CN108480643A - 一种3d冷打印制备复杂形状的金属结构件的方法 - Google Patents
一种3d冷打印制备复杂形状的金属结构件的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Abstract
一种3D冷打印制备复杂形状的金属结构件的方法,属于冷等静压成形技术领域。本发明是采用3D冷打印的方法打印出复杂形状的葡萄糖高聚物的冷等包套坯体,再在坯体表面蘸覆一层胶体薄层,得到新型的冷等静压包套;将金属粉末与有机液体混合,制备成浆料浇注在新型包套内,直至粉体完整充填包套,再经冷等压制、真空烧结,制备得到形状复杂的金属结构件。在冷等静压过程中,利用多孔疏松的包套吸收浆料中的有机液态,使金属粉末充分均匀地填充包套,冷等压制过程中回弹小,无应力集中,可以保证复杂形状的结构件压坯的形状完整无断裂,成品率高,有利于得到具有复杂形状且完整高强度的金属结构件。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于冷等静压成形领域,提供了一种3D冷打印制备复杂形状的金属结构件的方法。
背景技术
冷等静压技术(Cold Isostaitc Pressing,CIP)是一种重要的粉末冶金成形技术。它是在常温下,通过流体介质传递各向同性压力,而使粉末压缩成形的方法,可以加工常规凝固条件下难以制造的高温合金材料、硬质合金材料、陶瓷材料等。与常规成形技术相比,冷等静压具有制件组织均匀,无成分偏析,材料利用率高,压坯密度昂高,成本低等优点。通过CIP可以使制件的密度有大幅度地提高,增加制件的强度。冷等静压一般用于大尺寸零件的成形或为塑性加工提供大尺寸锭。
等静压成形分为干法和湿法两种工艺。湿法工艺是将粉料或颗粒密封于成型橡胶包套内,置于高压容器中的液体内,施加各向同性压力的成型方法。其特征是粉坯与包套在压制前后始终不分离、包套外面沾满液压油等传力介质。干法工艺是用液体作为传力介质,但压力只施加于包套的径向外壁,包套轴向基本不受力。其特征是包套与粉坯在压制后可分离,取出压坯后,包套仍在油缸中。现有冷等静压包套主要使用的材料是聚乙烯或聚苯乙烯,可重复使用的包套材料是聚氨酯、硅橡胶、氯丁橡胶或天然橡胶。包套直接填装满粉末并密封,然后全部浸入压力介质中。但直接将粉填充包套,不仅对粉末流动性要求较高,使原料成本提高,而且也极易出现粉末装填不均匀、充填不完整的现象,并不能等静压,导致压坯密度不均匀甚至出现坯体断裂的现象,成品率低,造成原料浪费成本提高,难以制备复杂形状及多对称轴零部件。
目前,由于冷等包套形状及充填粉末的限制,导致冷等静压技术仅局限应用于制备规则简单形状的块体或中空厚壁毛坯,无法制备不规则复杂形状的工件。因此使用一种3D冷打印制备复杂形状的金属结构件的方法,利用3D冷打印技术与冷等静压技术相结合,通过3D冷打印疏松多孔的复杂形状冷等静压包套,再使用注浆装粉法将粉末填充包套,最终冷等静压后得到复杂形状的金属构件,对解决复杂形状成形困难和压制件断裂成品率低的问题具有重大的意义。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种3D冷打印制备复杂形状的金属结构件的方法,在成形形状、降低废品率和生产成本等方面都达到了令人满意的效果,包套安全无污染,冷等后的压制金属坯体密度高且均匀,可以得到复杂形状的金属结构件,制备简单、成本低。
为了制得上述复杂形状的金属结构件,本发明采用了如下技术方案:
一种3D冷打印制备复杂形状的金属结构件的方法,其具体步骤为:
(1)配制料浆:将葡萄糖1~5%、淀粉粉末55~65%、丙三醇2~5%、白脱油2~5%、卵清蛋白0.2~1%、海藻酸钠1~2%、甲基纤维素0.5~3%、碳酸氢钠0.2~2%、酒石酸氢钾0.2~2%、氯化钠0.5~2%、乙二胺四乙酸二钠0.2~0.8%、壳聚糖0.5~2%、三乙醇胺0.5~1.5%、糖稀0.5~2%、分散剂0.1~1%、余量是水按一定比例混合均匀,进行糊化配制出料浆;
(2)打印成型:将步骤(1)中配制的料浆通过3D冷打印机打印成形,打印出各种形状的冷等包套坯体,将其放入蒸汽箱中加热,在80-130℃下加热20-60min,并保持蒸气压在0.3-0.5Pa,加热后得到松软多孔的包套初体;
(3)预制包套:将步骤(2)中制备的松软多孔的包套初体放入有机胶体中浸蘸,胶体浓度为10-50Pa·s,浸蘸8-20s,使包套坯体表面蘸覆一层胶体薄层,胶体薄层厚度为0.5-6mm,静置2~6h,制备得到新型的冷等静压包套;
