CN108488644A - 一种高效散热型led灯 - Google Patents

一种高效散热型led灯 Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN108488644A
CN108488644A CN201810261986.6A CN201810261986A CN108488644A CN 108488644 A CN108488644 A CN 108488644A CN 201810261986 A CN201810261986 A CN 201810261986A CN 108488644 A CN108488644 A CN 108488644A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
heat
aluminum
led
led lamp
fin
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN201810261986.6A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
胡国刚
吕周挺
李益波
任伟
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hangzhou Heshun Construction Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Hangzhou Heshun Construction Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hangzhou Heshun Construction Co Ltd filed Critical Hangzhou Heshun Construction Co Ltd
Priority to CN201810261986.6A priority Critical patent/CN108488644A/zh
Publication of CN108488644A publication Critical patent/CN108488644A/zh
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21LIGHTING
    • F21KNON-ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES USING LUMINESCENCE; LIGHT SOURCES USING ELECTROCHEMILUMINESCENCE; LIGHT SOURCES USING CHARGES OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL; LIGHT SOURCES USING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AS LIGHT-GENERATING ELEMENTS; LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21K9/00Light sources using semiconductor devices as light-generating elements, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] or lasers
    • F21K9/20Light sources comprising attachment means
    • F21K9/23Retrofit light sources for lighting devices with a single fitting for each light source, e.g. for substitution of incandescent lamps with bayonet or threaded fittings
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21LIGHTING
    • F21VFUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V23/00Arrangement of electric circuit elements in or on lighting devices
    • F21V23/003Arrangement of electric circuit elements in or on lighting devices the elements being electronics drivers or controllers for operating the light source, e.g. for a LED array
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21LIGHTING
    • F21VFUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V29/00Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • F21V29/50Cooling arrangements
    • F21V29/502Cooling arrangements characterised by the adaptation for cooling of specific components
    • F21V29/503Cooling arrangements characterised by the adaptation for cooling of specific components of light sources
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21LIGHTING
    • F21VFUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V29/00Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • F21V29/50Cooling arrangements
    • F21V29/60Cooling arrangements characterised by the use of a forced flow of gas, e.g. air
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21LIGHTING
    • F21VFUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V29/00Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • F21V29/50Cooling arrangements
    • F21V29/70Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks
    • F21V29/74Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades
    • F21V29/77Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades with essentially identical diverging planar fins or blades, e.g. with fan-like or star-like cross-section
    • F21V29/777Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades with essentially identical diverging planar fins or blades, e.g. with fan-like or star-like cross-section the planes containing the fins or blades having directions perpendicular to the light emitting axis
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21LIGHTING
    • F21VFUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V29/00Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • F21V29/50Cooling arrangements
    • F21V29/70Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks
    • F21V29/83Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks the elements having apertures, ducts or channels, e.g. heat radiation holes
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21LIGHTING
    • F21VFUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V29/00Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • F21V29/85Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems characterised by the material
    • F21V29/87Organic material, e.g. filled polymer composites; Thermo-conductive additives or coatings therefor
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21LIGHTING
    • F21VFUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V29/00Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • F21V29/85Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems characterised by the material
    • F21V29/89Metals
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21LIGHTING
    • F21YINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
    • F21Y2115/00Light-generating elements of semiconductor light sources
    • F21Y2115/10Light-emitting diodes [LED]

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Arrangement Of Elements, Cooling, Sealing, Or The Like Of Lighting Devices (AREA)
  • Led Device Packages (AREA)

Abstract

本发明公开了一种高效散热型LED灯,包括LED灯源、LED底座、铝基板及散热铝型材,铝基板从上往下由阻焊层、敷铜层、绝缘层及导热铝板构成,位于LED底座下方的铝基板上设有金属层沉孔,金属层沉孔的孔底位于导热铝板内,金属层沉孔内从下往上设有沉锌层、镀镍层、镀铜层及喷锡层,LED底座嵌于阻焊层内与喷锡层固定连接,导热铝板底面设有导热硅胶垫片,散热铝型材与导热硅胶垫片底面固定连接,散热铝型材包括散热基板及若干呈扇形分布的对流强散热单元,对流强散热单元沿周向间隔固定于散热基板上,相邻对流强散热单元之间的间隙形成径向散热通道,径向散热通道为内小外大的扩口结构。本发明结构新颖,散热效果好,能大大提高使用稳定性及使用寿命。

