with convergence monitoring, and with the current technical means, there are convergence meters matched with convergence measuring piles, total stations matched with conventional means, bassat convergence systems, fiber bragg grating monitoring and other high and new technologies. The convergence gauge method is simple and visual in principle, but is quite difficult to operate when a cavity is large or a construction working surface is low from a measuring point; the total station and prism method require relatively fixed working base points, but the construction period of a cavity is difficult to provide with fixed base points, and the application range of the method is limited by factors such as large data processing workload, difficult prism protection and the like; the high investment in the bassat convergence system and fiber grating monitoring is not a conventional approach only for very specific engineering applications.
The traditional close-range photogrammetry method is applied to the monitoring of the deformation of the cavern, but is unsuccessful, one of the main reasons is that the image pair (the stereo photography is needed to be the image pair) does not have a common image control point (base point) and can not relatively orient the image pair, but can only relatively orient according to the photographic base point (measuring station), and the fixed base point is difficult to find for the monitoring of the cavern, particularly the monitoring of the cavern in the construction process, so that the traditional photogrammetry method has limited precision, the data processing model and the process are very complicated, and the precision is difficult to reach an ideal state.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems of providing a structure and a method for monitoring the photogrammetry of the convergence of a grotto, which aims at overcoming the defects of the prior art, improves the measurement precision and simplifies the processing process.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme: a cavity convergence monitoring photogrammetry structure, wherein at least one convergence measuring point is arranged in the cavity section; a base ruler is arranged on the convergence measuring point and is parallel to the cross section of the cavity; a camera is arranged in front of the cross section of the cavity; and during photographing, a reflective mark is arranged on the convergence measuring point.
The photographing axis of the camera is perpendicular to the cross section of the cavity, so that photographing precision is improved
The number of the convergence points is 3, the connecting lines between every two of the 3 convergence points form an equilateral triangle, and when photographing, the photographed pictures are overlapped in a plurality of ways, and at least more than 2 convergence points exist in each breadth.
Obtaining a deformation value of the convergence line of the nth period by utilizing the difference between the length of the convergence line monitored for the first time and the length of the convergence line monitored for the nth period; the convergence measuring line is a connecting line between two convergence measuring points.
The camera is 12m from the chamber section.
The base ruler comprises a base ruler rod; a plurality of base ruler marks are arranged on the base ruler rod; one end of the base ruler rod is fixed on a monitoring point rock body of the surrounding rock face through a connecting piece, and the base ruler rod is perpendicular to the surrounding rock face.
The connecting piece comprises a nut and an expansion bolt; the expansion bolts are perpendicular to the surrounding rock surface through drilling holes and are arranged on the rock mass of the monitoring point; one end of the nut is connected with the expansion bolt, and the other end of the nut is connected with the base ruler rod.
Correspondingly, the invention also provides a method for measuring the convergence of the cavern by monitoring photography, which comprises the following steps:
1) The first measurement of the actual distance S is obtained by AB0 ：
Wherein A is 0 The length of the base ruler is measured for the first time for the convergence measuring point A arranged on the cross section of the cavity; b (B) 0 The length of the base ruler is measured for the first time for the convergence measuring point B arranged on the cross section of the cavity; t (T) A 、T B The precise length of the base ruler at the convergence measuring point A, B is respectively; AB (AB) 0 The length of a convergence measuring line AB on a picture of the cross section of the cavity taken by the camera;
2) Calculating the actual distance S of the Nth measurement ABn ：
A n The length of the base ruler is measured for the nth time of the convergence measuring point A arranged on the cross section of the cavity; b (B) n To be arranged in the grottoThe length of the base ruler for n-time measurement of the convergence point B on the section;
3) The N-th period of the convergence line AB monitors the convergence value as
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects: the invention well solves the problem of the base point in photogrammetry, simplifies the problem of complex photogrammetry data processing, and provides a rapid, efficient and high-precision monitoring means for the convergence of the cavern.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a data processing system according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a second data processing diagram of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a graph of test results of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the structure of the base ruler of the invention.