(4)包套填充:将体积分数为50-80%的金属粉末与有机液体混合,制备出粘度在15-50mPa·s的浆料,将其浇入步骤(3)制备的冷等静压包套中,静置5min-15min后再浇入第二次,如此反复,直到粉将整个包套充填完全;
(5)压制成坯:将步骤(4)中装好粉的包套密封,并用封装袋进行真空封装,采用冷等静压机压制,在130-280MPa下保压3-10min,将冷等件取出,去除包套,得到冷等压坯;
(6)烧结成型:将步骤(5)中得到的冷等生坯在真空烧结炉中进行真空烧结,烧结温度为500~1400℃,保温2~4h,制备得到复杂形状的金属结构件。
进一步地,步骤(1)中所述的淀粉粉末为小麦粉、大麦粉、糯米粉、红薯淀粉、马铃薯淀粉或木薯淀粉中的一种或几种。
进一步地,步骤(1)中所述的分散剂为柠檬酸、油酸或苯乙烯-马来酸酐中的一种或几种。
进一步地,步骤(2)中所述的冷等包套初体,采用3D冷打印可打印制备各种简单及复杂形状的冷等包套,不受形状限制。
进一步地,步骤(3)中的所述的有机胶体为聚氨酯、硅胶或乳胶中的一种或几种组成。
进一步地,步骤(4)中的所述的金属粉末可以是钛及钛合金粉末、铝及铝合金粉末、铜及铜合金粉末、不锈钢粉末或硬质合金粉末等中的一种或几种。
进一步地,步骤(4)中的所述的有机液体为无水乙醇、丙酮、二氯甲烷、甲苯或二甲苯中的一种或几种组成。
本发明的优点:
1、原料易得、价格低廉、制备工艺简单,安全无污染。
2、对粉末流动性要求低,降低原料成本。
3、采用松软多孔的冷等包套,将金属粉末料浆倒入包套时,松软多孔的包套可以充分吸收料浆中的有机液态,使金属粉末充分均匀地填充包套,解决了装粉问题。
4、采用松软多孔的冷等包套,冷等压制过程中回弹小,无应力集中,可以保证复杂形状的结构件压坯的形状完整无断裂,成品率高。
5、可以得到密度均匀、强度高、复杂形状的金属结构件。
附图说明
图1是采用普通装粉方法制备制的钛三通坯体。
图2是采用实施案例1中的方法制备的钛三通:(a)从包套中取出的钛三通压坯;(b)烧结后的钛三通。
具体实施方式
实施案例1:
一种3D冷打印制备复杂形状的钛三通构件,其新型冷等静压包套原料百比构成如下:
葡萄糖4%、大麦面粉58%、丙三醇2%、白脱油4%、卵清蛋白0.4%、三乙醇胺1.2%、糖稀2.8%、氯化钠1%、碳酸氢钠1.5%、酒石酸氢钾0.9%、柠檬酸0.6%、乙二胺四乙酸二钠0.3%、海藻酸钠1.5%、甲基纤维素2%、壳聚糖1.5%、余量是水。具体步骤如下:
(1)将符合配方的葡萄糖、大麦面粉、氯化钠、碳酸氢钠、酒石酸氢钾、柠檬酸、乙二胺四乙酸二钠、卵清蛋白、三乙醇胺、糖稀、丙三醇、白脱油、海藻酸钠、甲基纤维素、壳聚糖和水混合,搅拌成糊状,配制好料浆。
(2)将料浆放入3D冷打印机器中,逐层打印出三通的冷等静压包套坯体,将其放入蒸汽箱中加热,在110℃下加热40min;
(3)将已加热的包套放入乳胶中浸蘸,胶体浓度为25Pa·s,浸蘸15s,使包套坯体表层均匀蘸覆一层乳胶薄膜,乳胶薄膜厚度为1mm,静置6h,得到冷等包套;
(4)将70vol.%的10-25μm的氢化脱氢钛粉粉末与二氯甲烷混合,制备出浆料,在中心放置好芯棒,然后将其浇入步骤(3)制备的冷等静压包套中,静置10min后再浇入第二次,使粉将整个包套充填完全。
(5)将装好粉的包套密封,并用真空封装袋封装,采用冷等静压机压制,在180MPa下保压5min,将冷等件取出,去除包套,得到三通压坯。
(6)将冷等压坯放在真空烧结炉中,进行真空烧结,1320℃下保温2h,得到钛三通烧结件。
实施案例2:
一种3D冷打印制备复杂形状的YG6硬质合金多级齿轮构件,其新型冷等静压包套原料百比构成如下:
葡萄糖3%、小麦面粉60%、丙三醇3%、白脱油2%、卵清蛋白0.45%、三乙醇胺1.3%、糖稀1.0%、氯化钠1.2%、碳酸氢钠1.5%、酒石酸氢钾1.0%、油酸0.7%、乙二胺四乙酸二钠0.32%、海藻酸钠1.6%、甲基纤维素2.2%、壳聚糖1.3%、余量是水。
具体步骤如下:
(1)将符合配方的葡萄糖、小麦面粉、氯化钠、碳酸氢钠、酒石酸氢钾、油酸、乙二胺四乙酸二钠、卵清蛋白、三乙醇胺、糖稀、丙三醇、白脱油、海藻酸钠、甲基纤维素、壳聚糖和水混合,搅拌成糊状,配制好料浆。;
(2)将料浆放入3D冷打印机器中,逐层打印出多级齿轮的冷等静压包套坯体,将其放入蒸汽箱中加热,在85℃下加热50min;
(3)将已加热的包套放入硅胶中浸蘸,胶体浓度为30Pa·s,浸蘸10s,使包套坯体表层均匀蘸覆一层硅胶薄膜,乳胶薄膜厚度为2.5mm,静置6h,得到冷等包套。