Description

一种高效散热型LED灯
技术领域
本发明涉及一种LED灯,尤其是涉及一种高效散热型LED灯。
背景技术
发光二极管(LightEmittinDiode,LED)作为新一代固态光源,具有寿命长、高效节能、绿色环保等众多优点,被广泛地应用到显示!照明领域中随着科技发展,先进技术不断地应用于半导体生产中,以使LED的发光效率不断提升,成本持续下降。
新一代大功率LED灯光源虽然具有环保和节能等很多优点,但大功率LED灯散热性差,易导致灯具光功率减小、芯片加速老化、工作寿命减短等问题,严重情况下,会导致LED晶片立刻失效,因此散热是制约其发展的一个至关重要的因素。
例如,授权公告号CN205782762U的中国专利公开了一种大功率LED灯,LED灯包括灯源、散热基板,所述散热基板底部设有散热底板,所述散热底板靠近所述散热基板一侧设有复合材料导热层,所述散热底板远离所述散热基板一侧设有散热翅片。该大功率LED主要通过散热基板、复合材料导热层、散热底板、散热翅片进行散热,灯源发出的热量经散热基板→复合材料导热层→散热底板→散热翅片与空气进行热交换,但是该散热翅片为单一的板状结构,与空气的热交换接触面积小,且散热翅片之间的空气易产生停滞,不产生对流,使热散发不够顺畅,导致实际散热效果较差。
发明内容
本发明是为了解决现有技术的大功率LED灯实际散热效果较差的问题,提供了一种结构新颖,散热效果好,能够大大提高使用稳定性及使用寿命的高效散热型LED灯。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用以下技术方案:
本发明的一种高效散热型LED灯,包括LED灯源、LED底座、铝基板及散热铝型材,所述LED灯源固定在LED底座上,所述铝基板从上往下依次由阻焊层、敷铜层、绝缘层及导热铝板构成,位于LED底座下方的铝基板上设有金属层沉孔,所述金属层沉孔的孔底位于导热铝板内,所述金属层沉孔内从下往上依次设有沉锌层、镀镍层、镀铜层及喷锡层,所述LED底座嵌于阻焊层内并与喷锡层固定连接,所述导热铝板底面设有导热硅胶垫片,所述散热铝型材与导热硅胶垫片底面固定连接,所述散热铝型材包括散热基板及若干呈扇形分布的对流强散热单元,所述对流强散热单元沿周向间隔固定于散热基板上,相邻对流强散热单元之间的间隙形成径向散热通道,所述径向散热通道为内小外大的扩口结构。由于越靠近LED灯源热流密度越高,而本发明中的导热硅胶垫片已经有导热铝板横向导热均温了,这样导热系数非常小的绝缘层的热流密度要比导热硅胶垫片热流密度高很多,因此铝基板中的绝缘层会影响本发明的散热性能,基于此因,本发明对LED灯的结构进行了改进,在位于LED底座下方的铝基板上设有金属层沉孔,并在金属层沉孔内从下往上依次设有沉锌层、镀镍层、镀铜层及喷锡层,通过开孔去掉敷铜层和绝缘层以裸露出导热铝板,使得LED底座与喷锡层直接接触,从而巧妙避开铝基板中的绝缘层对本发明散热性能的影响,增大导热系数,提高散热效果,而金属层沉孔内从下往上依次设有沉锌层、镀镍层、镀铜层及喷锡层,各层之间附着力强,且导热性能好,最上层为喷锡层,便于LED底座进行锡焊;本发明中的对流强散热单元沿周向间隔固定于散热基板上,相邻对流强散热单元之间的间隙形成径向散热通道,所述径向散热通道为内小外大的扩口结构,对流强散热单元不仅能加大与空气的热交换接触面积,而且还能使得LED产生的热量变成空气流动的动力源,加速空气的对流,从而提高热交换效率;径向散热通道为内小外大的扩口结构,便于热量的快速散发。
作为优选,所述对流散热单元包括主散热鳍片及辅散热鳍片,所述主散热鳍片朝向散热基板圆心,所述辅散热鳍片由内至外间隔设于主散热鳍片两侧,辅散热鳍片呈圆弧状,同一主散热鳍片上的辅散热鳍片形成扇形,径向相邻辅散热鳍片之间的间隙形成周向环流通道,径向相邻辅散热鳍片之间的主散热鳍片上设有周向对流孔。本发明中对流散热单元包括主散热鳍片及辅散热鳍片,其中辅散热鳍片呈圆弧状,同一主散热鳍片上的辅散热鳍片形成扇形,流散热单元与空气的热交换接触面积大,提高散热面积;周向环流通道、径向散热通道及周向对流孔相互配合,能使对流散热单元内的空气在不同方向上产生流动,使热量散发更为顺畅,有利于提高散热能力。
