CN108487863B - Drill bit with torsional impact function - Google Patents
Drill bit with torsional impact function Download PDFInfo
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- CN108487863B CN108487863B CN201810497213.8A CN201810497213A CN108487863B CN 108487863 B CN108487863 B CN 108487863B CN 201810497213 A CN201810497213 A CN 201810497213A CN 108487863 B CN108487863 B CN 108487863B
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- vibration generator
- drill bit
- bit body
- sleeve
- cone
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B10/00—Drill bits
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B10/00—Drill bits
- E21B10/08—Roller bits
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B10/00—Drill bits
- E21B10/08—Roller bits
- E21B10/22—Roller bits characterised by bearing, lubrication or sealing details
- E21B10/24—Roller bits characterised by bearing, lubrication or sealing details characterised by lubricating details
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B10/00—Drill bits
- E21B10/08—Roller bits
- E21B10/22—Roller bits characterised by bearing, lubrication or sealing details
- E21B10/25—Roller bits characterised by bearing, lubrication or sealing details characterised by sealing details
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B10/00—Drill bits
- E21B10/36—Percussion drill bits
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B10/00—Drill bits
- E21B10/46—Drill bits characterised by wear resisting parts, e.g. diamond inserts
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/10—Greenhouse gas [GHG] capture, material saving, heat recovery or other energy efficient measures, e.g. motor control, characterised by manufacturing processes, e.g. for rolling metal or metal working
Abstract
The invention relates to a drill bit with a torsion impact function, which mainly comprises a drill bit body, a drill bit body joint, a roller cone and a vibration generator. The bit body is connected with the cone through the bit leg shaft neck which is biased, the vibration generator is arranged in the bit body, and the bit body joint is connected with the bit body through threads; when the rotary cutter runs, the cone revolves along with the bit body and rotates around the bit leg shaft neck of the bit body, the rotary cutter breaks rock, and meanwhile, the rotary motion of the cone provides driving force for the vibration generator, and the vibration generator generates periodical micro-amplitude torsional impact, so that the stick-slip phenomenon of the bit is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The present invention relates to a drill bit with torsional percussive function for oil, gas drilling and other geological drilling.
Background
With the continuous development of economy, the oil gas demand is increased, while the shallow oil gas resources of China are exhausted, the oil gas development technology is improved, the depth of oil gas wells is increased, and the number of deep wells and ultra-deep wells is increased. The stratum working environment facing the drilling engineering is more complex, the drilling depth is continuously increased, the hardness and the strength of the rock are obviously increased under the action of the confining pressure of the bottom layer, and the rock breaking efficiency of the drill bit is low. When the drill bit drills deep well formations, the drilling speed is low, the cost of drilling is high, and the key to improving the drilling speed is how to improve the rock breaking efficiency of the drill bit. According to the field experimental practice research data, the periodic impact load is applied to the drill bit while rotary drilling, so that the rock breaking efficiency of the drill bit is improved, and the drilling speed is improved.
In petroleum drilling, the drill bit is the primary tool for breaking rock, and when drilling hard or abrasive formations, the drill bit typically does not have enough torque to break the formation, thereby momentarily stopping the drill bit from rotating. Torsional energy is stored in the drill string and once the torque required to shear the formation is produced, the drill string energy is released and the impact load on the drill bit will be much higher than usual, ultimately leading to drill bit failure. During drilling, a drilling tool is typically used in combination to provide additional torsional vibration to assist the drill bit in breaking the rock. Various torsional impact drilling tools are developed by various research institutions at home and abroad to provide torsional impact for the drill bit, so that the stick-slip phenomenon of the drill bit is reduced. In the drill bit used in current production, the drill bit cannot generate torsional vibration, in order to reduce the stick-slip phenomenon of the drill bit, the torsional impact drilling tool is used for providing additional torsional impact, and if the torsional impact drilling tool fails, the drill bit cannot be provided with additional torque, so that the drilling efficiency is affected.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing the drill bit with the torsion impact function, which is beneficial to accelerating and enhancing the efficiency and improving the rock breaking efficiency and aims to overcome the defects in the prior art.