(4)将75vol.%的10-25μm的YG6硬质合金粉末与丙酮混合,制备出浆料,然后将其浇入步骤(3)制备的多级齿轮冷等静压包套中,静置7min后再浇入第二次,使粉将整个包套充填完全。
(5)将装好粉的包套密封,并用真空封装袋封装,采用冷等静压机压制,在150MPa下保压8min,将冷等件取出,去除包套,得到YG6硬质合金多级齿轮压坯。
(6)将齿轮压坯放在真空烧结炉中,进行真空烧结,1200℃下保温3h,得到YG6硬质合金多级齿。
Claims (7)
1.一种3D冷打印制备复杂形状的金属结构件的方法,其特征在于采用如下步骤:
(1)配制料浆:将葡萄糖1~5%、淀粉粉末55~65%、丙三醇2~5%、白脱油2~5%、卵清蛋白0.2~1%、海藻酸钠1~2%、甲基纤维素0.5~3%、碳酸氢钠0.2~2%、酒石酸氢钾0.2~2%、氯化钠0.5~2%、乙二胺四乙酸二钠0.2~0.8%、壳聚糖0.5~2%、三乙醇胺0.5~1.5%、糖稀0.5~2%、分散剂0.1~1%、余量是水按一定比例混合均匀,进行糊化配制出料浆;
(2)打印成型:将步骤(1)中配制的料浆通过3D冷打印机打印成形,打印出各种形状的冷等包套坯体,将其放入蒸汽箱中加热,在80-130℃下加热20-60min,并保持蒸气压在0.3-0.5Pa,加热后得到松软多孔的包套初体;
(3)预制包套:将步骤(2)中制备的松软多孔的包套初体放入有机胶体中浸蘸,胶体浓度为10-50Pa·s,浸蘸8-20s,使包套坯体表面蘸覆一层胶体薄层,胶体薄层厚度为0.5-6mm,静置2~6h,制备得到新型的冷等静压包套;
(4)包套填充:将体积分数为50-80%的金属粉末与有机液体混合,制备出粘度在15-50mPa·s的浆料,将其浇入步骤(3)制备的冷等静压包套中,静置5min-15min后再浇入第二次,如此反复,直到粉将整个包套充填完全;
(5)压制成坯:将步骤(4)中装好粉的包套密封,并用封装袋进行真空封装,采用冷等静压机压制,在130-280MPa下保压3-10min,将冷等静压件取出,去除包套,得到冷等静压坯;
(6)烧结成型:将步骤(5)中得到的冷等静压坯在真空烧结炉中进行真空烧结,烧结温度为500~1400℃,保温2~4h,制备得到复杂形状的金属结构件。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种3D冷打印制备复杂形状的金属结构件的方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中所述的淀粉粉末为小麦粉、大麦粉、糯米粉、红薯淀粉、马铃薯淀粉或木薯淀粉中的一种或几种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种3D冷打印制备复杂形状的金属结构件的方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中所述的分散剂为柠檬酸、油酸或苯乙烯-马来酸酐中的一种或几种。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种3D冷打印制备复杂形状的金属结构件的方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)中所述的冷等包套初体,采用3D冷打印可打印制备各种简单及复杂形状的冷等包套,不受形状限制。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种3D冷打印制备复杂形状的金属结构件的方法,其特征在于:步骤(3)中的所述的有机胶体为由聚氨酯、硅胶或乳胶中的一种或几种组成。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种3D冷打印制备复杂形状的金属结构件的方法,其特征在于:步骤(4)中的所述的金属粉末为钛及钛合金粉末、铝及铝合金粉末、铜及铜合金粉末、不锈钢粉末或硬质合金粉末中的一种或几种。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种3D冷打印制备复杂形状的金属结构件的方法,其特征在于:步骤(4)中的所述的有机液体为无水乙醇、丙酮、二氯甲烷、甲苯或二甲苯中的一种或几种组成。
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