Detailed Description
As shown in fig. 1, the basic tool of the invention is a base ruler and photographic equipment, the base ruler is made of low-expansion materials, obvious mark points are arranged at two ends of the base ruler, and the mark points are made of reflective materials and serve as photographic measurement mark points; the photographic equipment is a full-width high-pixel single-lens reflex camera, is matched with a large aperture medium-and short-focal-length fixed-focus lens, and is matched with a reflector lamp. For a cross section 1 of a cavity, a plurality of convergence measuring points 2 for arranging base rules are arranged on each designed convergence measuring point vertically and are parallel to the cross section, a reflective mark faces a photographing point, the base rules are arranged before photographing and are taken down after finishing, the construction of the cavity is not affected, the base rules are not damaged during construction, each base rule arranged on a monitoring cross section is checked before photographing, whether the base rules are parallel to the cross section, whether the view state is good or not in photographing operation is clear or not, a high-pixel digital single lens reflex 3 is adopted for photographing the monitoring cross section according to the focal length of a lens and the size of the cross section in photographing, a photographing shaft is perpendicular to the cross section as much as possible, photographs are obtained after monitoring photographing for the first time and period, if the cross section is more, a plurality of the measuring points are overlapped and 2 or more than 2 measuring points are guaranteed in each breadth, and simultaneously, a plurality of photographs are taken for the best effect are selected when the photographing is convenient for processing.
Similar to other monitoring means, the method for monitoring photogrammetry based on the base ruler chamber convergence is also repeated measurement.
As shown in fig. 2 and 3, the photogrammetry photograph is a high-pixel digital photograph, and when in processing, the first photogrammetry photograph can identify the following data, namely:
base length pixel value A of measuring point A 0 ；
Base length pixel value B of measuring point B 0 ；
Base length pixel value C of measuring point C 0 ；
Pixel value AB of length of measuring line AB 0 ；
Pixel value AC of line AC length 0 ；
Survey line BC length of pixel value BC of (1) 0 ；
Because the length of the base ruler is fixed and the base ruler is basically consistent, the precise length of the base ruler is T A 、T B 、T C The first measured actual distance S of AB, AC and BC can thus be determined by AB0 、S AC0 And S is BC0 ：
The same principle processing can be performed on the Nth photogrammetric photo as the first photogrammetric photo processing, and the actual distance S of the Nth measurement of AB, AC and BC can be obtained ABn 、S ACn And S is BCn :
Therefore, the purpose of monitoring the convergence of the cavern is achieved. Convergence value of N-th monitoring such as AB line is
The test example of the invention is a monitoring section of a traffic hole of a hydropower engineering, the arch height of a cavity is about 8m, the distance between side walls is about 6m, the top of the section is circular arc, the lower part of the section is square, the convergence monitoring of 3 measuring points are arranged on the section, the section is respectively a vault and 2 side walls, namely 3 convergence lines, 3 measuring points are respectively provided with 3 sets of base scales, each set of base scales corresponds to a corresponding numbered measuring point, and the base scales are not used in a crossing way during repeated measurement, so that systematic fixing errors are eliminated.
Before operation, drilling a hole phi of 10mm by adopting an impact drill in the direction perpendicular to the rock surface at the position of a designed convergence point of the convergence section, installing an M10 stainless steel expansion bolt, and requiring a screw rod with an outcrop of not less than 8.0mm after the screw rod is firmly screwed so as to install a base ruler, wherein if the length is insufficient, the screw rod of the expansion bolt can be replaced by a sheet screw so as to ensure enough outcrop length. The base ruler is processed by adopting low-expansion light-weight graphite rods with the diameter of phi 8.0mm, the length of the base ruler is 800mm, and two ends of each base ruler are provided with red and white phasesThe base rule is arranged on the base plate, and the base plate is provided with a base plate base screw and an expansion bolt, the base plate base screw is matched with the expansion bolt for installation, the expansion bolt is installed at the monitoring point through drilling and perpendicular to the surrounding rock surface, and the verticality between the bolt and the rock surface is ensured during installation, so that the base plate is basically at the same position with the monitoring section after being arrangedAnd (3) before photographing, arranging a base ruler at each measuring point, adjusting the direction of the mark to be as far as possible towards the photographing point, taking down the base ruler after photographing, and properly storing, wherein each base ruler is arranged corresponding to the numbered measuring point.