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: the drill bit with the torsion impact function mainly comprises a drill bit body, a drill bit body joint, a roller cone and a vibration generator; the method is characterized in that: the drill bit body is provided with an oil guide hole a, an oil injection hole, a mud channel a, a mud channel b and a threaded hole, teeth are embedded at the top of the drill bit body, diameter-keeping teeth and PDC teeth are embedded in the middle of the drill bit body, and a nozzle a and a nozzle b are respectively arranged at outlets of the mud channel a and the mud channel b; the cone is provided with a plug pin hole, and teeth are inlaid in the cone; the vibration generator comprises a thrust ball bearing a, an impact hammer, a thrust ball bearing b, a vibration generator upper shell, a bearing mounting sleeve, a sliding impact sleeve, a pin, a thrust ball bearing c, a aligning ball bearing, a vibration generator lower shell, a carrying sleeve, a bevel gear b, a steel ball b, a plug, a top sleeve and a steel ball c, wherein the impact hammer is provided with an oil guide hole d and an oil guide hole e; when the drill bit with the torsion impact function is assembled, firstly, an O-shaped sealing ring is arranged in an annular groove of an upper shell of a vibration generator, the vibration generator is arranged in a drill bit body, the upper shell of the vibration generator is connected with the drill bit body by a molded surface so as to realize circumferential positioning of the vibration generator, the upper shell of the vibration generator is fixed with the drill bit body by a screw so as to realize circumferential and axial positioning of the vibration generator, a drill bit body joint is connected with the drill bit body by threads, then a bevel gear a and a cutting sleeve are sequentially arranged in a lower end journal of a gear, the bevel gear a is connected with the lower end journal of the gear by the molded surface so as to realize circumferential positioning of the bevel gear a, the cutting sleeve is fixed with the lower end journal of the gear so as to realize axial positioning of the bevel gear a, then, the rectangular sealing ring is arranged in an inner ring at the bottom end of the gear, the gear is sleeved into a bit leg journal of the drill bit body, the steel ball a is placed in a plug pin hole, and a plug pin is arranged in the plug pin hole; after the assembly is completed, lubricating oil is added through the oil filling hole, and the oil filling hole is sealed by a plug.
According to the technical scheme, the plug pin and the plug pin hole are in interference fit, and the oil guide holes a, b, c, d and e and the shaft neck channel of the bit leg of the bit body form an oil guide channel, so that a good lubricating environment is formed.
The teeth in the scheme are hard alloy teeth; the bit leg journal of the bit body is subjected to strengthening treatment, so that the bit leg journal has high strength and good impact resistance toughness.
The rectangular sealing ring in the scheme is a metal sealing ring, and the surface of the sealing ring is subjected to strengthening treatment, so that the wear resistance of the sealing ring is good.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows: (1) The drill bit with the torsion impact function utilizes the autorotation motion of the roller cone to provide driving force for the vibration generator, and the vibration generator can generate periodical micro torsion impact, thereby being beneficial to reducing the stick-slip phenomenon of the drill bit; (2) The drill bit breaks the rock in a rotary cutting mode, and the rock breaking action of the cutting teeth has the comprehensive effects of impact and cutting, so that the rock breaking efficiency of the core part of the drill bit is improved; (3) The bit leg journal of the bit body is subjected to strengthening treatment, so that the bit leg journal is high in strength and good in impact resistance and toughness, and the oil guide channel can provide a good lubricating environment.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a top view of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a side view of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a cross-sectional view A-A of fig. 2 in accordance with the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a B-B cross-sectional view of fig. 3 in accordance with the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a C-C cross-sectional view of fig. 3 in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 7 is an enlarged view of section I of FIG. 4 in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a schematic view of the structure of a cone in accordance with the present invention.
Fig. 9 is a schematic view of an oil guide channel in the present invention.
Fig. 10 is a schematic view of the structure of the bit body according to the present invention.
Fig. 11 is a schematic diagram showing distribution of the slurry channel a, the slurry channel b and the oil filling holes in the present invention.
Fig. 12 is a side view of a bit body of the present invention.
Fig. 13 is a sectional view of the E-E of fig. 12 in accordance with the present invention.
Fig. 14 is a cross-sectional view of F-F of fig. 12 in accordance with the present invention.