作为优选,所述散热基板、散热鳍片及辅散热鳍片为同质一体结构。
作为优选,所述周向对流孔为长圆孔。
作为优选,所述LED底座与喷锡层之间通过锡膏焊接固定。
因此,本发明具有如下有益效果:
(1)对LED灯的结构进行了改进,在位于LED底座下方的铝基板上设有金属层沉孔,并在金属层沉孔内从下往上依次设有沉锌层、镀镍层、镀铜层及喷锡层,通过开孔去掉敷铜层和绝缘层以裸露出导热铝板,使得LED底座与喷锡层直接接触,从而巧妙避开铝基板中的绝缘层对本发明散热性能的影响,增大导热系数,提高散热效果;
(2)金属层沉孔内从下往上依次设有沉锌层、镀镍层、镀铜层及喷锡层,各层之间附着力强,且导热性能好,最上层为喷锡层,便于LED底座进行锡焊;
(3)对流强散热单元沿周向间隔固定于散热基板上,相邻对流强散热单元之间的间隙形成径向散热通道,径向散热通道为内小外大的扩口结构,对流强散热单元不仅能加大与空气的热交换接触面积,而且还能使得LED产生的热量变成空气流动的动力源,加速空气的对流,从而提高热交换效率;
(4)辅散热鳍片呈圆弧状,同一主散热鳍片上的辅散热鳍片形成扇形,流散热单元与空气的热交换接触面积大,提高散热面积;
(5)周向环流通道、径向散热通道及周向对流孔相互配合,能使对流散热单元内的空气在不同方向上产生流动,使热量散发更为顺畅,有利于提高散热能力。
附图说明
图1是本发明的一种结构示意图。
图2 是本发明中散热铝型材的一种仰视图。
图中:LED灯源1,LED底座2,阻焊层3,敷铜层4,绝缘层5,导热铝板6,沉锌层7,镀镍层8,镀铜层9,喷锡层10,导热硅胶垫片11,径向散热通道12,主散热鳍片13,辅散热鳍片14,周向环流通道15,周向对流孔16,散热基板17。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明做进一步的描述。
如图1、图2所示的一种高效散热型LED灯,包括LED灯源1、LED底座2、铝基板及散热铝型材, LED灯源固定在LED底座上,铝基板从上往下依次由阻焊层3、敷铜层4、绝缘层5及导热铝板6构成,位于LED底座下方的铝基板上开有金属层沉孔,金属层沉孔的孔底位于导热铝板内,金属层沉孔内从下往上依次设有沉锌层7、镀镍层8、镀铜层9及喷锡层10,LED底座嵌于阻焊层内并与通过锡膏与喷锡层焊接固定,导热铝板底面设有导热硅胶垫片11,散热铝型材与导热硅胶垫片底面固定连接,散热铝型材包括散热基板17及若干呈扇形分布的对流强散热单元,对流强散热单元沿周向间隔固定于散热基板上,相邻对流强散热单元之间的间隙形成径向散热通道12,径向散热通道为内小外大的扩口结构,对流散热单元包括主散热鳍片13及辅散热鳍片14,主散热鳍片朝向散热基板圆心,辅散热鳍片由内至外间隔设于主散热鳍片两侧,辅散热鳍片呈圆弧状,同一主散热鳍片上的辅散热鳍片形成扇形,散热基板、散热鳍片及辅散热鳍片为同质一体结构,径向相邻辅散热鳍片之间的间隙形成周向环流通道15,径向相邻辅散热鳍片之间的主散热鳍片上开有为长圆孔的周向对流孔16。
本发明的散热过程为:LED灯源工作时产生的热量,依次经过LED底座→喷锡层→镀铜层→镀镍层→沉锌层→导热铝板→导热硅胶垫片→散热铝型材,最后大部分的热量通过散热铝型材散发于空气中去,同一主散热鳍片上的辅散热鳍片形成扇形,对流散热单元与空气的热交换接触面积大,周向环流通道、径向散热通道及周向对流孔相互配合,能使LED产生的热量能变成空气流动的动力源,使对流散热单元内的空气在不同方向上产生流动,加速空气的对流,使热量散发更为顺畅,从而有利于提高散热能力。
本发明结构新颖,散热效果好,能够大大提高使用稳定性及使用寿命。
以上所述的实施例只是本发明的一种较佳的方案,并非对本发明作任何形式上的限制,在不超出权利要求所记载的技术方案的前提下还有其它的变体及改型。