The test adopts a high-pixel full-format digital camera matched with a Canon 6DMARK II matched with a 1.4 aperture 50mm fixed-focus lens, the photographing distance is larger than 10m, the section can be comprehensively photographed, because the construction light source can normally photograph, an auxiliary light source is not adopted, continuous automatic mode photographing is carried out on a cavity ground handheld camera at a position about 12m away from the section, the photo effect is good, photographing is carried out once every 3 days according to the monitoring design requirement, the comparison test is carried out for a month 10, the photographing position is basically unchanged during photographing, meanwhile, the photo is ensured to be clear and good, and meanwhile, the traditional convergence meter method is adopted for measurement, so that the feasibility of the convergence monitoring photogrammetry method based on the base rule cavity is verified.
When data processing is carried out, an AutoCAD is adopted to measure the pixel values AB, AC and BC of the base length pixel value A, B, C and the measuring lines AB, AC and BC of the length value measuring point A, B, C of each element of each photo period; calculating the actual distance S of the measuring line according to the formula AB 、S AC And S is BC . The difference between the first-time monitored line length and the periodic-monitored line length can obtain the deformation value of the convergent line of each period of each line. The test results are shown in FIG. 4.
Test results show that the base ruler-based cavity convergence monitoring photogrammetry method can reach 1/10000 relative precision, and for cavities within 10m, the convergence precision can reach +/-1.0 mm, so that the monitoring precision requirement is met.
The practical work verifies that the method based on the base ruler chamber convergence monitoring photogrammetry has the beneficial effects that:
1) The principle is simple, and the cost of the matched equipment is low;
2) The construction is not influenced, and meanwhile, the construction is not influenced;
3) The data processing is simple and convenient, and the data can be processed and fed back quickly.
4) The base ruler is arranged on each designed convergence measuring point and is parallel to the section, the base ruler is made of low-expansion materials, obvious marking points are arranged at two ends of the base ruler, and the marking points are made of reflective materials and used for identifying photographic photos.
The basic rule structure of the present invention is shown in fig. 5, and is composed of a basic rule rod 31, a basic rule mark 32, a basic rule bottom end nut 33, an expansion bolt 34, etc., the expansion bolt 34 is installed on a rock mass at a monitoring point through a drilling vertical rock mass surface 35 and is firm, and at the same time, an exposed screw part is required to be enough for installing the basic rule rod.
The base ruler rod is processed by adopting a low-expansion light-weight graphite rod with the diameter of phi 8.0mm, the length of the base ruler rod is 600mm, the cuts at the two ends are smooth, the base ruler mark is processed by adopting an aluminum alloy plate with the thickness of 1.0mm, the diameter is 60mm, and the mark is provided withThe icon, the base ruler bottom end nut adopts phi 20.0mm brass to process (can also adopt stainless steel material to process), length 35mm, and one end processes phi 8.0mm dark 10mm round hole, can put into the round hole with the base ruler pole, and the other end processes M10.0mm dark 20mm screw for with expansion bolts connection. After the processing is finished, the 2 base ruler marks are respectively stuck to the two ends of the base ruler rod by using all-purpose adhesive, one end of the base ruler rod is provided with a 10mm rod head, the other rod head is stuck to one of the base ruler marks, the center of the 2 marks is required to be coincident with the center line of the rod, the mark surfaces of the 2 marks are required to be completely on the same plane, then one end of the head is required to be inserted into a round hole of a nut at the bottom end of the base ruler, the end of the head is required to be inserted into the bottom of the hole, and the base ruler rod is required to be rotated so as to adjust the mark to be aligned with the direction of a photographing point but not to be loosened.
Before photographing, drilling a hole phi of 10mm by adopting a percussion drill in the direction perpendicular to the rock surface at the position of a designed convergence point of a convergence section, installing an M10 stainless steel expansion bolt, and requiring a screw rod with a dew point of not less than 8.0mm after a firm screw so as to install a base ruler, wherein if the length is insufficient, the screw of the expansion bolt can be replaced by a sheet screw so as to ensure enough dew point length.
An example is a monitoring section of a traffic hole of a certain hydropower engineering, the arch top of a cave is about 8.0m, the top of the section is arc-shaped, the lower part of the section is square, convergence monitoring of 3 measuring points is arranged on the section, the section is respectively a vault and 2 side walls, namely 3 convergence lines, 3 measuring points are respectively provided with 3 sets of base scales, each set of base scales corresponds to corresponding numbered measuring points, the base scales are not used in a crossing way, and systematic fixing errors are eliminated.