The tool comprises a nozzle a, a diameter-keeping tooth, a bit body joint, a bit body, a nozzle b, a PDC tooth, a cone, a plug pin, a ball a, a rectangular sealing ring, a thrust ball bearing a, a hammer, a ball bearing 14, a ball bearing b, a housing of a vibration generator, a 16O-shaped sealing ring, a screw, a 18-bearing mounting sleeve, a 19-sliding impact sleeve, a pin, a 21-thrust ball bearing c, a 22-aligning ball bearing, a 23-vibration generator lower housing, a 24-carrying sleeve, a 25-clamping sleeve, a 26-bevel gear a, a 27-bevel gear b, a 28-ball b, a 29-plug, a 30-clamping sleeve, a 31-ball c, a 32-plug pin hole, a 33-cone lower body bottom end, 34-guiding hole a, 35-guiding hole b, 36-guiding hole c, 37-guiding hole d, 38-guiding hole, 39-guiding hole 40-guiding hole, a 41-guiding hole, and a 42-guiding hole.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Referring to the drawings, a drill bit with a torsional impact function is characterized in that: the drill bit with the torsion impact function mainly comprises a drill bit body 4, a drill bit body joint 3, a roller 8 and a vibration generator; the method is characterized in that: the drill bit body 4 is provided with an oil guide hole a34, an oil injection hole 39, a mud channel a40, a mud channel b41 and a threaded hole 42, the top of the drill bit body 4 is embedded with teeth 7, the middle of the drill bit body 4 is embedded with gauge protection teeth 2 and PDC teeth 6, and a nozzle a1 and a nozzle b5 are respectively arranged at the outlets of the mud channel a40 and the mud channel b 41; the cone 8 is provided with a plug pin hole 32, and teeth 7 are embedded in the cone 8; the vibration generator comprises a thrust ball bearing a12, an impact hammer 13, a thrust ball bearing b14, a vibration generator upper shell 15, a bearing mounting sleeve 18, a sliding impact sleeve 19, a pin 20, a thrust ball bearing c21, a aligning ball bearing 22, a vibration generator lower shell 23, a carrier sleeve 24, a bevel gear b27, a steel ball b28, a plug 29, a top sleeve 30 and a steel ball c31, wherein the impact hammer 13 is provided with an oil guide hole d37 and an oil guide hole e38, the large end of the vibration generator upper shell 15 is provided with a counter sink hole and an annular groove, the carrier sleeve 24 is provided with an oil guide hole b35 and an oil guide hole c36, the top sleeve 30 is provided with an opening, when the vibration generator is mounted, the aligning ball bearing 22 and the carrier sleeve 24 are sequentially mounted from the upper end of the vibration generator lower shell 23, the thrust ball bearing c21 and the sliding impact sleeve 19 are sequentially mounted from the upper end of the carrier sleeve 24, the sliding impact sleeve 19 and the carrier sleeve 24 are fixed by the pin 20, the bearing mounting sleeve 18 is mounted from the upper end of the vibration generator lower shell 23, the thrust ball bearing mounting sleeve 18 is mounted from the upper end of the vibration generator lower shell 18, the thrust ball bearing b 12 is mounted by the bearing mounting sleeve 18, the ball bearing mounting sleeve 14 b is connected with the plug 29 and the steel ball 30 by the plug 30, the upper shell 15 is sequentially mounted from the upper end of the ball bearing mounting sleeve 30, and the upper shell 30 is sequentially by the ball bearing mounting hole 30 is connected with the ball bearing mounting sleeve 30 by the ball bearing mounting sleeve 30, and the upper end of the ball bearing mounting sleeve 30 by the ball bearing mounting sleeve through the ball; when the drill bit with the torsion impact function is assembled, firstly, an O-shaped sealing ring 16 is arranged in an annular groove of an upper shell 15 of a vibration generator, the vibration generator is arranged in a drill bit body 4, the upper shell 15 of the vibration generator is connected with the drill bit body 4 by a molded surface so as to realize circumferential positioning of the vibration generator, the upper shell 15 of the vibration generator is fixed with the drill bit body 4 by a screw 17 so as to realize circumferential and axial positioning of the vibration generator, a drill bit body joint 3 is connected with the drill bit body 4 by threads, then a bevel gear a26 and a clamping sleeve 25 are sequentially arranged in a lower end journal of a cone 8, the bevel gear a26 is connected with the lower end journal of the cone 8 by a molded surface so as to realize circumferential positioning of the bevel gear a26, the clamping sleeve 25 is fixed with the lower end journal of the cone 8 so as to realize axial positioning of the bevel gear a26, then a rectangular sealing ring 11 is arranged at an inner ring 33 at the bottom end of the cone, the cone head 8 is sleeved into a shaft journal of the drill bit body 4, a steel ball a10 is placed into a plug pin hole 32, and a plug pin 9 is arranged in the plug pin hole 32; after the assembly is completed, the lubricating oil is added through the oil filler hole 39, and the oil filler hole 39 is closed with a plug.