Claims (5)

1.一种高效散热型LED灯,其特征在于,包括LED灯源(1)、LED底座(2)、铝基板及散热铝型材,所述LED灯源固定在LED底座上,所述铝基板从上往下依次由阻焊层(3)、敷铜层(4)、绝缘层(5)及导热铝板(6)构成,位于LED底座下方的铝基板上设有金属层沉孔,所述金属层沉孔的孔底位于导热铝板内,所述金属层沉孔内从下往上依次设有沉锌层(7)、镀镍层(8)、镀铜层(9)及喷锡层(10),所述LED底座嵌于阻焊层内并与喷锡层固定连接,所述导热铝板底面设有导热硅胶垫片(11),所述散热铝型材与导热硅胶垫片底面固定连接,所述散热铝型材包括散热基板(17)及若干呈扇形分布的对流强散热单元,所述对流强散热单元沿周向间隔固定于散热基板上,相邻对流强散热单元之间的间隙形成径向散热通道(12),所述径向散热通道为内小外大的扩口结构。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种高效散热型LED灯,其特征在于,所述对流散热单元包括主散热鳍片(13)及辅散热鳍片(14),所述主散热鳍片朝向散热基板圆心,所述辅散热鳍片由内至外间隔设于主散热鳍片两侧,辅散热鳍片呈圆弧状,同一主散热鳍片上的辅散热鳍片形成扇形,径向相邻辅散热鳍片之间的间隙形成周向环流通道(15),径向相邻辅散热鳍片之间的主散热鳍片上设有周向对流孔(16)。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种高效散热型LED灯,其特征在于,所述散热基板、散热鳍片及辅散热鳍片为同质一体结构。
4.根据权利要求2所述的一种高效散热型LED灯,其特征在于,所述周向对流孔为长圆孔。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种高效散热型LED灯,其特征在于,所述LED底座与喷锡层之间通过锡膏焊接固定。
CN201810261986.6A 2018-03-28 2018-03-28 一种高效散热型led灯 Pending CN108488644A (zh)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201810261986.6A CN108488644A (zh) 2018-03-28 2018-03-28 一种高效散热型led灯

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201810261986.6A CN108488644A (zh) 2018-03-28 2018-03-28 一种高效散热型led灯

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN108488644A true CN108488644A (zh) 2018-09-04

Family

ID=63316871

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN201810261986.6A Pending CN108488644A (zh) 2018-03-28 2018-03-28 一种高效散热型led灯

Country Status (1)

Country Link
CN (1) CN108488644A (zh)

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101329055A (zh) * 2007-06-22 2008-12-24 富准精密工业(深圳)有限公司 散热器
US20100046168A1 (en) * 2008-08-21 2010-02-25 Green Lighting, Inc. Heat dissipating device
CN202363517U (zh) * 2011-12-01 2012-08-01 珠海全宝电子科技有限公司 一种用于led的铝基板散热机构
CN105627150A (zh) * 2014-10-25 2016-06-01 陕西启源科技发展有限责任公司 一种led灯
CN206504303U (zh) * 2017-02-08 2017-09-19 恩平市广正光电科技有限公司 一种用于led灯的散热器

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101329055A (zh) * 2007-06-22 2008-12-24 富准精密工业(深圳)有限公司 散热器
US20100046168A1 (en) * 2008-08-21 2010-02-25 Green Lighting, Inc. Heat dissipating device
CN202363517U (zh) * 2011-12-01 2012-08-01 珠海全宝电子科技有限公司 一种用于led的铝基板散热机构
CN105627150A (zh) * 2014-10-25 2016-06-01 陕西启源科技发展有限责任公司 一种led灯
CN206504303U (zh) * 2017-02-08 2017-09-19 恩平市广正光电科技有限公司 一种用于led灯的散热器

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US20110038154A1 (en) System and methods for lighting and heat dissipation
CN101408302A (zh) 具良好散热性能的光源模组
CN107293633B (zh) 一种用于大功率led的高热流密度冷却装置
WO2012171150A1 (zh) 一种垂直对流散热器及一种垂直对流散热筒灯
CN101943381B (zh) 一种led散热模块
JP2009182327A (ja) Led照明装置、led光源モジュール及びled支持体
CN206320652U (zh) 一种led汽车头灯
CN101608757B (zh) Led路灯
CN201697084U (zh) 发光二极管灯具及其具卷绕式热管的散热器
CN201475752U (zh) 高效热管散热的led照明灯具
CN201751677U (zh) 喷射冷却led灯
CN101493219A (zh) 高散热性led照明装置及其制造方法
TWM607434U (zh) 發光模組及發光裝置
TWM381030U (en) Heat dissipating device
CN201425286Y (zh) 一种led灯的散热结构
CN102748739A (zh) 一种led灯具的导散热系统
CN108488644A (zh) 一种高效散热型led灯
CN201731360U (zh) 新型低成本高效散热大功率led路灯
CN208154116U (zh) 一种led灯散热组件
CN101220946A (zh) 改善led光源模组散热效果的方法
CN207394786U (zh) 一种大功率led模组的散热装置
CN214580888U (zh) 一种led灯散热结构、车灯及车辆
CN201277526Y (zh) 车用前照灯白光led的散热装置
CN104421905A (zh) 采用热管散热的led灯
CN219264210U (zh) 一种散热性能强的led灯板

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PB01 Publication
PB01 Publication
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
RJ01 Rejection of invention patent application after publication

Application publication date: 20180904

RJ01 Rejection of invention patent application after publication