Before the operation, installing expansion bolts at the measuring points, taking care to ensure the verticality of the bolts and the rock surface, enabling the base ruler to be basically positioned on the same plane with the monitoring section, arranging the base ruler at each measuring point before the photographing operation, adjusting the marking direction to be oriented to the photographing point as much as possible, taking down the base ruler after photographing, and properly keeping the base ruler, wherein each time the base ruler is arranged corresponding to the numbered measuring point.
Claims (6)
1. The cavity convergence monitoring photogrammetry structure is characterized in that at least two convergence measuring points (4) are arranged in a cavity section (1); a base ruler (3) is arranged on the convergence measuring point (4), and the base ruler (3) is parallel to the cross section (1) of the cavity; a camera (2) is arranged in front of the cavity section (1); when shooting, a base ruler mark is arranged on the convergence measuring point (4); the base ruler (3) comprises a base ruler rod (31); a plurality of base ruler marks (32) are arranged on the base ruler rod (31); one end of the base ruler rod (31) is fixed on a monitoring point rock body of the surrounding rock surface (35) through a connecting piece, and the base ruler rod (31) is perpendicular to the surrounding rock surface (35); the connecting piece comprises a nut 33) and an expansion bolt (34); the expansion bolts (34) are perpendicular to the surrounding rock surface (35) through drilling holes and are arranged on the rock mass at the monitoring point; one end of the nut (33) is connected with the expansion bolt (34), and the other end of the nut is connected with the base ruler rod (31); the base ruler (3) is formed by processing a graphite rod;
1) The actual distance measured for the first time is obtained by the following method
Wherein A is 0 The length of the base ruler is measured for the first time for the convergence measuring point A arranged on the cross section (1) of the cavity; b (B) 0 Is arranged on the cross section (1) of the cavityThe length of the base ruler measured for the first time by the convergence measuring point B; t (T) A 、T B The precise length of the base ruler at the convergence measuring point A, B is respectively; AB (AB) 0 A pixel value which is the length of a convergence test line AB; the convergence measuring line is a connecting line between two convergence measuring points (4);
2) Calculating the actual distance of the nth measurement
A n The length of a base ruler for n-th measurement of a convergence measuring point A arranged on a cross section (1) of the cavity is measured; b (B) n The length of a base ruler for the nth measurement of a convergence measuring point B arranged on a cross section (1) of the cavity;
3) The n-th period of the convergence line AB monitors the convergence value as
2. The structure for measuring the convergence of a cavern according to claim 1, wherein,
the photographing axis of the camera (2) is perpendicular to the cross section (1) of the cavity.
3. The cavern convergence monitoring photogrammetry structure of claim 1, it is characterized in that the method comprises the steps of,
the number of the convergence measuring points (4) is 3.
4. The structure for measuring the convergence of the cavern, which is characterized in that the connecting lines between every two of the 3 convergence measuring points (4) form an equilateral triangle, and when shooting, the shot photos are overlapped, and each breadth has at least more than 2 convergence measuring points.
5. The cavern convergence monitoring photogrammetry structure according to claim 1, wherein the camera (2) is 12m from the cavern section (1).
6. A method of making a cavity convergence monitoring photogrammetry using the measurement structure of any one of claims 1 to 5, comprising the steps of:
1) The actual distance measured for the first time is obtained by the following method
Wherein A is 0 The length of the base ruler is measured for the first time for the convergence measuring point A arranged on the cross section (1) of the cavity; b (B) 0 The length of the base ruler is measured for the first time for the convergence measuring point B arranged on the cross section (1) of the cavity; t (T) A 、T B The precise length of the base ruler at the convergence measuring point A, B is respectively; AB (AB) 0 A pixel value which is the length of a convergence test line AB; the convergence measuring line is a connecting line between two convergence measuring points (4);
2) Calculating the actual distance of the nth measurement
A n The length of a base ruler for n-th measurement of a convergence measuring point A arranged on a cross section (1) of the cavity is measured; b (B) n The length of a base ruler for the nth measurement of a convergence measuring point B arranged on a cross section (1) of the cavity;
3) The n-th period of the convergence line AB monitors the convergence value as
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| CN112254660B (en) * | 2020-09-14 | 2022-04-22 | 中铁七局集团有限公司 | Tunnel intelligent monitoring and measuring information integration and early warning system |
| CN112378364A (en) * | 2020-11-20 | 2021-02-19 | 中船九江精达科技股份有限公司 | Calibrating device and calibrating method for convergence meter |
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