In the scheme, the plug pin 9 and the plug pin hole 32 are in interference fit, and the oil guide holes a34, the oil guide holes b35, the oil guide holes c36, the oil guide holes d37 and the oil guide holes e38 and the bit leg journal channel of the bit body 4 form an oil guide channel, so that a good lubricating environment is formed.
The teeth 7 in the scheme are hard alloy teeth; the bit leg journal of the bit body 4 is strengthened, and has high strength and good impact resistance toughness.
The rectangular sealing ring 11 in the scheme is a metal sealing ring, and the surface of the sealing ring is subjected to strengthening treatment, so that the wear resistance is good.
The bit body 4 of the bit with the torsional impact function is connected with the cone 8 through the offset bit leg journal, the vibration generator is arranged in the bit body 4, and the bit body joint 3 is connected with the bit body 4 through threads; during operation, the roller 8 revolves along with the bit body and rotates around the bit leg shaft neck of the bit body 4, the bit breaks rock in a rotary cutting mode, and meanwhile, the rotation motion of the roller 8 provides driving force for the vibration generator to drive the carrying sleeve 24 to drive the sliding impact sleeve 19 to periodically strike the impact hammer 13, and the impact hammer 13 generates periodic micro torsional impact on the bit body 4, so that the stick-slip phenomenon of the bit is reduced.
Claims (2)
1. The utility model provides a drill bit with torsion impact function, includes bit body (4), bit body joint (3), cone (8), vibration generator, characterized by: the drill bit body (4) is provided with an oil guide hole a (34), an oil injection hole (39), a slurry channel a (40), a slurry channel b (41) and a threaded hole (42), the top of the drill bit body (4) is embedded with teeth (7), the middle of the drill bit body (4) is embedded with gauge protection teeth (2) and PDC teeth (6), and a nozzle a (1) and a nozzle b (5) are respectively arranged at the outlets of the slurry channel a (40) and the slurry channel b (41); the cone (8) is provided with a plug pin hole (32), and the cone (8) is inlaid with teeth (7); the vibration generator comprises a thrust ball bearing a (12), an impact hammer (13), a thrust ball bearing b (14), a vibration generator upper shell (15), a bearing mounting sleeve (18), a sliding impact sleeve (19), a pin (20), a thrust ball bearing c (21), a aligning ball bearing (22), a vibration generator lower shell (23), a carrying sleeve (24), a bevel gear b (27), a steel ball b (28), a plug (29), a top sleeve (30) and a steel ball c (31), wherein the impact hammer (13) is provided with an oil guide hole d (37) and an oil guide hole e (38), the large end of the vibration generator upper shell (15) is provided with a countersunk hole and an annular groove, the carrying sleeve (24) is provided with an oil guide hole b (35) and an oil guide hole c (36), the top sleeve (30) is provided with an opening, when the vibration generator is mounted, the aligning ball bearing (22) and the carrying sleeve (24) are sequentially mounted from the upper end of the lower shell (23), the thrust ball bearing c (21), the sliding impact sleeve (19) are sequentially mounted from the upper end of the carrying sleeve (24), the sliding impact sleeve (19) and the bearing (18) are fixedly mounted from the upper end of the carrier sleeve (18), after a thrust ball bearing b (14) and an impact hammer (13) are sequentially arranged in an upper vibration generator shell (15), the upper vibration generator shell (15) is connected with a lower vibration generator shell (23) through threads, a steel ball c (31) and a bevel gear b (27) are sequentially arranged in a top sleeve (30), a steel ball b (28) is arranged in an opening of the top sleeve (30), a plug (29) is used for plugging the opening of the top sleeve (30), and finally the bevel gear b (27) is connected with a carrying sleeve (24) through threads; when the drill bit with the torsion impact function is assembled, firstly, an O-shaped sealing ring (16) is arranged in an annular groove of an upper shell (15) of a vibration generator, the vibration generator is arranged in a drill bit body (4), the upper shell (15) of the vibration generator is connected with the drill bit body (4) by a molded surface so as to realize circumferential positioning of the vibration generator, the upper shell (15) of the vibration generator is fixed with the drill bit body (4) by a screw (17) so as to realize circumferential and axial positioning of the vibration generator, a drill bit body joint (3) is connected with the drill bit body (4) by threads, then a bevel gear a (26) and a cutting sleeve (25) are sequentially arranged in a lower end journal of a cone (8), the bevel gear a (26) is connected with the lower end journal of the cone (8) by a molded surface so as to realize circumferential positioning of the bevel gear a (26), the cutting sleeve (25) is fixed with the lower end journal of the cone (8), then a rectangular sealing ring (11) is arranged at a bottom end inner ring (33), the cone (8) is sleeved into a bit leg journal of the drill bit body (4) so as to realize circumferential and axial positioning of the vibration generator, a steel ball a (10) is inserted into a pin hole (32), and a plug (9) is arranged in the pin hole; after the assembly is completed, adding lubricating oil through the oil filling hole (39), and sealing the oil filling hole (39) by using a plug; the plug pin (9) and the plug pin hole (32) are in interference fit, and an oil guide channel is formed by the oil guide hole a (34), the oil guide hole b (35), the oil guide hole c (36), the oil guide hole d (37), the oil guide hole e (38) and a bit leg journal channel of the bit body (4), so that a good lubricating environment is formed; the teeth (7) are hard alloy teeth; the bit leg journal of the bit body (4) is subjected to strengthening treatment, so that the bit leg journal has high strength and good impact resistance toughness.
2. The drill bit with torsional impact function of claim 1, wherein: the rectangular sealing ring (11) is a metal sealing ring, and the surface of the sealing ring is subjected to strengthening treatment, so that the wear resistance is good.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CN201810497213.8A CN108487863B (en) | 2018-05-22 | 2018-05-22 | Drill bit with torsional impact function |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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CN201810497213.8A CN108487863B (en) | 2018-05-22 | 2018-05-22 | Drill bit with torsional impact function |
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CN108487863A CN108487863A (en) | 2018-09-04 |
CN108487863B true CN108487863B (en) | 2023-07-04 |
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CN201810497213.8A Active CN108487863B (en) | 2018-05-22 | 2018-05-22 | Drill bit with torsional impact function |
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Families Citing this family (1)
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CN113338940A (en) * | 2021-06-29 | 2021-09-03 | 中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所 | Small-caliber rectangular-section shaft heading machine cutter head suitable for hard rock |
Family Cites Families (11)
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DE10119562A1 (en) * | 2001-04-21 | 2002-10-24 | Hilti Ag | Impact drilling tool for rock |
US8485279B2 (en) * | 2009-04-08 | 2013-07-16 | Pdti Holdings, Llc | Impactor excavation system having a drill bit discharging in a cross-over pattern |
CN201661242U (en) * | 2010-04-14 | 2010-12-01 | 长沙黑金刚实业有限公司 | Large-aperture petroleum drilling and production impactor |
CN102628338B (en) * | 2011-06-20 | 2014-06-11 | 成都盛帮密封件股份有限公司 | Novel roller bit sealing ring |
US8851204B2 (en) * | 2012-04-18 | 2014-10-07 | Ulterra Drilling Technologies, L.P. | Mud motor with integrated percussion tool and drill bit |
CN202659149U (en) * | 2012-05-18 | 2013-01-09 | 西南石油大学 | Disc-type composite drill bit with impact cutting structure |
CN105156027B (en) * | 2015-10-01 | 2017-08-22 | 中国石油集团西部钻探工程有限公司 | Torsion impact speed enhancing apparatus |
CN105221068A (en) * | 2015-11-10 | 2016-01-06 | 西南石油大学 | Percussion is utilized to improve the New Type of PDC Bit of heart portion efficiency of breaking rock |
CN105275405B (en) * | 2015-11-12 | 2017-06-09 | 西南石油大学 | The New Type of PDC Bit of efficiency of breaking rock is improved using percussion |
CN106837181A (en) * | 2017-03-16 | 2017-06-13 | 天津市高原瑞丰工贸有限公司 | A kind of drilling well knob drill hammer |
CN208486831U (en) * | 2018-05-22 | 2019-02-12 | 西南石油大学 | Drill bit with torsional pulse function |
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2018
- 2018-05-22 CN CN201810497213.8A patent/CN108487863B/en active Active
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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扭力冲击器在大庆油田肇深17井的试验应用;李欢欢;王玉玺;李秋杰;;探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程)(第04期);全文 * |
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Effective date of registration: 20230607 Address after: 610500, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Sichuan, Chengdu, 8 Applicant after: SOUTHWEST PETROLEUM University Applicant after: Nantong Xieming Technology Co.,Ltd. Applicant after: Sichuan Huming Technology Co.,Ltd. Address before: 610500, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Sichuan, Chengdu, 8 Applicant before: SOUTHWEST PETROLEUM University |
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